Table 1.
List of the studied pesticides (20 insecticides and 2 fungicides (in italics)), and their effects on the photosynthesis rates of sweet pepper leaves.
| Commercial Name | Active Ingredient | Cc | Maximum Reduction (%) | Moment (h) | Duration (h) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Addit® | Plant oil | 250 cc/hL | 15% | 2 | 2 |
| Align® (3.2% p/v EC) | Azadirachtin | 150 cc/hL | NS | - | - |
| Apache® (1.8% EC) | Abamectin | 60 cc/hL | NS | - | - |
| Applaud® (25% WP) | Buprofezin | 80 gr/hL | NS | - | - |
| Biosoap® | Fatty acids | 1000 cc/hL | 11% | 2 | 24 |
| Cascade® (10% p/v DC) | Flufenoxuron | 100 cc/hL | 28% | 24 | 120 |
| Confidor® (20% p/v SL) | Imidacloprid | 75 cc/hL | NS | - | - |
| Decis® (2.5% p/v EC) | Deltamethrin | 50 cc/hL | 8% | 2 | 2 |
| Dicarzol® (50% SP) | Formetanate | 200 gr/hL | NS | - | - |
| Endosulfan (35% p/v EC) | Endosulfan | 300 cc/hL | 7% | 48 | 120 |
| Galben ® (8% + 65% WP) | Benalaxyl + Mancozeb | 250 gr/hL | NS | - | - |
| Karate King® (2.5% WG) | Lambda-cyhalothrin | 80 gr/hL | NS | - | - |
| Malafin 90® (90% p/v EC) | Malathion | 200 cc/hL | NS | - | - |
| Match® (5% p/v EC) | Lufenuron | 200 cc/hL | NS | - | - |
| Mimic® (24% p/v SC) | Tebufenozide | 75 cc/hL | NS | - | - |
| Nomolt® (15% p/v SC) | Teflubenzuron | 60 cc/hL | 11% | 2 | 48 |
| Ortiva ® (25% p/v SC) | Azoxystrobin | 80 cc/hL | 54% | 24 | 96 |
| Ripcord® (10% p/v EC) | Cypermethrin | 100 cc/hL | NS | - | - |
| Rufast® (7.5% EW) | Acrinathrin | 80 cc/hL | 9% | 2 | 2 |
| Sanmite® (20% WP) | Pyridaben | 100 gr/hL | 28% | 24 | 120 |
| Sulfur (80% WP) | Wettable sulfur | 400 gr/hL | NS | - | - |
| Trigard® (75% WP) | Cyromazine | 40 gr/hL | NS | - | - |
Maximum reduction indicates the reduced percentage (compared with control plants) of the photosynthetic rate due to pesticide application at the recommended concentrations (Cc), moment of maximum reduction indicates the time (h) at which the maximum reduction occurred, and duration of the effect indicates the period of time (h) during which significant differences in the photosynthesis rate between the control and treated plants occurred. EC: emulsifiable concentrate; EW: emulsion, oil in water; SC: suspension concentrate; WP: wettable powder; DC: dispersible concentrate; SL: soluble concentrate; WG: water dispersible granule; NS: no significant effect observed.