Figure 5.

Shiitake mushroom-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (S-ELNs) reduced inflammation and improved liver function in D-galactosamine (GalN)/lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-triggered acute liver damage. The serum and liver samples from the same animals in Figure 4 were subjected to further analysis. (A) Levels of cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) in the serum. (B) Levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the serum. (C) mRNA analysis of liver tissues. (D) Immunoblot analysis of liver samples. Each dot in the bar graphs represents one mouse in each group. N = 6–8/group. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 relative to mice challenged with GalN/LPS+phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (bar with black dots).