Table 1.
Putative immune pathways susceptible to be modulated by probiotics but not demonstrated in poultry.
| Metabolic Pathway | Known Functions | Putative Role on Inflammation |
|---|---|---|
| Acute Phase Proteins | ||
| Haptoglobin | ↓Free hemoglobin, ↓oxidative damage | Anti-inflammatory |
| Ceruloplasmin | ↓Neutrophils, ↑peroxide scavenging | Anti-inflammatory |
| C-Reactive protein | Activation of complement | Pro-inflammatory |
| Mannose-binding lectin | Activation of complement, reduction of CpG-ODN motifs, increase of phagocytosis against pathogens | Pro-inflammatory |
| Complement | ||
| Complement proteins in the epithelium | Induction of phagocytosis, cytolysis, and inflammatory response | Pro-inflammatory |
| TLR | ||
| TLR2 and 4 | Detection of LPS, inflammatory response through the NF-κB pathway | Pro-inflammatory |
| TLR21 basolateral | Detection of CpG-ODN motifs, activation of NF-κB pathway | Pro-inflammatory |
| TLR21 apical | Detection of CpG-ODN motifs, inactivation of NF-κB pathway | Anti-inflammatory |
| Immune cells | ||
| NK cells | Kill infected cells, cytotoxicity mediation, maintenance of homeostasis, cell barrier integrity | Pro- and anti-inflammatory |
| γδ T cells | Cytotoxicity, ↑IL17a | Pro-inflammatory |
| Treg cells | ↑Tolerance, ↑IL10, ↑TGF-β, ↑sIgA, ↓hypersensitivity to food | Anti-inflammatory |
| Antimicrobial peptides | ||
| Expression of HDP | ↑Antimicrobial activity | |
↑ = Increase, ↓ = Reduction.