Rh(ii)-catalyzed unusual branch-selective ortho-C-H alkylation of aryl sulfonamides with vinylsilanes was achieved using an 8-aminoquinoline directing group.
Abstract
Rhodium(ii)-catalyzed unusual branch-selective ortho-C–H alkylation of aryl sulfonamides with vinylsilanes was achieved using an 8-aminoquinoline directing group. Notably, the para-substituted aryl sulfonamides gave mono-(branched)alkylated products exclusively without the formation of any double C–H alkylated byproducts. The results of deuterium labeling experiments suggest that both hydrometalation and carbometalation pathways are involved in this conversion.
Introduction
The transition metal catalyzed directed C–H activation strategy is one of the most straightforward and site-selective approaches in organic chemistry for constructing C–C bonds. A variety of C–H functionalization reactions have been achieved to date by using a directing group strategy.1 In particular, directed C–H alkylation with alkenes provides an atom economic protocol because all of the atoms of the starting materials are incorporated into the products. In 1993, Murai reported a ketone-directed strategy for Ru-catalyzed ortho-C–H alkylation of aromatic ketones with alkenes.2 Following this pioneering reaction, numerous directing groups have been designed for use in regio-selective C–H alkylation reactions.3 It is noteworthy that most of the reports deal with linear-selective alkylation reactions. However, only a limited number of studies that deal with branch-selective C–H alkylation with alkenes have been reported (Fig. 1A).4,5 In this respect, non-directed strategies were discussed for the alkylation of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles (a),4a indoles (b and c),4b,c benzimidazoles (d, e, and j),4d,e,h benzoxazoles (f),4i benzothiazoles (g),4j pyridines (h),4f and azines (i)4g with either styrenes or acrylate esters as coupling partners. A few directed strategies were also demonstrated: Kuninobu and Takai reported a Re-catalyzed branch-selective alkylation of para-substituted phenols (I),5a Yoshikai reported a Co-catalyzed branched alkylation of 2-arylpyridine with styrene derivatives (II),5b Ramana reported a Ru-catalyzed ketone-directed C3-alkylation of 2-aroylbenzofurans with α,β-unsaturated carbonyl derivatives (III),5c Bower reported a carbonyl-directed Ir-catalyzed ortho-alkylation of aromatic ketones (IV),5d Nishimura reported an Ir-catalyzed alkylation of 2-phenylpyridine derivatives with vinyl ethers (V),5e Bower reported an Ir-catalyzed branch-selective ortho-alkylation of acetanilides (VI),5f and an yttrium-catalyzed ortho-alkylation of N,N-dimethylaniline with alkenes was demonstrated by Hou (VII).5g Dong reported an Ir-catalyzed branch selective α-alkylation of ketones with styrenes and unactivated alkenes via the use of an enamine directing strategy (VIII).5h In 2017, Ackermann reported a Co-catalyzed branch-selective alkylation of indole using unactivated alkenes with a detailed mechanistic explanation (IX).5i Yoshikai recently presented a Co-catalyzed N–H imine-directed branch selective alkylation of aromatic imine derivatives with styrenes (X).5j All of these branch-selective alkylation reactions were achieved using styrenes, acrylate esters, vinyl ethers, and in a few cases unactivated 1-alkenes as coupling partners. However, branch-selective alkylation with vinylsilanes has not been achieved to date, although linear selective alkylation with vinylsilanes with the aid of a directing group strategy has been widely explored (Fig. 1B).2,6
Fig. 1. (A) Literature overview of the branched alkylation of (hetero)arenes with alkenes, (B) directed ortho-alkylation of arenes with vinylsilanes, and (C) this work: Rh(ii)-catalyzed branched alkylation of sulfonamides with vinylsilanes.
Our group recently reported a series of linear selective C–H alkylations of benzamides,6m,7a–c,g,h naphthylamides,8 and sulfonamides9 with vinyl ketones, acrylate esters, styrenes, N-vinylphthalimides, unactivated 1-alkenes, and vinylsilanes using an 8-aminoquinoline or picolinamide directing group, which was first introduced by Daugulis in 2005.10 Having continuous interest in alkylation reactions,7–9 we were very interested in achieving a branch selective C–H alkylation. Herein, we report on an unusual branch-selective ortho-C–H alkylation of biologically and medicinally important aryl sulfonamides11 with vinylsilanes by taking advantage of an 8-aminoquinoline directing group (Fig. 1C).
Results and discussion
We began our studies by investigating suitable directing groups for the branch-selective alkylation of aryl sulfonamides with triethylvinylsilane in the presence of a [Rh(OAc)2]2 catalyst.12 The reaction of benzenesulfonamide with triethylvinylsilane in the presence of [Rh(OAc)2]2 and 3-chloro-2-methylbenzoic acid remained unreactive (Table 1). The use of weak coordinating N-acetyl and N-phenyl substituted sulfonamides as substrates failed to give the desired product. These observations prompted us to use a strongly coordinating chelation system. However, the use of 2-pyridinylmethylamine and oxazoline-based aniline as directing groups failed to give the desired product. The breakthrough came when 8-aminoquinoline was used as an auxiliary group, giving a 49% yield of the expected product with a decent 92 : 8 branch selectivity (Table 1).
Table 1. Suitable directing group screening for Rh(ii)-catalyzed branched alkylation of aryl sulfonamides with triethylvinylsilane a .
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aReaction conditions: sulfonamide (0.2 mmol, 1 equiv.), triethylvinylsilane (0.5 mmol, 2.5 equiv.), [Rh(OAc)2]2 (5.0 mol%), and 3-chloro-2-methylbenzoic acid (0.4 mmol) in toluene (0.5 mL) at 160 °C for 24 h. Yields and the ratio of branched and linear isomers were determined by 1H NMR of the crude mixture. N.d. refers to not detected.
To obtain good yield and selectivity, we continued our optimization studies using 1a as a model substrate and triethylvinylsilane (Table 2). The use of other Rh(i) or Rh(iii) catalysts failed to show impressive results (entry 1 vs. entries 2–4). Other acid additives were examined next. Although the use of ortho-toluic acid and pivalic acid slightly improved the product yield, the selectivity decreased (entries 6 and 7). The exact role of an acid additive in the selectivity of the reaction is unclear at this point. Among the carboxylic acid additives examined, 3-chloro-2-methylbenzoic acid was the choice of acid. Finally, we found that the use of 7.5 mol% of Rh(ii) catalyst and 2 equiv. of 3-chloro-2-methylbenzoic acid in the reaction of amide 1a and 6 equiv. of triethylvinylsilane at 160 °C for 24 h produced the corresponding branched alkylated product 2aa in 72% isolated yield with a high branch selectivity (86 : 14) (entry 10). Under these optimized conditions, a trace amount of the inseparable alkenylated product 4aa was formed.
Table 2. Optimization of Rh(ii)-catalyzed branched alkylation of aryl sulfonamide 1a with triethylvinylsilane a .
| |||||
| Entry | Rh cat. | Additive | 2aa + 3aa | 2aa : 3aa | 4aa |
| 1 | [Rh(OAc)2]2 (5.0 mol%) | 3-Chloro-2-methyl benzoic acid | 42 | 86 : 14 | 3 |
| 2 | [RhCp*Cl2]2 (5.0 mol%) | 3-Chloro-2-methyl benzoic acid | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 3 | RhCl(PPh3)3 (10.0 mol%) | 3-Chloro-2-methyl benzoic acid | 8 | 88 : 12 | Trace |
| 4 | [Rh(OAc)cod]2 (5.0 mol%) | 3-Chloro-2-methyl benzoic acid | 27 | 82 : 18 | 4 |
| 5 | [Rh(OAc)2]2 (5.0 mol%) | 2,3-Difluorobenzoic acid | 32 | 85 : 15 | n.d. |
| 6 | [Rh(OAc)2]2 (5.0 mol%) | o-Toluic acid | 48 | 80 : 20 | 5 |
| 7 | [Rh(OAc)2]2 (5.0 mol%) | Pivalic acid | 58 | 75 : 25 | 5 |
| 8 b | [Rh(OAc)2]2 (5.0 mol%) | 3-Chloro-2-methyl benzoic acid | 57 | 86 : 14 | 4 |
| 9 b | [Rh(OAc)2]2 (7.5 mol%) | 3-Chloro-2-methyl benzoic acid | 70 | 86 : 14 | 2 |
| 10 c | [Rh(OAc)2]2 (7.5 mol%) | 3-Chloro-2-methyl benzoic acid | 82 (72) | 86 : 14 | 3 |
aReaction conditions: sulfonamide (0.2 mmol, 1 equiv.), triethylvinylsilane (0.5 mmol, 2.5 equiv.), [Rh(OAc)2]2 (5.0 mol%), and 3-chloro-2-methylbenzoic acid (0.4 mmol, 2 equiv.) in toluene (0.5 mL) at 160 °C for 24 h. Yields and the ratio of branched and linear isomers were determined by 1H NMR of the crude mixture. Isolated yield is given in parentheses. N.d. refers to not detected.
b5.0 equiv. of triethylvinylsilane.
c6.0 equiv. of triethylvinylsilane.
With the optimized conditions in hand, the substrate scope was examined for this branch-selective alkylation and the results are shown in Table 3. We observed that meta-substituted aryl sulfonamides produce the corresponding products in good yield with good selectivity (2aa and 2ba). A complete site-selectivity for less hindered C–H bonds was found. An ortho-Me substituted sulfonamide showed moderate reactivity, giving 2da in 46% yield with a selectivity of 88 : 12. Most importantly, when para-substituted aryl sulfonamides were used, the corresponding branched alkylated products were obtained in good yields with excellent branch-selectivity over 90 : 10 (2ca and 2ea–ma). Importantly, this branch selective alkylation reaction is well tolerable for various functional groups such as –OMe, –alkyl, –F, –Cl, –NHCOCH3, –CF3, and –benzylic chloride, giving the desired product without any decomposition of the starting materials. 2-Naphthyl sulfonamide (1na) and a Br-substituted substrate, 4-bromo-3-methylbenzenesulfonamide (1oa), reacted smoothly and produced the desired product in high yield with good selectivity. Higher branch-selectivity was obtained in the case of para-substituted sulfonamides than the ortho- or meta-substituted substrates, suggesting that steric effects play an important role in controlling the selectivity of the reaction. It should also be noted that no dialkylated products were observed in any of the cases. The use of other vinylsilanes such as trimethylvinylsilane, 1,1,1,3,5,5,5-heptamethyltrisiloxane, dimethylphenylvinylsilane, and diethoxymethylvinylsilane as coupling partners produced the corresponding branch-selective alkylation products in good yields (2ab–ae and 2pa–pc).
Table 3. Substrate scope for branched alkylation of sulfonamides with vinylsilanes a .
|
aReaction conditions: sulfonamide (0.2 mmol, 1 equiv.), triethylvinylsilane (1.2 mmol, 6 equiv.), [Rh(OAc)2]2 (7.5 mol%), and 3-chloro-2-methylbenzoic acid (0.4 mmol, 2 equiv.) in toluene (0.5 mL) at 160 °C for 24 h. The ratio of branched and linear isomers was determined by 1H NMR of the crude mixture. Yield of alkenylated product 4 is given in parentheses.
b10 mol% catalyst was used.
c10 equiv. of vinylsilane.
To gain insights into the mechanism for this reaction, a series of deuterium labelling experiments were performed (Fig. 2). A significant amount of H/D exchange took place, but only at the ortho-position, when the reaction of sulfonamide 1c with [Rh(OAc)2]2 in the presence of CD3COOD was carried out (Fig. 2a). This result indicates that C–H bond activation is reversible. To collect additional information regarding the mechanism, a reaction between the deuterated sulfonamide 1c-d5 and triethylvinylsilane was performed under the optimized reaction conditions, in which 0.34 D atom (2.66 H) was incorporated at the methyl position (β-position), while no D incorporation was detected at the tertiary carbon center (α-position) of product 6 (Fig. 2b). This observation suggests that a hydrometallation mechanism may be involved. The use of CD3COOD as the only deuterated reagent in a reaction of 1c and triethylvinylsilane gave product 8 in which 0.51 D atom (2.49 H) was incorporated only at the methyl position (β-position) (Fig. 2c). This result implies the involvement of a carbometallation pathway.
Fig. 2. Deuterium labelling experiments. (a) Reaction of 1c in the presence of CD3COOD, (b) reaction of 1c-d5 with triethylvinylsilane, and (c) reaction of 1c with triethylvinylsilane in the presence of CD3COOD.
Fig. 3. (a) KIE experiment, (b) synthesis of bimetallic Rh-complex 10, and (c) the reaction using complex 10 as a catalyst.
The kinetic isotopic effect (KIE) for this reaction was determined in two parallel experiments using an equimolar amount of 1c or deuterated 1c-d5, and a kH/kD ratio of 1.06 was obtained. This observation indicates that the C–H activation step is not the rate limiting step (Fig. 3a). A stoichiometric reaction of 1c and [Rh(OAc)2]2 was performed, and it resulted in the formation of a dimeric Rh-complex, 10 (Fig. 3b). To trap any other intermediates, several control experiments were performed in the presence or absence of an acid additive with varying temperature; however, it was not possible to isolate the corresponding rhodacycle. A catalytic reaction of 1c and triethylvinylsilane catalyzed by complex 10 under optimized reaction conditions was performed, and it provides a comparable yield and selectivity of product 2ca (Fig. 3c). This result suggested that complex 10 is involved in the catalytic cycle as an intermediate.
Based on the deuterium studies, we proposed a reaction mechanism that follows two major pathways as shown in Fig. 4. Complexation between Rh(ii) and the bidentate sulfonamide initially occurs to form intermediate A, which was isolated as 10 and the structure was confirmed by an X-ray crystallographic analysis (Fig. 3b). Complex A then releases two equivalents of acid to produce B, which is detected in the 1H NMR spectrum (see the ESI†),13 followed by a subsequent oxidative addition of the ortho C–H bond to form a Rh-hydride complex, C. The insertion of a vinylsilane into the Rh–H bond in Cvia a hydrometalation pathway forms intermediate D,14 which then undergoes reductive elimination to generate E. Finally, the product is released from E in the presence of acid, along with the regeneration of the Rh(ii) catalyst. According to this proposed pathway, a D-atom should be incorporated only into the β-position of the product when a deuterated sulfonamide is used. In fact, D-incorporation was observed only at the β-position and no D-incorporation was detected at the α-position (Fig. 2b). However, due to the low D-incorporation we concluded that an alternative mechanism could also be involved, as shown in cycle-II. After the formation of C, two molecules of carboxylic acid can be dissociated and covalently coordinated to the Rh-centre to afford a metallacycle, F. Direct formation of F from B could also be possible. The migratory insertion of an alkene into a Rh–C bond forms G,15 which could then react with two equivalents of acid to give the product via Rh-complex E. The results of a deuterium labelling experiment using CD3COOD suggest that D-incorporation took place only at the methyl position (β-position) of the product (Fig. 3c), which is consistent with this proposed catalytic cycle-II. We anticipated that the trace amount of alkenylated product had formed via the migratory insertion of an alkene into a Rh–C bond of F followed by β-hydride elimination.16 The stabilizing effect of two Rh-centers bonded through a single bond could be useful for facilitating double C–H activation at the same time. The exact reason for this unusual branch selective alkylation is currently under investigation in our laboratory.17
Fig. 4. Plausible mechanistic pathways.
Conclusions
In summary, we report the first example of Rh(ii)-catalyzed branch-selective ortho-C–H alkylation of aryl sulfonamides with vinylsilanes using an 8-aminoquinoline auxiliary group. Benzenesulfonamide and para-substituted aryl sulfonamides produced selectively mono-(branched)alkylated products without any double C–H activated byproducts being produced. Based on deuterium labelling experiments, a reasonable catalytic cycle is proposed, in which two parallel catalytic pathways, i.e. hydrometalation and carbometalation pathways, are involved. An investigation of the reaction conditions for achieving other branch-selective C–H alkylation reactions is currently ongoing in our laboratory.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts to declare.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by a Grant in Aid for Specially Promoted Research by MEXT (17H06091).
Footnotes
†Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Experimental details and spectroscopic data. CCDC 1910136, 1918726. For ESI and crystallographic data in CIF or other electronic format see DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04308j
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- The intermediacy of mono-nuclear Rh species cannot be excluded.
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