Abstract
Background
The Latarjet procedure is an established and popular procedure for recurrent anterior shoulder instability; however, to our knowledge, few studies have reported on the outcomes of revision for failed Latarjet surgery. We reviewed the causes and management of recurrent instability after previous Latarjet stabilization surgery. The outcomes of revision surgery were also evaluated.
Methods
A retrospective analysis of prospective data in patients undergoing revision surgery after failed Latarjet stabilization was conducted. Data were collected over a 5-year period and included patient demographics, clinical presentation, cause of recurrent instability, indications for revision surgery, intraoperative analysis, outcomes of revision surgery, and return to sport.
Results
We identified 16 patients (12 male and 4 female patients) who underwent revision surgery for recurrent instability after Latarjet stabilization. Of these patients, 11 were athletes: 9 professional and 2 amateur athletes. The mean age at revision was 29.9 ± 8.9 years (range, 17-50 years). The indications for revision were anterior instability in 11 patients, posterior instability in 4, and both anterior and posterior instability in 1. Of the anterior instability cases, 54.5% were due to coracoid nonunion and 36.4% were due to capsular failure (retear). All posterior instability cases had posterior capsulolabral injuries, and the mean Beighton score in this group was 6 or higher. One patient had a failed Latarjet procedure with coracoid nonunion and a posterior labral tear.
Conclusion
Coracoid nonunion was the most common cause of recurrence after Latarjet stabilization, requiring an Eden-Hybinette procedure. The patients who returned with posterior instability had a high incidence of hypermobility and could be treated successfully by arthroscopic techniques.
Keywords: Latarjet, revision, stabilization, anterior, posterior, instability
Shoulder instability, particularly anterior instability, affects 24 per 100,000 persons in the population annually, with increased incidences recorded in men, contact athletes, and military personnel—particularly in the second and third decades of life.17,23 The principles of the current Latarjet procedure were described in 1954 by André Latarjet in Lyon, France.16 It is predominantly used when recurrent anterior shoulder instability is associated with osseous glenoid defects.16 The effectiveness of this procedure is largely attributed to a triad of (1) the conjoint tendon acting as a sling on the inferior subscapularis and capsule, (2) increased anteroposterior glenoid diameter, and (3) the effect of repairing the capsule to the stump of the conjoint tendon.16 Over the past few decades, this procedure has been modified several times.18
Many studies have established the effectiveness of the Latarjet procedure for recurrent anterior shoulder instability.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,9,13,14,20, 21, 22,25, 26, 27, 28,30,31 Although the success rates of the Latarjet procedure are high, recurrent instability can occur. Earlier studies demonstrated recurrence and reoperation rates of 10% and 14%, respectively.7,10 More recently, these findings have improved, with redislocation and subluxation rates of 2.9% and 5.8%, respectively.11 We published our results of primary Latarjet procedures, showing a 5% complication rate overall.12 Subsequent revision surgery is compromised by the presence of scar tissue obscuring normal tissue planes and fragile anatomic bone and soft tissue structures.18 Young and Rockwood29 stated that revision surgical procedures have a low success rate and should not be performed. Furthermore, the use of screws close to the glenohumeral joint (GHJ) has been associated with damage to the articular surface, leading to further compromise of revision surgery.32
Very few studies have assessed the reasons for recurrent instability after Latarjet surgery, as well as its management, and reported on the outcomes of revision for failed Latarjet surgery.8,11,18 Our study addresses the mechanism of recurrent shoulder instability after initial Latarjet surgery and investigates the outcomes of subsequent revision surgery.
Materials and methods
We present a case series of data prospectively collected over a 5-year period. A total of 16 patients who had undergone revision surgery after failed Latarjet stabilization were identified. Revision surgery was defined as the index procedure after the failed Latarjet operation. The senior author performed 8 of the primary Latarjet procedures, whereas the other 8 came from other institutions. The senior author performed all revision procedures.
Demographic data included age, sex, sport, and occupation. Data on the indication for revision, type of revision surgery, intraoperative findings at revision surgery, outcomes of revision, and return to sport were recorded. Intraoperative examination of the GHJ included analysis of capsular laxity, osteoarthritis, and tissue quality. Poor tissue quality was defined as any documented evidence of substantial scarring; hyperproliferation; or atrophy of the capsule, synovium, muscle and/or soft tissue, and bone (excluding osteoarthritis). Data were also analyzed in those patients who underwent a second revision after a failed first revision procedure. Table I highlights the postoperative rehabilitation protocol and duration of restrictions prior to the patients' return to normal activities.
Table I.
Postoperative rehabilitation protocol
| Day 1 to 3 wk: level 1 exercises |
| Sling for 3 wk (athletes can wean off sooner under guidance of club therapist) |
| Teach axillary hygiene |
| Teach postural awareness and scapular setting |
| Core stability exercises (as appropriate) |
| Proprioceptive exercises (minimal weight bearing < 90°) |
| Active-assisted flexion as comfortable (in “safe zone”) |
| Active-assisted external rotation as comfortable (in safe zone) |
| Do not force or stretch |
| No combined abduction and external rotation |
| 3-6 wk: level 2-3 exercises |
| Wean off sling |
| Progress from active-assisted to active ROM as comfortable |
| Do not force or stretch |
| No combined abduction and external rotation |
| 6-12 wk: progress level 3+ exercises |
| Regain scapular and glenohumeral stability working for shoulder joint control rather than range |
| Gradually increase ROM |
| Strengthen |
| Increase proprioception through open and closed chain exercise |
| Progress core stability exercises |
| Ensure and treat posterior tightness, if required |
| Incorporate sports-specific rehabilitation |
| Plyometrics and perturbation training |
ROM, range of movement.
All patients in this study signed informed consent forms for their anonymized data to be used for scientific and research purposes and to be contacted for follow-up data after discharge. There was no change in the patients' standard of care or decision making as a result of the study.
Results
We identified a total of 16 patients who underwent at least 1 revision procedure after failed Latarjet stabilization, comprising 12 male and 4 female patients. The mean age at initial Latarjet stabilization was 27.4 ± 6.7 years (range, 16-41 years). The mean age at revision surgery was 29.9 ± 8.9 years (range, 17-50 years). There were 9 right and 7 left shoulders. Arm dominance was reported in 7 patients, with the dominant arm affected in 4. Of the patients, 11 were athletes: 9 professional and 2 amateur athletes. The professional athletes comprised 6 rugby players, 2 soccer players, and 1 downhill mountain biker. One amateur athlete played a combination of cricket and rugby; the second was an equestrian.
In 11 cases, the initial Latarjet procedure was performed via an open approach (Cape Town technique in 10 and French technique in 1), and in 1 case, an arthroscopic approach was used. In 4 cases, the technique used was not available. In 12 cases, 2 partially threaded cancellous screws were used (length range, 35-50 mm). In the other 4 cases, the type and size of screw used were not available.
Of the patients, 11 (68.8%) had recurrent anterior instability, 4 (25%) presented with posterior instability, and 1 (6.2%) had recurrent anterior and posterior instability. All patients had returned to sports at varying degrees and sustained recurrent injuries after the primary Latarjet procedure. All cases of posterior instability occurred as a result of significant sports-related trauma after the initial operation (therefore, missed posterior instability during the primary surgical procedure was unlikely). Coracoid failure due to nonunion was the most common finding in the anterior instability group (54.5%, n = 6), followed by capsular failure with a well-healed coracoid graft (36.4%, n = 4) (Table II). All cases of posterior instability had posterior labral and/or capsular injury, as well as generalized hypermobility. The revision procedures performed are summarized in Table II. The mean time to revision surgery was 61 ± 50 weeks (range, 15-185 weeks). The Eden-Hybinette procedure (tricortical iliac crest bone graft) was the most common revision procedure for recurrent anterior instability. Arthroscopic stabilization was the most common procedure for posterior instability.
Table II.
Mechanism of Latarjet failure and revision procedure performed
| Mechanism of failure | n (%) | Revision procedure |
|---|---|---|
| Anterior instability | 11 (69) | |
| Coracoid nonunion | 6 (38) | |
| Screw failure | 2 (13) | E-H |
| No screw failure | 3 (19) | E-H |
| Screw failure and infection | 1 (6) | E-H |
| Capsular failure | 4 (25) | AS in 3 and E-H in 1 |
| Hill-Sachs lesion | 1 (6) | AR |
| Posterior instability | 4 (13) | |
| Posterior labral tear and posterior capsular laxity | 3 (19) | AS |
| Capsular laxity | 1 (6) | AS |
| Combined anterior and posterior instability | ||
| Posterior labral tear, capsular laxity, and coracoid nonunion with screw failure | 1 (6) | E-H and AS |
E-H, Eden-Hybinette procedure; AS, arthroscopic stabilization; AR, arthroscopic remplissage.
At revision surgery, the GHJ was assessed for capsular laxity. Capsular laxity was a common finding intraoperatively (73.3%, n = 11). All patients with posterior instability demonstrated posterior labral tears and capsular laxity at revision surgery. In addition, all these patients had a Beighton score of 6 or higher.
Complications
Postoperative complications developed in a total of 4 patients (mean age, 39 years; age range, 32-48 years) after primary revision surgery. Of these complications, 2 occurred after Eden-Hybinette revision, 1 occurred secondary to arthroscopic stabilization, and 1 occurred secondary to an arthroscopic remplissage procedure.
In the case of failure secondary to arthroscopic stabilization, a persistently painful and stiff shoulder developed. The patient underwent arthroscopy, during which he was found to have a low-grade infection. He was treated with arthroscopic washout, débridement, and antibiotic therapy. Biopsy findings confirmed Cutibacterium acnes infection. We previously published a detailed study highlighting the diagnostic techniques used in identifying low-grade organisms.15
In 1 of the 2 cases of Eden-Hybinette revision, recurrent instability (2 large fragmented screws, with lengths of 48 mm and 50 mm) and a temporary ilioinguinal nerve injury developed. The graft was well healed on computed tomography scan. No clinical subscapularis insufficiency was noted, and electrodiagnostic studies were not performed. Management was performed with specialist shoulder rehabilitation that involved a sports-specific program for this patient, and he improved. The nerve recovered also.
In the other case of a failed Eden-Hybinette procedure, an infected graft fracture and screw failure (2 large fragmented screws, each with a length of 50 mm) developed. The patient underwent open removal of metalwork, débridement, washout, and antibiotic therapy. He had no pain or instability, and all options were discussed. The bone graft was left in situ, and we later inserted bone marrow aspirate concentrate under computed tomography guidance as first-line treatment because of the risks of revision surgery in patients with no symptoms. This patient went on to heal and return to play international-level rugby.
The patient with arthroscopic remplissage had a missed coracoid nonunion and subsequently underwent an Eden-Hybinette procedure. He was able to return to play international-level rugby.
Return to sport
Of the 11 athletes, 7 returned to the same level of sport. Both amateurs (100%) returned to sport compared with 5 professional athletes (55.6%).
Discussion
The Latarjet procedure has become an increasingly popular procedure for anterior shoulder instability, particularly in contact athletes.16,18 As the popularity of the procedure grows, so does the frequency of complications. Our case series is important as it is the first case series detailing coracoid nonunion as the leading cause of recurrent anterior instability after failed Latarjet stabilization, as well as detailing the risk of posterior instability after the Latarjet procedure in patients with hypermobility.
To our knowledge, only 1 previous study has reported on the outcomes of the Eden-Hybinette procedure for failed Latarjet stabilization surgery: Lunn et al18 assessed the outcomes of 34 patients after revision using a modified Eden-Hybinette technique. In their study, they highlighted that patients may still experience apprehension after revision, but this did not appear to be clinically significant. In addition, 68% of patients returned to the pre-dislocation level of sport.18 An important finding in our cohort was an 83.3% success rate at revision using the Eden-Hybinette technique, with only 1 patient requiring a further revision procedure.
Our study showed a 77.8% success rate (7 of 9 patients) when using an arthroscopic approach for revision surgery after failed Latarjet stabilization in selected patients in whom a soft tissue failure had occurred in the presence of a well-healed coracoid graft. This finding is similar to the results of Castagna et al,8 who showed a return to sports in 61% of their 17 cases. Our rate of athletes returning to the same level of sport was 64%.
In our study, we demonstrated a 100% success rate using arthroscopic posterior stabilization of posterior instability after a primary Latarjet procedure. This finding is in line with recently reported success rates of approximately 90% using arthroscopic techniques for primary posterior instability.19,24 It is important to note that these cases were recurrent traumatic sports injuries after a primary Latarjet procedure, all occurring rugby players, and not cases of missed posterior instability at the primary surgical procedure. All these patients had hypermobility with Beighton scores 6 of 9 or higher. Our study highlights the risk of posterior injury in hypermobile contact athletes after the primary Latarjet procedure. We believe this is a result of the alteration in the balance of joint laxity after the Latarjet procedure, making the posterior stabilizing structures at higher risk of injury.
Our study has some limitations. First, it was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from a single institution. Patient-reported shoulder outcome scores would have provided additional objective information, but these were not routinely collected during the study period. A single surgeon undertook all revision procedures to reduce inter-surgeon variability when performing intraoperative analysis of the shoulder joint. In addition, our study lacks sample multiplicity beyond N = 16. We hope the findings of this study highlight the importance of encouraging further work to be undertaken.
Conclusion
Coracoid nonunion was the most common cause of recurrent anterior instability after Latarjet stabilization. These patients are successfully treated by an Eden-Hybinette procedure with iliac crest bone graft, with a good return to sports. In selected cases in which there is only soft tissue failure with a healed coracoid graft, arthroscopic stabilization is a suitable revision technique. Hypermobile patients returning to contact sports are potentially at an increased risk of posterior instability following reinjury after primary Latarjet stabilization.
Disclaimer
The authors, their immediate families, and any research foundations with which they are affiliated have not received any financial payments or other benefits from any commercial entity related to the subject of this article.
Footnotes
All patients in this study signed consent forms for their anonymized data to be used for scientific and research purposes. Data were analyzed retrospectively, and there was no change in the patients' standard of care or decision making. Institutional review board approval was not required for this case series.
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