Table 2.
Characteristics of the CANDLE mothers and children overall and according to quartiles of the fast food pattern score.
| Characteristic | All | Q1 (−5.3~−0.5) | Q2 (−0.5~0) | Q3 (0~0.6) | Q4 (0.6~5.0) | p Value a |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 1257 | 314 | 314 | 314 | 315 | |
| Maternal | ||||||
| Age, years | 26.3 ± 5.4 | 26.4 ± 5.8 | 26.3 ± 5.2 | 26.5 ± 5.3 | 25.9 ± 5.3 | 0.33 |
| Black, % | 65.2 | 59.9 | 51.9 | 66.6 | 82.5 | <0.001 |
| Education (≤12 years), % | 57.6 | 56.7 | 51.9 | 52.4 | 69.2 | 0.002 |
| Marital status (single), % | 41.2 | 37.9 | 34.7 | 40.8 | 51.4 | <0.001 |
| Insurance (Medicaid or Medicare), % | 57.0 | 52.9 | 50.3 | 53.8 | 70.8 | <0.001 |
| Smoking during pregnancy, % | 9.2 | 7.6 | 11.8 | 8.6 | 8.9 | 0.94 |
| Alcohol drinking during pregnancy, % | 8.8 | 13.7 | 7.0 | 5.8 | 8.6 | 0.02 |
| Parity (primiparous), % | 30.8 | 29.9 | 39.2 | 31.2 | 22.9 | 0.01 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 27.5 ± 7.5 | 25.4 ± 6.2 | 26.6 ± 6.4 | 28.0 ± 7.3 | 30.2 ± 8.9 | <0.001 |
| Gestational weight gain, kg | 14.7 ± 7.3 | 14.9 ± 6.8 | 14.6 ± 6.7 | 14.9 ± 8.2 | 14.3 ± 7.5 | 0.41 |
| Gestational diabetes, % | 5.7 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 7.1 | 5.8 | 0.41 |
| Total energy intake, kcals | 2726.4 ± 1666.5 | 3195.7 ± 1985.6 | 2223.0 ± 1177.3 | 2357.2 ± 1484.8 | 3128.4 ± 1681.6 | 0.88 |
| Gestational age at enrollment, weeks | 23.1 ± 3.0 | 23.3 ± 3.0 | 23.1 ± 3.1 | 23.0 ± 3.1 | 23.1 ± 2.9 | 0.52 |
| Child | ||||||
| Gestational age at birth, weeks | 38.7 ± 1.9 | 38.7 ± 2.0 | 38.8 ± 1.9 | 38.7 ± 1.9 | 38.7 ± 1.9 | 0.79 |
| Male, % | 50.8 | 48.4 | 49.7 | 54.8 | 50.5 | 0.37 |
| Birth weight, kg | 3.2 ± 0.6 | 3.2 ± 0.5 | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 3.2 ± 0.6 | 3.2 ± 0.6 | 0.53 |
| Birth length, cm | 50.1 ± 3.1 | 50 ± 3.2 | 50.4 ± 3.0 | 50.1 ± 3.0 | 50.1 ± 3.0 | 0.81 |
| Breastfed, % | 66.6 | 71.5 | 66.5 | 68.6 | 59.9 | 0.01 |
| BMIz at birth | −0.4 ± 1.1 | −0.4 ± 1.0 | −0.4 ± 1.0 | −0.4 ± 1.1 | −0.5 ± 1.1 | 0.22 |
| BMIz at age 1 | 0.7 ± 1.1 | 0.7 ± 1.1 | 0.7 ± 1.1 | 0.8 ± 1.1 | 0.8 ± 1.2 | 0.26 |
| BMIz at age 2 | 0.3 ± 1.2 | 0.2 ± 1.1 | 0.3 ± 1.3 | 0.4 ± 1.3 | 0.2 ± 1.2 | 0.67 |
| BMIz at age 3 | 0.3 ± 1.3 | 0.3 ± 1.2 | 0.3 ± 1.3 | 0.3 ± 1.2 | 0.3 ± 1.4 | 0.74 |
| BMIz at age 4 | 0.5 ± 1.1 | 0.4 ± 1.1 | 0.5 ± 1.0 | 0.6 ± 1.2 | 0.6 ± 1.3 | 0.04 |
| Rising-high BMI trajectory, % | 12.6 | 8.6 | 13.1 | 13.7 | 14.9 | 0.02 |
| Overweight at age 4, % | 14.1 | 12.7 | 14.3 | 12.0 | 16.9 | 0.29 |
| Obesity at age 4, % | 16.4 | 12.7 | 13.4 | 22.2 | 17.7 | 0.03 |
| Overweight/obesity at age 4, % | 30.5 | 25.4 | 27.7 | 34.3 | 34.5 | 0.01 |
BMI, body mass index; BMIz, sex-specific BMI-for-age z score. a P For trend tests across quartiles.