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Both toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and 4 mediate matrilin-2-induced PKR activation in human AVICs. Human AVICs were treated with TLR2-neutralizing antibody or TLR4-neutralizing antibody for 1 h or left untreated, followed by stimulation with recombinant matrilin-2. Neutralization either TLR2 or TLR4 attenuated matrilin-2-induced PKR phosphorylation. Values are means ± SE. n = 3 separate experiments; * P < 0.05 vs. control; # P < 0.05 vs. matrilin-2 alone.
