Table 2:
Comparison of Maternal and Infant Characteristics among Women with Postpartum Overdose by Evidence of Opioid Use Disorder (N=189)
| Evidence of OUD in 12 months before delivery, inclusive (n= 88) | No Evidence of OUD in 12 months before delivery, inclusive (n= 101) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | n | % | n | % | p-value |
| Maternal Demographics | |||||
| Maternal Age | 0.200 | ||||
| ≤ 25 years old | 35 | 39.8% | 53 | 52.5% | |
| 26–30 years old | 31 | 35.2% | 30 | 29.7% | |
| ≥ 31 years old | 22 | 25.0% | 18 | 17.8% | |
| Maternal Race/Ethnicity | 0.001 | ||||
| White non-Hispanic | * | * | 73 | 72.3% | |
| Other race/ethnicity | * | * | 28 | 27.7% | |
| Maternal Education | 0.024 | ||||
| High School or less | 62 | 70.5% | 55 | 54.5% | |
| Some College or more | 26 | 29.6% | 46 | 45.5% | |
| Marital Status | 0.911 | ||||
| Married | 16 | 18.2% | 19 | 18.8% | |
| Not Married | 72 | 81.8% | 82 | 81.2% | |
| Enrolled in MassHealth at Delivery (% Yes) | * | * | 11 | 10.9% | 0.199 |
| Pregnancy Variables | |||||
| Breastfeeding at Discharge (% Yes) | 28 | 31.8% | 62 | 61.4% | <0.001 |
| Preterm or Low Birth Weight (% Yes) | 25 | 28.4% | 25 | 24.8% | 0.570 |
| Adequacy of Prenatal Care | <0.001 | ||||
| Less than Adequate | 51 | 58.0% | 29 | 28.7% | |
| Adequate | 13 | 14.8% | 37 | 36.6% | |
| Intensive | 24 | 27.3% | 35 | 34.7% | |
| Method of Delivery | 0.344 | ||||
| Vaginal | 59 | 67.1% | 61 | 60.4% | |
| C-Section | 29 | 33.0% | 40 | 39.6% | |
| NAS Diagnosis (% Yes) | 56 | 63.6% | * | * | <0.001 |
| Opioid Related Variables | |||||
| Enrolled in BSAS Program for Opioid Problem (12MB) (% Yes) | 50 | 56.8% | 17 | 16.8% | <0.001 |
| Any MOUD (12MB) (% Yes) | 67 | 76.1% | 11 | 10.9% | <0.001 |
| MOUD during month of delivery (% Yes) | 50 | 56.8% | * | * | <0.001 |
| Non-fatal Opioid Overdose (12MB) (% Yes) | 11 | 12.5% | * | * | 0.001 |
| Healthcare Utilization | |||||
| Any Emergency department visit (12MB‡) (% Yes) | 67 | 76.1% | 49 | 48.5% | <0.001 |
| Any Hospital admission (12MB‡) (% Yes) | 38 | 43.2% | 13 | 12.9% | <0.001 |
| Any Observational Stay (12MB‡) (% Yes) | 19 | 21.6% | * | * | 0.001 |
| Any Inpatient or ED utilization (12MB‡) (% Yes) | 70 | 79.6% | 52 | 51.5% | <0.001 |
| ED Visits (12MB‡) (% Yes) | 48 | 51.4% | 29 | 28.7% | <0.001 |
| Mental Health Variables | |||||
| Anxiety Diagnosis (12MB) (% Yes) | 50 | 56.8% | 19 | 18.8% | <0.001 |
| Depression Diagnosis (12MB) (% Yes) | 50 | 56.8% | 21 | 20.8% | <0.001 |
| Incarceration and Homelessness Variables | |||||
| Incarcerated in Prison or Jail (12MB) (% Yes) | 11 | 12.5% | * | * | 0.193 |
| DHCD shelter/hotel case file (12MB) (% Yes) | 11 | 12.5% | * | * | 0.030 |
*
Values suppressed due to privacy restrictions. Any non-zero value < 11 is suppressed. If only one value is suppressed in a category, the next smallest value is also suppressed to prevent back calculation.
3MB‡ = in the 3 months before delivery - exclusive, 12MB= in the 12 months before delivery - inclusive, 12MB‡ = in the 12 months before delivery - exclusive, SP=in study period (2011–2015)
APCD = All Payer Claims Database, Casemix = Hospital discharge data, DHCD = Department of Housing and Community Development, MOUD=Medication for Opioid Use Disorder, NAS = Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome