FIG 2.

Growth curves of K. pneumoniae YX94, E. coli DH5α, S. Typhimurium HN227, and their transformants. Values represent the means ± standard deviations obtained from three independent repeated experiments. (a) Optical densities of K. pneumoniae YX94 and its transformants at 600 nm (OD₆₀₀) measured at hourly intervals. (b) Optical densities of E. coli DH5α and its transformants. (c) Optical densities of S. Typhimurium HN227 and its transformants. A repeated measures two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s multiple comparison was used to evaluate statistical significance.