Abstract
Aims/Introduction
This subanalysis aimed to assess the safety and effectiveness of tofogliflozin by using data from the Japanese Study of Tofogliflozin with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in an Observational Study of the Elderly to categorize elderly Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by the number of concomitant oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) and insulin use at baseline.
Materials and Methods
Japanese Study of Tofogliflozin with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in an Observational Study of the Elderly is a 1‐year prospective, observational and multicenter post‐marketing study that enrolled all patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus aged ≥65 years who started tofogliflozin during the first 3 months after its launch in May 2014 in Japan.
Results
The safety and effectiveness analysis sets included 1,497 and 1,422 patients, respectively. Overall, 18.10 and 2.20% of the patients experienced adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and serious ADRs, respectively. ADRs of special interest in the total, 0 OAD, one OAD, two OADs, three or more OADs and insulin groups occurred in 12.22, 10.04, 12.35, 13.32, 11.27 and 14.91% of patients, respectively. Volume depletion‐related events were the most frequently observed ADRs of special interest. Hypoglycemia occurred in 1.07% of patients. Overall, glycated hemoglobin and bodyweight were significantly decreased, but the estimated glomerular filtration rate was not significantly changed.
Conclusions
Our finding suggests that tofogliflozin could be safely and effectively used in elderly Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, irrespective of the number of OADs and the use of insulin.
Keywords: Elderly, Sodium–glucose transporter 2, Type 2 diabetes mellitus
This subanalysis suggests that tofogliflozin could be safely and effectively used in elderly Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a real‐world clinical setting irrespective of the numbers of oral antidiabetic drugs and insulin use.
Introduction
The appropriate management of elderly Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is of great importance and a topical issue. In 2016, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare in Japan announced that approximately 10 million people were suspected to have type 2 diabetes mellitus1. The proportion of these people who are aged ≥60 years is increasing for both men and women1.
The treatment of elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is complex. The difficulties lie in the clinical, mental and functional heterogeneity of elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus2, 3, 4, 5, 6. For example, elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have numerous comorbidities and difficulties, such as diabetic complications, including micro‐ and macrovascular diseases, cognitive impairment, urinary incontinence, sarcopenia, and increased fall risk5, 6, 7; consequently, the management of these might necessitate polypharmacy. Polypharmacy can be problematic, as it increases the risk of adverse drug events8, 9, drug–drug interactions10, 11 and falls6, 12, and raises treatment costs13.
Among the various pharmacological treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus, such as oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs), insulins and glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists, sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have emerged as a comparatively new class of OADs. Tofogliflozin hydrate (Apleway®; Sanofi K.K., Tokyo, Japan; and Deberza®; Kowa Company, Ltd., Nagoya, Japan) is an SGLT2 inhibitor that was approved in Japan in 2014 for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus14, 15. The safety and effectiveness of tofogliflozin have been shown in previous clinical trials and studies16, 17, 18, 19.
The insulin‐independent mechanism of SGLT2 inhibitors carries a low risk of hypoglycemia, and leads to the reduction of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and bodyweight. However, the unique mechanism of SGLT2 inhibitors also contributes to urinary tract and genital infections, and events resulting from dehydration, all of which are now well‐known adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of SGLT2 inhibitors. Owing to these ADRs, a post‐marketing study was planned before approval, as part of the risk management plan20, 21. Strong concerns about the safety of SGLT2 inhibitors have been indicated by the recommendation for SGLT2 inhibitor use, which was first issued by experts in 2014, shortly after the launch of SGLT2 inhibitors22, 23. This recommendation warned that SGLT2 inhibitors should be used with caution in elderly patients, and further stated that all patients aged ≥65 years with type 2 diabetes mellitus who started to receive these drugs within 3 months after their launch should be registered for inclusion in a post‐marketing study22. Studies of elderly patients were required not only because of the recommendation, but also because of the scarcity of available information on the safety and effectiveness of SGLT2 inhibitors, including tofogliflozin, in elderly patients, because pre‐approval clinical trials mainly included non‐elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus for the evaluation of safety concerns.
Thus, we carried out a 1‐year post‐marketing study of tofogliflozin in elderly Japanese patients (aged ≥65 years) in real‐world settings (Japanese Study of Tofogliflozin with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in an Observational Study of the Elderly [J‐STEP/EL]). We have previously reported the overall results of safety and effectiveness24, 25. As information on the safety and effectiveness in relation to the number of OADs and the use of insulin are clinically important for type 2 diabetes mellitus management and future therapeutic strategy, we carried out a subanalysis of the J‐STEP/EL study data25 to further assess the safety and effectiveness of tofogliflozin by categorizing patients by the number of OADs and the use of insulin at baseline. Herein, we report the results of this subanalysis.
Methods
Study design
The details of the study are available elsewhere25. In brief, this was a prospective, observational and multicenter post‐marketing study carried out in Japan. Patients were enrolled between 23 May 2014 and 22 August 2014, and followed for 1 year (52 weeks) from the date of tofogliflozin initiation. Sanofi K.K. and Kowa Company, Ltd. co‐sponsored this study.
We carried out the present study in compliance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and the Japanese authorized standards for post‐marketing surveillance, Good Post‐marketing Study Practice, without intervening in the dosage and administration of tofogliflozin. Because Good Post‐marketing Study Practice does not require the patients’ consent and approval of study protocol by the institutional review board of each participating center, we did not obtain patients’ consent.
Patients
All patients aged ≥65 years with type 2 diabetes mellitus who started to receive tofogliflozin within 3 months of its launch in Japan were enrolled in this study; there were no restrictions on concomitant diseases and concomitant medications.
Data collection and definition
The patients were registered through a central registration system, and patients’ data were recorded in electronic case report forms. The investigated items included demographic and baseline characteristics, details of tofogliflozin treatment, concomitant antidiabetic treatment, clinical course (vital signs, HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, laboratory tests), adverse events (AE), and ADRs.
ADRs were defined as AEs whose causal relationship with tofogliflozin administration could not be excluded, based on the physician's judgment. The ADRs of special interest were defined as polyuria/pollakiuria, volume depletion‐related events, urinary tract infection, genital infection, hypoglycemia, and skin disorders. ADRs were categorized according to the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities/Japanese edition version 18.1.
Statistical analysis
Based on the information at baseline on the number of concomitant OADs and the use of insulin, we categorized the patients into groups of 0 OAD, one OAD, two OADs, three or more OADs and insulin. The patients who used insulin at baseline were categorized into the insulin group.
The patients’ characteristics, concomitant antidiabetic and diuretic treatments at baseline, and safety evaluations (ADRs and ADRs of special interest) were analyzed descriptively using the safety analysis set, which was defined as all patients for whom electronic case report forms were collected, excluding those with no follow‐up visits after baseline and those for whom concomitant pharmacological treatment information was unavailable. Using the χ2‐test, ADRs of special interest were analyzed to explore the differences between groups.
Effectiveness analyses were carried out on the effectiveness analysis set, which was defined as all patients in the safety analysis set, excluding those without effectiveness data. The mean values of HbA1c, bodyweight, estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] and insulin dose (U/day, in the insulin group) were descriptively summarized. Missing data at 52 weeks were imputed by using the last observation carried forward (LOCF) method. The change from baseline to LOCF data was calculated and tested by one‐sample t‐test.
Patients were also categorized by the types of concomitant drugs at baseline, as follows: naïve (patients with no OAD or insulin use), dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors (DPP4i), biguanides (BG), sulfonylureas (SU), DPP4i + BG, DPP4i + SU, BG + SU, DPP4i + BG + SU, insulin and other (including all patients that did not belong to the aforementioned groups) groups. ADRs of special interest and effectiveness (HbA1c, bodyweight and eGFR) were analyzed by using the same methods described above.
All statistical tests were two‐sided, with the significance level set at 5%. All analyses were calculated by using SAS® version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) software.
Results
Patient disposition and characteristics
Of the 1,507 patients in the safety analysis set of the previous study25, 10 patients with unavailable concomitant pharmacological treatment information were excluded; thus, the safety analysis set comprised 1,497 patients in the present study. The effectiveness analysis set comprised 1,422 patients. Details of patients’ disposition and discontinuation are reported elsewhere25.
The patients’ characteristics are shown in Table 1. At baseline, 279 patients (18.6%), 405 patients (27.1%), 368 patients (24.6%), 284 patients (19.0%) and 161 patients (10.8%) used 0 OAD, one OAD, two OADs, three or more OADs and insulin, respectively. Overall, 47.6% of patients were men and 52.4% were women. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) age was 72.4 ± 6.0 years, with 33.2% of patients aged ≥75 years. Overall, the mean ± SD values for HbA1c, bodyweight and eGFR were 7.7 ± 1.4%, 66.8 ± 12.4 kg and 68.7 ± 20.2 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. The baseline characteristics of diabetes duration, kidney function, HbA1c, diabetic complications and cardiovascular disease differed by the number of OADs and the use of insulin; the groups of patients with multiple OADs and insulin were in a worse condition than the groups of patients with no or fewer OADs.
Table 1.
Patients’ characteristics
| Variable | Safety analysis set (n = 1,497) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 0 OAD | 1 OAD | 2 OADs | ≥3 OADs | Insulin | |||||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
| Total | 1,497 | 100 | 279 | 18.6 | 405 | 27.1 | 368 | 24.6 | 284 | 19.0 | 161 | 10.8 |
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 713 | 47.6 | 112 | 40.1 | 190 | 46.9 | 186 | 50.5 | 149 | 52.5 | 76 | 47.2 |
| Female | 784 | 52.4 | 167 | 59.9 | 215 | 53.1 | 182 | 49.5 | 135 | 47.5 | 85 | 52.8 |
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||
| Mean ± SD | 72.4 ± 6.0 | 73.3 ± 6.3 | 73.3 ± 6.2 | 72.1 ± 6.0 | 71.3 ± 5.4 | 71.1 ± 5.2 | ||||||
| ≥65 to <75 | 1,000 | 66.8 | 177 | 63.4 | 242 | 59.8 | 256 | 69.6 | 207 | 72.9 | 118 | 73.3 |
| ≥75 | 497 | 33.2 | 102 | 36.6 | 163 | 40.2 | 112 | 30.4 | 77 | 27.1 | 43 | 26.7 |
| Bodyweight (mean ± SD, kg) | ||||||||||||
| Overall | 66.8 ± 12.4 | 66.4 ± 12.0 | 65.2 ± 12.5 | 67.0 ± 11.7 | 68.4 ± 13.1 | 68.3 ± 12.3 | ||||||
| Male | 71.0 ± 12.2 | 70.0 ± 11.0 | 69.1 ± 12.4 | 71.2 ± 11.6 | 73.1 ± 13.1 | 71.8 ± 12.1 | ||||||
| Female | 62.9 ± 11.3 | 63.8 ± 12.1 | 61.7 ± 11.6 | 62.6 ± 10.2 | 62.8 ± 10.7 | 65.1 ± 11.7 | ||||||
| Diabetes duration (years) | ||||||||||||
| Mean ± SD | 10.8 ± 7.7 | 6.0 ± 5.5 | 8.9 ± 5.9 | 10.9 ± 7.8 | 13.2 ± 7.9 | 16.5 ± 8.1 | ||||||
| <1 | 44 | 2.9 | 27 | 9.7 | 6 | 1.5 | 8 | 2.2 | 3 | 1.1 | 0 | 0.0 |
| ≥1 to <10 | 407 | 27.2 | 78 | 28.0 | 133 | 32.8 | 112 | 30.4 | 65 | 22.9 | 19 | 11.8 |
| ≥10 | 454 | 30.3 | 30 | 10.8 | 102 | 25.2 | 111 | 30.2 | 126 | 44.4 | 85 | 52.8 |
| Unknown | 592 | 39.5 | 144 | 51.6 | 164 | 40.5 | 137 | 37.2 | 90 | 31.7 | 57 | 35.4 |
| Liver function | ||||||||||||
| Normal | 1,230 | 82.2 | 224 | 80.3 | 343 | 84.7 | 290 | 78.8 | 242 | 85.2 | 131 | 81.4 |
| Dysfunction | 224 | 15.0 | 40 | 14.3 | 57 | 14.1 | 62 | 16.8 | 38 | 13.4 | 27 | 16.8 |
| Unknown | 43 | 2.9 | 15 | 5.4 | 5 | 1.2 | 16 | 4.3 | 4 | 1.4 | 3 | 1.9 |
| Kidney function | ||||||||||||
| Normal | 638 | 42.6 | 163 | 58.4 | 169 | 41.7 | 147 | 39.9 | 95 | 33.5 | 64 | 39.8 |
| Dysfunction | 811 | 54.2 | 103 | 36.9 | 227 | 56.0 | 204 | 55.4 | 184 | 64.8 | 93 | 57.8 |
| Unknown | 48 | 3.2 | 13 | 4.7 | 9 | 2.2 | 17 | 4.6 | 5 | 1.8 | 4 | 2.5 |
| Baseline eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | ||||||||||||
| Mean ± SD | 68.7 ± 20.2 | 67.7 ± 19.4 | 68.5 ± 20.9 | 70.1 ± 19.7 | 68.0 ± 18.8 | 68.1 ± 22.7 | ||||||
| <30 | 17 | 1.1 | 4 | 1.4 | 6 | 1.5 | 4 | 1.1 | 2 | 0.7 | 1 | 0.6 |
| ≥30 to <45 | 93 | 6.2 | 17 | 6.1 | 22 | 5.4 | 20 | 5.4 | 20 | 7.0 | 14 | 8.7 |
| ≥45 to <60 | 242 | 16.2 | 40 | 14.3 | 69 | 17.0 | 53 | 14.4 | 52 | 18.3 | 28 | 17.4 |
| ≥60 to <90 | 589 | 39.3 | 92 | 33.0 | 163 | 40.2 | 159 | 43.2 | 119 | 41.9 | 56 | 34.8 |
| ≥90 | 134 | 9.0 | 20 | 7.2 | 38 | 9.4 | 38 | 10.3 | 22 | 7.7 | 16 | 9.9 |
| Unknown | 422 | 28.2 | 106 | 38.0 | 107 | 26.4 | 94 | 25.5 | 69 | 24.3 | 46 | 28.6 |
| Baseline HbA1c (%) | ||||||||||||
| Mean ± SD | 7.7 ± 1.4 | 7.0 ± 1.1 | 7.5 ± 1.3 | 7.7 ± 1.3 | 7.9 ± 1.3 | 8.5 ± 1.4 | ||||||
| <6.5 | 232 | 15.5 | 86 | 30.8 | 68 | 16.8 | 46 | 12.5 | 26 | 9.2 | 6 | 3.7 |
| ≥6.5 to <7.0 | 240 | 16.0 | 54 | 19.4 | 78 | 19.3 | 57 | 15.5 | 42 | 14.8 | 9 | 5.6 |
| ≥7.0 to <8.0 | 491 | 32.8 | 59 | 21.1 | 144 | 35.6 | 135 | 36.7 | 100 | 35.2 | 53 | 32.9 |
| ≥8.0 | 441 | 29.5 | 39 | 14.0 | 89 | 22.0 | 114 | 31.0 | 110 | 38.7 | 89 | 55.3 |
| Unknown | 93 | 6.2 | 41 | 14.7 | 26 | 6.4 | 16 | 4.3 | 6 | 2.1 | 4 | 2.5 |
| Concomitant disease | ||||||||||||
| No | 83 | 5.5 | 32 | 11.5 | 24 | 5.9 | 17 | 4.6 | 7 | 2.5 | 3 | 1.9 |
| Yes | 1,413 | 94.4 | 246 | 88.2 | 381 | 94.1 | 351 | 95.4 | 277 | 97.5 | 158 | 98.1 |
| Unknown | 1 | 0.1 | 1 | 0.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Diabetic complications | 460 | 30.7 | 32 | 11.5 | 93 | 23.0 | 127 | 34.5 | 116 | 40.8 | 92 | 57.1 |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 122 | 8.1 | 4 | 1.4 | 18 | 4.4 | 24 | 6.5 | 36 | 12.7 | 40 | 24.8 |
| Diabetic nephropathy | 319 | 21.3 | 26 | 9.3 | 65 | 16.0 | 88 | 23.9 | 86 | 30.3 | 54 | 33.5 |
| Diabetic neuropathy | 181 | 12.1 | 9 | 3.2 | 25 | 6.2 | 47 | 12.8 | 54 | 19.0 | 46 | 28.6 |
| Liver disease | 241 | 16.1 | 39 | 14.0 | 66 | 16.3 | 62 | 16.8 | 44 | 15.5 | 30 | 18.6 |
| Kidney disease | 161 | 10.8 | 31 | 11.1 | 48 | 11.9 | 38 | 10.3 | 23 | 8.1 | 21 | 13.0 |
| Cardiovascular disease † | 326 | 21.8 | 39 | 14.0 | 86 | 21.2 | 85 | 23.1 | 54 | 19.0 | 62 | 38.5 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 276 | 18.4 | 32 | 11.5 | 67 | 16.5 | 73 | 19.8 | 49 | 17.3 | 55 | 34.2 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 74 | 4.9 | 8 | 2.9 | 26 | 6.4 | 20 | 5.4 | 9 | 3.2 | 11 | 6.8 |
| Heart failure | 108 | 7.2 | 17 | 6.1 | 26 | 6.4 | 29 | 7.9 | 16 | 5.6 | 20 | 12.4 |
| Malignancy | 21 | 1.4 | 3 | 1.1 | 6 | 1.5 | 7 | 1.9 | 2 | 0.7 | 3 | 1.9 |
| Urinary tract infection | 8 | 0.5 | 1 | 0.4 | 2 | 0.5 | 3 | 0.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 1.2 |
| Hypertension | 1,112 | 74.3 | 200 | 71.7 | 312 | 77.0 | 277 | 75.3 | 202 | 71.1 | 121 | 75.2 |
| Dyslipidemia | 1,062 | 70.9 | 174 | 62.4 | 279 | 68.9 | 262 | 71.2 | 227 | 79.9 | 120 | 74.5 |
| Gout | 40 | 2.7 | 10 | 3.6 | 11 | 2.7 | 9 | 2.4 | 10 | 3.5 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Hyperuricemia | 190 | 12.7 | 44 | 15.8 | 50 | 12.3 | 45 | 12.2 | 35 | 12.3 | 16 | 9.9 |
| Osteoporosis | 174 | 11.6 | 42 | 15.1 | 62 | 15.3 | 38 | 10.3 | 18 | 6.3 | 14 | 8.7 |
The groups are categorized by the numbers of concomitant oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) and the use of insulin at baseline. †Concomitant cardiovascular disease or medical history of cardiovascular disease. eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; SD, standard deviation.
Concomitant antidiabetic and diuretic treatments at baseline are summarized in Table 2. Overall, 81.6% of the patients received concomitant antidiabetic drugs at baseline. The most commonly used OADs were DPP4i (62.0%), SU (32.5%) and BG (26.7%). In the insulin group, 126 patients (78.3%) concomitantly used OADs at baseline: 37.3, 37.3, 22.2 and 3.2% of the patients used one, two, three and four OADs, respectively. Diuretics were concomitantly used by 12.6% of the patients at baseline.
Table 2.
Concomitant antidiabetic and diuretic treatment at baseline
| Variable | Safety analysis set (n = 1,497) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n = 1,497) | 0 OAD (n = 279) | 1 OAD (n = 405) | 2 OADs (n = 368) | ≥3 OADs (n = 284) | Insulin (n = 161) | |||||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
| No. OADs | ||||||||||||
| Mean ± SD | 2.0 ± 1.0 | – | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 2.0 ± 0.0 | 3.3 ± 0.5 | 1.9 ± 0.8 | ||||||
| 1 | 452 | 38.2 | 0 | 405 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 47 | 37.3 | |
| 2 | 415 | 35.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 368 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 47 | 37.3 | |
| 3 | 229 | 19.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 201 | 70.8 | 28 | 22.2 | |
| 4 | 78 | 6.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 74 | 26.1 | 4 | 3.2 | |
| 5 | 9 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 3.2 | 0 | 0 | |
| Class of OADs, insulin and GLP‐1 receptor agonist | ||||||||||||
| Biguanide | 400 | 26.7 | 0 | 0 | 45 | 11.1 | 111 | 30.2 | 182 | 64.1 | 62 | 38.5 |
| Sulfonylurea | 486 | 32.5 | 0 | 0 | 69 | 17.0 | 171 | 46.5 | 221 | 77.8 | 25 | 15.5 |
| DPP4 inhibitor | 928 | 62.0 | 0 | 0 | 263 | 64.9 | 307 | 83.4 | 269 | 94.7 | 89 | 55.3 |
| Fast‐acting insulin secretagogue | 45 | 3.0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0.7 | 17 | 4.6 | 20 | 7.0 | 5 | 3.1 |
| α‐Glucosidase inhibitor | 206 | 13.8 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 4.4 | 51 | 13.9 | 98 | 34.5 | 39 | 24.2 |
| Thiazolidinedione | 261 | 17.4 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 1.7 | 79 | 21.5 | 154 | 54.2 | 21 | 13.0 |
| Insulin | 161 | 10.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 161 | 100.0 |
| GLP‐1 receptor agonist | 22 | 1.5 | 4 | 1.4 | 8 | 2.0 | 4 | 1.1 | 2 | 0.7 | 4 | 2.5 |
| Concomitant diuretics at baseline | ||||||||||||
| No | 1,308 | 87.4 | 254 | 91.0 | 359 | 88.6 | 327 | 88.9 | 239 | 84.2 | 129 | 80.1 |
| Yes | 189 | 12.6 | 25 | 9.0 | 46 | 11.4 | 41 | 11.1 | 45 | 15.8 | 32 | 19.9 |
| Class of diuretics | ||||||||||||
| Loop diuretics | 64 | 4.3 | 10 | 3.6 | 16 | 4.0 | 17 | 4.6 | 12 | 4.2 | 9 | 5.6 |
| Thiazides | 84 | 5.6 | 12 | 4.3 | 21 | 5.2 | 17 | 4.6 | 15 | 5.3 | 19 | 11.8 |
| Anti‐aldosterone | 41 | 2.7 | 6 | 2.2 | 12 | 3.0 | 4 | 1.1 | 11 | 3.9 | 8 | 5.0 |
| Other diuretics | 21 | 1.4 | 1 | 0.4 | 3 | 0.7 | 6 | 1.6 | 10 | 3.5 | 1 | 0.6 |
The groups are categorized by the numbers of concomitant oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) and the use of insulin at baseline. DPP4, dipeptidyl peptidase‐4; GLP‐1, glucagon‐like peptide‐1; SD, standard deviation.
The mean ± SD total insulin dose in the insulin group (n = 148) was 30.55 ± 30.77 U at baseline, and 29.33 ± 30.52 U at 52‐week LOCF, with the mean ± SD change as −1.22 ± 7.11 U (P = 0.039) from baseline to 52‐week LOCF (Table S1).
Safety
Overall, 271 patients (18.10%) and 33 patients (2.20%) experienced ADRs and serious ADRs, respectively (Table 3). ADRs of special interest in the total, 0 OAD, one OAD, two OADs, three or more OADs and insulin groups were observed in 183 patients (12.22%), 28 patients (10.04%), 50 patients (12.35%), 49 patients (13.32%), 32 patients (11.27%) and 24 patients (14.91%), respectively. Overall, volume depletion‐related events were the most frequently observed ADRs of special interest (59 patients, 3.94%), followed by polyuria/pollakiuria (44 patients, 2.94%) and skin disorders (36 patients, 2.40%). Hypoglycemia occurred in 16 patients (1.07%).
Table 3.
Adverse drug reactions and adverse drug reactions of special interest
| ADRs | Safety analysis set (n = 1,497) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n = 1,497) | 0 OAD (n = 279) | 1 OAD (n = 405) | 2 OADs (n = 368) | ≥3 OADs (n = 284) | Insulin (n = 161) | P‐value † | |||||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
| ADRs | 271 | 18.10 | 37 | 13.26 | 72 | 17.78 | 74 | 20.11 | 55 | 19.37 | 33 | 20.50 | |
| Serious ADRs | 33 | 2.20 | 4 | 1.43 | 9 | 2.22 | 10 | 2.72 | 6 | 2.11 | 4 | 2.48 | |
| ADRs of special interest | 183 | 12.22 | 28 | 10.04 | 50 | 12.35 | 49 | 13.32 | 32 | 11.27 | 24 | 14.91 | |
| Hypoglycemia | 16 | 1.07 | 1 | 0.36 | 1 | 0.25 | 3 | 0.82 | 5 | 1.76 | 6 | 3.73 | 0.0028 |
| Polyuria/pollakiuria | 44 | 2.94 | 8 | 2.87 | 10 | 2.47 | 11 | 2.99 | 8 | 2.82 | 7 | 4.35 | 0.8343 |
| Pollakiuria | 33 | 2.20 | 6 | 2.15 | 8 | 1.98 | 7 | 1.90 | 6 | 2.11 | 6 | 3.73 | |
| Nocturia | 12 | 0.80 | 1 | 0.36 | 2 | 0.49 | 3 | 0.82 | 4 | 1.41 | 2 | 1.24 | |
| Polyuria | 8 | 0.53 | 3 | 1.08 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0.82 | 1 | 0.35 | 1 | 0.62 | |
| Volume depletion‐related events | 59 | 3.94 | 9 | 3.23 | 18 | 4.44 | 16 | 4.35 | 10 | 3.52 | 6 | 3.73 | 0.9157 |
| Dehydration | 25 | 1.67 | 5 | 1.79 | 7 | 1.73 | 7 | 1.90 | 3 | 1.06 | 3 | 1.86 | |
| Constipation | 11 | 0.73 | 1 | 0.36 | 3 | 0.74 | 4 | 1.09 | 3 | 1.06 | 0 | 0 | |
| Thirst | 9 | 0.60 | 1 | 0.36 | 3 | 0.74 | 2 | 0.54 | 2 | 0.70 | 1 | 0.62 | |
| Blood urea increased | 6 | 0.40 | 1 | 0.36 | 1 | 0.25 | 1 | 0.27 | 2 | 0.70 | 1 | 0.62 | |
| Cerebral infarction | 3 | 0.20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0.82 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Hemoconcentration | 2 | 0.13 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.62 | |
| Loss of consciousness | 2 | 0.13 | 1 | 0.36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.62 | |
| Lacunar infarction | 2 | 0.13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.35 | 1 | 0.62 | |
| Depressed level of consciousness | 1 | 0.07 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Diverticulum intestinal hemorrhagic | 1 | 0.07 | 1 | 0.36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Ketoacidosis | 1 | 0.07 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Syncope | 1 | 0.07 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Heat illness | 1 | 0.07 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Urinary tract infection | 31 | 2.07 | 8 | 2.87 | 6 | 1.48 | 11 | 2.99 | 3 | 1.06 | 3 | 1.86 | 0.3341 |
| Cystitis | 16 | 1.07 | 2 | 0.72 | 3 | 0.74 | 6 | 1.63 | 3 | 1.06 | 2 | 1.24 | |
| Urinary tract infection | 10 | 0.67 | 6 | 2.15 | 1 | 0.25 | 2 | 0.54 | 1 | 0.35 | 0 | 0 | |
| Pyelonephritis | 3 | 0.20 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.25 | 1 | 0.27 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.62 | |
| Cystitis hemorrhagic | 2 | 0.13 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.25 | 1 | 0.27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Pyelonephritis acute | 2 | 0.13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.27 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.62 | |
| Septic shock | 1 | 0.07 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Genital infection | 20 | 1.34 | 4 | 1.43 | 5 | 1.23 | 5 | 1.36 | 4 | 1.41 | 2 | 1.24 | 0.9993 |
| Pruritus genital | 9 | 0.60 | 3 | 1.08 | 3 | 0.74 | 1 | 0.27 | 2 | 0.70 | 0 | 0 | |
| Genital infection | 4 | 0.27 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.25 | 1 | 0.27 | 2 | 0.70 | 0 | 0 | |
| Vulvovaginal candidiasis | 3 | 0.20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.54 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.62 | |
| Balanoposthitis | 2 | 0.13 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.25 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.35 | 0 | 0 | |
| Vulvitis | 2 | 0.13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.35 | 1 | 0.62 | |
| Genital rash | 1 | 0.07 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.35 | 0 | 0 | |
| Vaginal inflammation | 1 | 0.07 | 1 | 0.36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Genital infection fungal | 1 | 0.07 | 1 | 0.36 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Genital infection female | 1 | 0.07 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Skin disorders | 36 | 2.40 | 3 | 1.08 | 15 | 3.70 | 6 | 1.63 | 7 | 2.46 | 5 | 3.11 | 0.1782 |
| Rash | 11 | 0.73 | 2 | 0.72 | 4 | 0.99 | 1 | 0.27 | 1 | 0.35 | 3 | 1.86 | |
| Pruritus | 7 | 0.47 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.49 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1.41 | 1 | 0.62 | |
| Drug eruption | 4 | 0.27 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.25 | 2 | 0.54 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.62 | |
| Urticaria | 4 | 0.27 | 1 | 0.36 | 3 | 0.74 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Eczema | 3 | 0.20 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.25 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.35 | 1 | 0.62 | |
| Dermatitis allergic | 2 | 0.13 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.49 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Erythema | 2 | 0.13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.27 | 1 | 0.35 | 0 | 0 | |
| Rash pruritic | 2 | 0.13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.70 | 0 | 0 | |
| Pruritus generalized | 2 | 0.13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0.54 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Miliaria | 1 | 0.07 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Papule | 1 | 0.07 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Rash scarlatiniform | 1 | 0.07 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Skin exfoliation | 1 | 0.07 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.62 | |
| Tinea infection | 1 | 0.07 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.25 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
The groups are categorized by the numbers of concomitant oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) and the use of insulin at baseline. †The χ2‐test. Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities/Japanese edition version 18.1. ADR, adverse drug reaction.
Of the volume depletion‐related events, dehydration was the most commonly observed, and the incidence did not largely differ between groups (total incidence: 1.67%; incidence range for all groups: 1.06–1.90%). Ketoacidosis occurred in one patient in the one OAD group who was concomitantly taking DPP4i.
Polyuria/pollakiuria incidence was the highest in the insulin group, and the incidences in the other groups were generally similar (the insulin group: 4.35% vs the 0 to ≥3 OADs groups: 2.47–2.99%). Among the polyuria/pollakiuria ADRs of special interest, pollakiuria was the most frequent; furthermore, patients in the insulin group experienced pollakiuria more often (the insulin group: 3.73% vs the 0 to ≥3 OADs groups: 1.90–2.15%).
Among the skin disorders that were defined as the ADRs of special interest, rash occurred most frequently; furthermore, the insulin group experienced rash most frequently (the insulin group: 1.86% vs the 0 to ≥3 OADs groups: 0.27–0.99%).
Overall, 2.07 and 1.34% of patients experienced urinary tract infection and genital infection, respectively. The 0 and two OADs groups experienced comparatively high incidences of urinary tract infection (0 and 2 OADs groups: 2.87 and 2.99% vs the 1 and ≥3 OADs and insulin groups: 1.06–1.86%), whereas no notable difference in genital infection incidence was observed between the groups (all groups: 1.23–1.43%).
Hypoglycemia occurred more often in the groups of three or more OADs and insulin than in the groups of 0 or fewer OADs (the ≥3 OADs and insulin groups: 1.76 and 3.73% vs the 0 to 2 OADs groups: 0.25–0.82%). Severe hypoglycemia was not reported.
Effectiveness
The results of HbA1c, bodyweight, and eGFR for each group are shown in Figure 1 and Table 4. HbA1c and bodyweight decreased from baseline to LOCF in all groups.
Figure 1.
Plot of mean values of (a) glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), (b) bodyweight and (c) estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) by visit. The groups are categorized by the number of concomitant oral antidiabetic drug (OADs) and the use of insulin at baseline (BL).
Table 4.
Mean values and changes in glycated hemoglobin, bodyweight and estimated glomerular filtration rate
| Variable | Effectiveness analysis set (n = 1,422) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 0 OAD | 1 OAD | 2 OADs | ≥3 OADs | Insulin | |||||||
| Mean ± SD | n | Mean ± SD | n | Mean ± SD | n | Mean ± SD | n | Mean ± SD | n | Mean ± SD | n | |
| HbA1c (%) | ||||||||||||
| Baseline | 7.64 ± 1.35 | 1,345 | 7.00 ± 1.12 | 228 | 7.48 ± 1.28 | 368 | 7.73 ± 1.32 | 333 | 7.88 ± 1.34 | 266 | 8.43 ± 1.40 | 150 |
| Week 4 | 7.44 ± 1.24 | 1,101 | 6.93 ± 1.15 | 161 | 7.40 ± 1.29 | 292 | 7.42 ± 1.17 | 286 | 7.54 ± 1.16 | 233 | 8.06 ± 1.24 | 129 |
| Week 12 | 7.21 ± 1.07 | 1,150 | 6.79 ± 0.92 | 198 | 7.17 ± 1.07 | 311 | 7.18 ± 0.98 | 291 | 7.34 ± 1.07 | 228 | 7.83 ± 1.20 | 122 |
| Week 24 | 7.16 ± 1.01 | 903 | 6.73 ± 0.93 | 143 | 7.02 ± 0.85 | 251 | 7.13 ± 0.94 | 230 | 7.33 ± 1.02 | 179 | 7.85 ± 1.23 | 100 |
| Week 36 | 7.19 ± 1.12 | 832 | 6.65 ± 0.82 | 132 | 7.02 ± 0.92 | 225 | 7.15 ± 1.00 | 214 | 7.47 ± 1.35 | 171 | 7.97 ± 1.18 | 90 |
| Week 52 | 7.04 ± 1.01 | 816 | 6.50 ± 0.62 | 131 | 6.87 ± 0.78 | 230 | 7.06 ± 0.94 | 208 | 7.27 ± 1.12 | 165 | 7.90 ± 1.28 | 82 |
| LOCF | 7.17 ± 1.16 | 1,402 | 6.66 ± 0.95 | 252 | 7.05 ± 1.09 | 383 | 7.14 ± 1.06 | 346 | 7.38 ± 1.18 | 271 | 7.98 ± 1.34 | 150 |
| Change from baseline to LOCF, mean ± SD (P‐value † ) | −0.46 ± 1.02 | 1,327 | −0.34 ± 0.91 | 222 | −0.42 ± 1.06 | 362 | −0.56 ± 1.03 | 330 | −0.50 ± 1.07 | 265 | −0.44 ± 0.89 | 148 |
| (P < 0.001) | (P < 0.001) | (P < 0.001) | (P < 0.001) | (P < 0.001) | (P < 0.001) | |||||||
| Bodyweight (kg) | ||||||||||||
| Baseline | 67.44 ± 12.52 | 1,036 | 67.20 ± 12.19 | 160 | 65.44 ± 12.03 | 276 | 68.02 ± 11.71 | 251 | 68.49 ± 13.45 | 222 | 69.10 ± 13.45 | 127 |
| Week 4 | 66.25 ± 12.44 | 925 | 65.73 ± 12.12 | 134 | 64.42 ± 12.48 | 245 | 66.85 ± 11.95 | 230 | 67.38 ± 13.34 | 197 | 67.59 ± 11.83 | 119 |
| Week 12 | 65.63 ± 12.37 | 907 | 64.68 ± 12.05 | 141 | 63.39 ± 12.26 | 245 | 66.20 ± 11.92 | 229 | 67.64 ± 13.27 | 185 | 67.32 ± 11.68 | 107 |
| Week 24 | 65.42 ± 11.88 | 680 | 64.90 ± 11.43 | 96 | 63.54 ± 11.60 | 186 | 66.21 ± 11.85 | 175 | 66.91 ± 12.92 | 142 | 66.03 ± 10.86 | 81 |
| Week 36 | 65.71 ± 11.78 | 580 | 65.31 ± 11.67 | 77 | 64.08 ± 11.41 | 153 | 66.18 ± 11.75 | 150 | 67.48 ± 13.02 | 122 | 65.63 ± 10.37 | 78 |
| Week 52 | 64.88 ± 11.97 | 598 | 63.71 ± 12.49 | 86 | 63.48 ± 11.76 | 163 | 65.54 ± 11.54 | 161 | 66.43 ± 12.75 | 121 | 65.44 ± 11.15 | 67 |
| LOCF | 64.68 ± 12.12 | 1,122 | 63.32 ± 11.69 | 172 | 62.68 ± 11.83 | 309 | 65.47 ± 11.93 | 274 | 66.05 ± 12.85 | 234 | 67.03 ± 11.70 | 133 |
| Change from baseline to LOCF, mean ± SD (P‐value † ) | −2.72 ± 3.59 | 994 | −3.11 ± 3.75 | 151 | −2.61 ± 3.18 | 261 | −2.65 ± 3.10 | 243 | −2.61 ± 3.35 | 217 | −2.77 ± 5.18 | 122 |
| (P < 0.001) | (P < 0.001) | (P < 0.001) | (P < 0.001) | (P < 0.001) | (P < 0.001) | |||||||
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | ||||||||||||
| Baseline | 68.81 ± 20.14 | 1,028 | 68.17 ± 19.23 | 164 | 68.50 ± 20.83 | 289 | 70.54 ± 19.85 | 259 | 68.29 ± 18.65 | 206 | 67.43 ± 22.90 | 110 |
| Week 4 | 65.11 ± 19.17 | 770 | 64.91 ± 17.79 | 98 | 64.52 ± 19.24 | 216 | 66.40 ± 18.79 | 205 | 65.65 ± 16.49 | 158 | 62.88 ± 24.83 | 93 |
| Week 12 | 67.58 ± 20.39 | 823 | 68.68 ± 19.06 | 130 | 67.88 ± 23.10 | 227 | 68.32 ± 18.90 | 208 | 65.70 ± 17.12 | 172 | 67.13 ± 24.10 | 86 |
| Week 24 | 69.66 ± 25.72 | 651 | 69.49 ± 17.38 | 96 | 69.04 ± 22.11 | 197 | 69.88 ± 19.70 | 162 | 68.48 ± 16.32 | 136 | 74.02 ± 59.03 | 60 |
| Week 36 | 69.70 ± 21.24 | 605 | 71.46 ± 21.61 | 87 | 69.06 ± 23.82 | 162 | 71.16 ± 20.41 | 165 | 67.22 ± 17.01 | 133 | 70.40 ± 24.04 | 58 |
| Week 52 | 68.83 ± 21.37 | 566 | 69.38 ± 17.90 | 86 | 68.30 ± 21.37 | 169 | 69.03 ± 19.07 | 149 | 68.00 ± 17.41 | 113 | 70.97 ± 37.05 | 49 |
| LOCF | 68.09 ± 24.02 | 1,202 | 69.30 ± 19.72 | 202 | 67.54 ± 23.22 | 335 | 69.05 ± 19.87 | 297 | 66.88 ± 16.39 | 242 | 67.62 ± 44.93 | 126 |
| Change from baseline to LOCF, mean ± SD (P‐value † ) | −0.64 ± 10.89 | 967 | −0.17 ± 11.26 | 148 | −0.21 ± 11.13 | 271 | −0.41 ± 9.49 | 245 | −1.41 ± 9.27 | 198 | −1.47 ± 14.99 | 105 |
| (P = 0.070) | (P = 0.858) | (P = 0.757) | (P = 0.498) | (P = 0.034) | (P = 0.318) | |||||||
The groups are categorized by the numbers of concomitant oral antidiabetic drug (OADs) and use of insulin at baseline. †One‐sample t‐test. eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; LOCF, last observation carried forward analysis; SD, standard deviation.
The mean ± SD HbA1c (%) at baseline and LOCF, and the mean ± SD change from baseline to LOCF were 7.64 ± 1.35, 7.17 ± 1.16 and −0.46 ± 1.02 (P < 0.001) in the total group. The mean ± SD baseline HbA1c (%) was 7.00 ± 1.12, 7.48 ± 1.28, 7.73 ± 1.32, 7.88 ± 1.34 and 8.43 ± 1.40 in the 0 OAD, one OAD, two OADs, three or more OADs and insulin groups, respectively. The mean ± SD (%) change was −0.34 ± 0.91, −0.42 ± 1.06, −0.56 ± 1.03, −0.50 ± 1.07 and −0.44 ± 0.89 in the 0 OAD, one OAD, two OADs, three or more OADs and insulin groups, respectively (P < 0.001 for all).
As for the bodyweight, the mean ± SD (kg) at baseline and LOCF, and the mean ± SD change from baseline to LOCF were 67.44 ± 12.52, 64.68 ± 12.12 and −2.72 ± 3.59 (P < 0.001) overall. The mean ± SD (kg) change from baseline to LOCF was −3.11 ± 3.75, −2.61 ± 3.18, −2.65 ± 3.10, −2.61 ± 3.35 and −2.77 ± 5.18 in the 0 OAD, one OAD, two OADs, three or more OADs and insulin groups, respectively (P < 0.001 for all).
The mean ± SD eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) at baseline and LOCF, and the mean ± SD change from baseline to LOCF were 68.81 ± 20.14, 68.09 ± 24.02 and −0.64 ± 10.89 (P = 0.070), respectively. The mean ± SD (mL/min/1.73 m2) change from baseline to LOCF was −0.17 ± 11.26 (P = 0.858), −0.21 ± 11.13 (P = 0.757), −0.41 ± 9.49 (P = 0.498), −1.41 ± 9.27 (P = 0.034) and −1.47 ± 14.99 (P = 0.318) in the 0 OAD, one OAD, two OADs, three or more OADs and insulin groups, respectively.
Safety and effectiveness by types of concomitant drugs at baseline
The ADRs of special interest and effectiveness by types of concomitant drugs at baseline are available as supplementary information. In all groups, the ADRs of special interest, HbA1c, bodyweight and eGFR results were generally similar (Table S2; Figure S1). Hypoglycemia did not occur in the patients with concomitant SU use at baseline (Table S2).
Discussion
We carried out a 1‐year post‐marketing study of tofogliflozin among elderly Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus aged ≥65 years, and have previously reported the overall results24, 25. The present subanalysis study aimed to further assess the safety and effectiveness of tofogliflozin, by categorizing the patients by the number of OADs and the use of insulin at baseline. ADRs of special interest in the total, 0 OAD, one OAD, two OADs, three or more OADs and insulin groups were observed in 12.22% of patients, with 10.04, 12.35, 13.32, 11.27 and 14.91% of patients in each group, respectively. Overall, HbA1c and bodyweight significantly decreased (−0.46% and −2.72 kg, respectively) whereas eGFR did not significantly change (−0.64 mL/min/1.73 m2).
Overall, the safety profile of tofogliflozin in the present study was similar to that reported in other 1‐year SGLT2 inhibitor post‐marketing studies of elderly Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (e.g., ADR incidence was 18.10% in this study vs 9.09–16.91% in other post‐marketing studies)26, 27, 28, 29, 30. A 1‐year dapagliflozin post‐marketing study in elderly Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus reported that ADRs occurred in 9.5, 11.2, 16.7 and 12.8% in the groups of the patients using 0 AD, one AD, two ADs and three or more ADs, respectively27. Even though the direct comparison with this study is limited by the differences in group categorization (i.e., the previous study's “antidiabetic drug group” included insulin and glucagon‐like peptide 1), the results were not considerably different. In line with other SGLT2 inhibitor post‐marketing studies, we confirmed the safety of tofogliflozin in real‐world settings among elderly patients.
Elderly patients might be unaware of the symptoms of ADRs of tofogliflozin, such as hypoglycemia and dehydration. In the present study, hypoglycemia occurred in a total of 1.07% of the patients, which was generally consistent with previous studies (0.22–0.68% in other post‐marketing studies)26, 27, 28, 29, 30. The incidence of hypoglycemia was highest in the insulin group (3.73% in the insulin group vs 0.25–1.76% in the other groups), which is obvious, because insulins are associated with the risk of hypoglycemia31, 32. Compared with other classes of drugs and basal insulin, a meta‐analysis found that SGLT2 inhibitors, for monotherapy in particular, were less associated with hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus33. Dehydration was experienced by 1.67% of the patients, and this value is generally comparable with other post‐marketing studies (0.58–0.8%)26, 27, 28, 29. With these points in mind, appropriate insulin reduction for preventing hypoglycemia, and proper instruction on sufficient liquid intake for preventing dehydration are essential for treating elderly patients with tofogliflozin. Continuous safety investigation of tofogliflozin is indeed required.
The combined use of DPP4i and SU has been reported to increase the risk of hypoglycemia34. In the present study, an increase in the incidence of hypoglycemia was not seen in patients with concomitant tofogliflozin and SU use at baseline (0 patients reporting hypoglycemia). This might be attributed to the recommendation for SGLT2 inhibitor use, which requires careful attention to hypoglycemia when using SGLT2 inhibitors concomitantly with SU. However, this result should be interpreted with care owing to the possible effects of other concomitant drugs and the relatively small number of patients in the SU group (n = 69).
The incidence of other ADRs of special interest in the present study was consistent with that reported in other post‐marketing studies (3.94% vs 0.73–3.13% for volume depletion‐related events, 2.94% vs 1.2–4.62% for polyuria/pollakiuria, 2.07% vs 0.67–1.74% for urinary tract infection, 1.34% vs 0.65–1.95% for genital infection and 2.40% vs 1.17–3.16% for skin disorders in this study vs other post‐marketing studies)26, 27, 28, 29, 30. Considering the number of OADs and insulin use in the present study, the incidence of volume depletion‐related events and genital infections was not substantially different, whereas incidences of polyuria/pollakiuria, urinary tract infection and skin disorders varied slightly.
For effectiveness, HbA1c and bodyweight were decreased by −0.46% and −2.72 kg from baseline to LOCF, with no notable differences between groups; the overall changes in HbA1c and bodyweight were consistent with those seen in other post‐marketing studies (HbA1c change as −0.44 to −0.77%, bodyweight change as −2.41 to −2.91 kg, respectively, in other post‐marketing studies)26, 27, 28, 29, 30. It is of note that bodyweight decreased after tofogliflozin administration even in the insulin group, although insulin administration usually leads to weight gain35.
In the present study, the mean baseline eGFR and its change from baseline to LOCF were 68.81 and −0.64 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. These results are in agreement with other post‐marketing studies, with the mean baseline eGFR as 67.86–69.7 mL/min/1.73 m2 and its change from baseline to final observation as −0.85 to −1.0 mL/min/1.73 m2 26, 28. Tofogliflozin administration should be avoided for patients with severe renal impairment, as instructed in the package insert, because tofogliflozin might not be effective for such patients. Previous SGLT2 inhibitor studies reported a compromised HbA1c‐lowering effect in patients with moderate renal impairment (eGFR 30 to <60 mL/min/1.73 m2)36, 37. Levels of eGFR should be taken into consideration before tofogliflozin administration, with its careful monitoring particularly for patients with renal impairment.
In Japan, tofogliflozin is rarely used as a first‐line type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment. Patients in the present study also concomitantly used other OADs, such as DPP4i, SU and insulin at baseline. As discussed above, we found no peculiar ADRs or substantial increase in ADRs of special interest, accompanied with HbA1c and bodyweight reduction effects across all groups of elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Japan. Although it is essential to accumulate more safety data of tofogliflozin, considering that elderly patients might not recognize the symptoms, such as hypoglycemia and dehydration, the present findings suggest tofogliflozin as another safe and effective first‐line and additional treatment for elderly patients in Japan.
Although tofogliflozin may be used safely and effectively, irrespective of the number of OADs, the avoidance of polypharmacy should be sought wherever possible when treating elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. As mentioned in the Introduction, polypharmacy increases the risk of adverse drug events8, 9 (e.g., dementia38), drug–drug interactions10, 11, falls6, 12 and treatment costs13. Furthermore, polypharmacy can result in low adherence to medication6, 39. The present study results partially support the previous findings, as relatively high incidences of ADRs were found in the groups with multiple OAD use (i.e., the 1 OAD, 2 OADs and ≥3 OADs groups) than in the 0 OAD group. For instance, hypoglycemia was slightly higher in the three or more OADs group than in the groups with no or fewer OADs. Polypharmacy might be inevitable for some elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus for the management of their comorbidities and diabetic complications. However, considering the risks of polypharmacy, simple type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment might be the key for optimal, safe and beneficial management. Tofogliflozin could contribute to a simple therapeutic strategy for elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, as its safety and effectiveness were confirmed to be unrelated to the number of OADs and the use of insulin in the present study.
Some limitations of this study should be acknowledged. First, the study population might have been in better health than the general elderly Japanese population with type 2 diabetes mellitus, as this study was carried out before the revised recommendation for SGLT2 inhibitor use in 2016. Because a wider range of elderly patients had been advised of the careful use of SGLT2 inhibitors before the revision of recommendation in 2016, the investigators in the present study might have carefully chosen the elderly patients in better physical condition for the administration of tofogliflozin; for example, patients with a relatively high bodyweight. Second, the present subanalysis categorized the patients based on the number and type of drugs at baseline, and did not take into consideration the effects on patients who added or reduced their concomitant drugs during the study. Third, owing to the nature of this study, the effects of treatment on patients cannot be solely attributable to tofogliflozin. Fourth, hypoglycemia incidence might have been underestimated in this study, as elderly patients are more likely to be unaware of hypoglycemia events5, 40. Finally, further studies over a longer duration are warranted to explore the safety and effectiveness of tofogliflozin in elderly Japanese patients.
In conclusion, the present findings suggest that tofogliflozin can be safely and effectively used by elderly Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, irrespective of the number of OADs and the use of insulin, as no peculiar ADRs or substantial increase in ADRs of special interest were observed across groups, and HbA1c and bodyweight were decreased in all groups.
Disclosure
KK is a medical advisor of Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho, and received honoraria for lectures from, Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Fujifilm Pharma, MSD, Novo Nordisk Pharma, Ono Pharmaceutical, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma and Taisho Toyama Pharmaceutical, and received scholarship grants from Boehringer Ingelheim, Taisho Toyama Pharmaceutical and Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma. KU is a medical advisor of Kowa and Sanofi, and received honoraria for lectures from Sanofi, MSD, Taisho Toyama Pharmaceutical, Eli Lilly, Terumo, Arkray, Astellas Pharma, Boehringer Ingelheim, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Ono Pharmaceutical, Novo Nordisk Pharma and Kissei Pharmaceutical. MS is an employee of Sanofi K. K. YN was previously employed by Sanofi K. K. YK, RG, and SK are employees of Kowa Company, Ltd.
Supporting information
Figure S1 | Changes in glycated hemoglobin, bodyweight and estimated glomerular filtration rate by the type of concomitant drugs at baseline, from baseline to the 52‐week last observation carried forward.
Table S1 | Insulin dose in the insulin group at each study point (effectiveness analysis set).
Table S2 | Adverse drug reactions of special interest presented by the concomitant drug type at baseline.
Acknowledgments
The study was funded by Sanofi K.K. and Kowa Company, Ltd. The authors thank all physicians from 597 institutions who participated in this study. The authors thank Ayumi Hamaguchi (Clinical Study Support, Inc.) for writing and publication support. This assistance was funded by Sanofi K. K. and Kowa Company, Ltd.
J Diabetes Investig 2020; 11: 405–416
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Associated Data
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Supplementary Materials
Figure S1 | Changes in glycated hemoglobin, bodyweight and estimated glomerular filtration rate by the type of concomitant drugs at baseline, from baseline to the 52‐week last observation carried forward.
Table S1 | Insulin dose in the insulin group at each study point (effectiveness analysis set).
Table S2 | Adverse drug reactions of special interest presented by the concomitant drug type at baseline.