Abstract
Background:
Vibrio are the main pathogenic bacteria in aquaculture. The flagellin protein C (FlaC) of Vibrio alginolyticus has good immunogenicity and the prospect of potential application in a vaccine.
Objectives:
We aimed to evaluate the immunogenicity, protective immunity, and prokaryotic expression fermentation of V. alginolyticus FlaC protein for the vaccine in aquaculture.
Material and Methods:
A molecular cloning method was used to construct the expression strain of FlaC protein, and the protein was purified with Ni-affinity chromatography. Polyclonal antiserum was prepared via mice immunized with the FlaC protein. The Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to check the specificity and titre of the antiserum. ELISA and pull-down assay detected the interaction between FlaC protein antiserum and Vibrio. The immune protection function of FlaC protein was detected with mice actively immunized with FlaC protein and challenged by V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus. The optimal expression conditions for FlaC protein were detected using an L9(34) orthogonal design model.
Results:
The expression strain of FlaC protein was obtained successfully, and purified FlaC protein was prepared using a mice polyclonal antibody. The FlaC protein antiserum held a high specificity, and the titre was 13200. The antiserum directly interacted with V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus, and the FlaC protein demonstrated a significant immune protection function (50%) against V. alginolyticus infection and some immune protection function (41.66%) against V. parahaemolyticus. The optimal expression conditions for FlaC protein included a strain OD600 value of 0.8, final isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactoside (IPTG) concentration of 0.1 mmol/L, an inducing time of 8 hours, and an inducing temperature of 28°C.
Conclusions:
This study showed that the FlaC protein possesses a significant immunogenicity and immune protection effect and obtained the optimal fermentation conditions. It is expected to be a potential vaccine against V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus.
Keywords: Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, FlaJ Protein, Vibrio parahaemolyticus
1. Background
Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus are major aquaculture pathogenic Vibrio( 1 ), distributed in sea areas and estuaries, which causes septicaemia and gastroenteritis in fish and shrimp ( 2 ), induces a large number of deaths, and affects the development of aquaculture ( 3 ). Pathogens coinfecting humans and marine animals, V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus can also cause gastrointestinal diseases and wound infections in humans ( 4 ). At present, antibiotics are mainly used in the prevention of animal diseases and the treatment of Vibrio infection ( 5 ). This usage inevitably leads to drug residues, bacterial resistance, and environmental pollution ( 6 ). Therefore, it is necessary to develop new drug preparations.
Vibrio usually has three kinds of antigens, which are flagellum antigen, bacterium antigen, and surface antigen ( 7 ). These antigens provide the interaction between bacteria and host and are a prerequisite for the preparation of vaccine with strong immune protection specificity. Vibrio flagella are essential components in the pathogenic potential of bacteria, because they enhance the motility and adhesion ability of the bacteria ( 7 ). They are also important bacterial surface antigens, which are closely related to bacterial immune protection ( 8 ). Flagellin protein C (FlaC), FlaB, and FlaI of Vibrio can activate the immune protection function of animals, and they have good immunogenicity and hold the prospect of potential application in vaccines. FlaC protein is a granular protein, the main protein responsible for the flagellum fibres of V. alginolyticus, providing the basis for the movement of the bacteria ( 9 ). It has been found to have good immunogenicity, which activates the immune system of animals and enhances the immune protection function of Lutjanus sanguineus against V. alginolyticus ( 10 ). Thus, FlaC protein has a good prospect of application in a vaccine against Vibrio infection. It is, therefore, necessary to further research into the immune protection function and fermentation conditions of FlaC protein.
2. Objectives
In this study, we aimed to evaluate the immunogenicity, protective immunity, and prokaryotic expression fermentation of V. alginolyticus FlaC protein for the vaccine in aquaculture.
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Ethics statement
The animal ethical committee (Ref. no20161120) was approved by the ethics committee of Shaanxi University of Technology, China.
3.2. Materials
V. alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus, the Escherichia coli DH5a strain, the E. coli BL21 strain, and pET-32a plasmid were obtained from the Bacterial Conservation Centre, China. Primer synthesis and gene sequencing were completed by the Beijing Oak Science and Technology Corp., China. The mice were obtained from the College of Medicine, Xian Jiaotong University, China.
3.3. Cloning of FlaC Gene
The flaC gene primers were designed according to the flaC gene sequence of V. alginolyticus (GenBank database accession number FJ617268), including sense primer5'- TAAGGATCCATGGCTGTAACAGTTAGT-3' and anti-sense primer 5'- CCTCTCGAGTTACTGCAATAGTGACAT-3', where the first and second underscores represent the sites of the BamH I and Xho I enzyme cleavages, respectively. The V. alginolyticus genome was extracted using a genomic extraction kit (TaKaRa, Japan). The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) system consisted of 2.5 μL buffer, 2 μL dNTP (10 mmol/L), 1.5 μL primers (20 μmol/L), 4 μL template DNA, and 0.2 μL Taq enzyme (TaKaRa, Japan). The PCR cycle parameters were pre-denatured for 2 minutes at 94°C and were then denatured, annealed, and extended for 32 cycles (30 s at 94°C, 45 s at 55°C, and 90 s at 72°C) and fully extended for 10 minutes at 72°C. PCR samples were separated and recovered by 0.8% agarose gel electrophoresis. After the PCR product and pET-32a plasmid vector were digested, the recombinant plasmid pET32a-flaC was obtained by ligase ligation (TaKaRa, Japan). The recombinant plasmid was identified through double- enzyme digestion and sequencing test. Then, it was transformed into an E. coli BL21 strain to construct the expression strain of FlaC protein.
3.4. Expression Detection and Purification of FlaC Protein
The expression and purification were implemented as described above. The flaC gene recombinant strains were cultured overnight and transferred to fresh LB medium. The OD600 value was about 0.5, and the final concentration of 0.5 mmol/L isopropyl-β-D- thiogalactoside (IPTG) was added and cultured at 37°C for 5 hours. FlaC protein expression was detected by SDS-PAGE ( 11 ). The FlaC strain was loaded using Ni- affinity chromatography and purified using the Ni-NTA flow resin method (TaKaRa, Japan).
3.5. Preparation of Mouse Polyclonal Antiserum against FlaC Protein
Kunming mice were randomly selected. The experimental and control groups were immunized with FlaC protein (50 µg per mouse) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) solution, respectively. Freund’s complete adjuvant (Sigma, USA) was used for the first immunization. The second immunization followed after 14 days, this time using Freund’s incomplete adjuvant (Sigma, USA). Seven days later, the third immunization was performed. Then the eyeballs of the mice were removed under anaesthesia to obtain FlaC protein antiserum and stored in a refrigerator at −80°C.
3.6. Specificity and Titre Detection of FlaC Protein Antiserum
The specificity of FlaC protein antiserum was determined by the Western blot. Through SDS-PAGE, V. alginolyticus protein was transferred to a nitrocellulose (NC) membrane (TaKaRa, Japan). After incubating in skim milk solution for blocking, the membrane was incubated with mouse anti-FlaC protein antiserum and was then added to anti-mouse horseradish antibodies (TaKaRa, Japan). A DAB solution (Sigma, USA) colouration system was used on the NC membrane for band visualization. The FlaC protein serum specificity was determined according to the colour of the NC membrane bands ( 11 ).
The titre of the antiserum was detected using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The FlaC protein was dissolved to 0.5 μg/μL, and 100 μL of the solution was added to the 96-well plate at 37°C for 3 hours. After incubating in a skim milk solution for blocking, 100 μL of anti-FlaC protein antiserum was added to each well at 37°C for 30 minutes. After rinsing, 100 μL anti-mouse horseradish antibodies were added to each well. Then, a colouration solution (Sigma, USA) was added to every well at 37°C to prevent light from affecting the colour reaction. Finally, a stop solution was added, and a microplate reader (Thermo, USA) was used to detect the OD450 value ( 11 ).
3.7. Interaction between FlaC Protein Antiserum, V. alginolyticus, and V. parahaemolyticus by ELISA and Pull- down Assay
ELISA and pull-down assay were implemented as described. V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus were collected at the logarithmic growth phase by centrifuge and washed twice with NaCl solution (0.85%). The bacteria were deactivated and immobilized with oxymethylene at 80°C for 90 minutes. Then the samples were dissolved in 0.85% NaCl and adjusted to 0.2 at OD600 nm. Samples of 1 mL were transferred into 1.5- mL tubes with 108 CFU bacterial cells. Then 100 μL FlaC protein antiserum was added to each tube, with 1.5 μg/μL protein of bovine serum albumin used for the negative control. After rinsing, 100 μL anti-mouse horseradish antiserum was also added to each tube. Colouration liquid was added to every tube to prevent a light reaction. After the stop solution was added to each tube, a microplate reader was used to detect the absorbance value at OD450 nm ( 11 ).
3.8. Immune Protection Function of FlaC Protein
Kunming mice were divided between an experimental group and a control group. Purified FlaC protein (50 µg per mouse) was injected three times and the control group was injected with PBS solution. The primary immunization was conducted with Freund’s complete adjuvant, and booster doses with Freund’s incomplete adjuvant. After the third immunization, the mice were challenged with V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus. After 15 days, the relative percentage survival of the mice was measured, and the immune protection rates were expressed as formula of 1 − (FlaC immunity mortality/non-protein immunity mortality) × 100% ( 12 ). The Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) software was used for significance analysis.
3.9. Induced Expression Condition of FlaC Protein
The L9(34) orthogonal design model—a four-factor, three-level orthogonal design—was used to detect the optimal expression conditions of FlaC protein. The factors of the orthogonal design included the strain of OD600 value, IPTG final concentration, inducing time, and inducing temperature, represented as A, B, C, and D, respectively (Table 2). In accordance with the orthogonaldesign model, when the OD600 concentration of FlaC protein expression of the bacteria was reached, corresponding concentrations of IPTG were added to the culture to induce FlaC protein expression at an appropriate time and temperature. One millilitre of bacterial liquid was harvested and boiled for 5 minutes with 300 μL buffer solution. After centrifuge, 10 μL samples were added for SDS-PAGE. G-250 dye liquor (Sigma, USA) was used to visualize the FlaC protein bands. Finally, Phoretix 1D software was used to analyse the optical density of the FlaC protein bands, and SPSS software was used to analyse the significance for each factor.
Table 2.
Induction expression conditions of FlaC strain
| No. | A | B (mmol/L) | C (h) | D (℃) | Optical Density/SD (×104) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 3 | 28 | 4.708 ± 0.393 |
| 2 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 8 | 32 | 5.957 ± 0.242 |
| 3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 12 | 37 | 7.310 ± 0.070 |
| 4 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 8 | 37 | 7.534 ± 0.299 |
| 5 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 12 | 28 | 6.311 ± 0.579 |
| 6 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 3 | 32 | 5.220 ± 0.215 |
| 7 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 12 | 32 | 5.575 ± 0.292 |
| 8 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 3 | 37 | 5.726 ± 0.241 |
| 9 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 8 | 28 | 4.016 ± 0.260 |
| K1 (mean value 1) | 5.992 | 5.999 | 5.518 | 6.012 | |
| K2 (mean value 2) | 6.355 | 5.998 | 6.527 | 5.584 | |
| K3 (mean value 3) | 5.107 | 5.515 | 6.399 | 5.859 | |
| Range analysis | 1.249 | 0.484 | 1.009 | 0.428 | |
A, B, C, and D mean the induction strain OD600 value, induction of IPTG concentration, induction time, and induction temperature, respectively. Compared to the analysis size of the mean value of K1, K2, and K3, the optimal inducing expression condition of FlaC protein was A2, B1, C2, and D1, respectively.
4. Results
4.1. Construction of FlaC Gene Prokaryotic Expression Strain
A fragment of about 1155 bp was amplified from the genome of V. alginolyticus using PCR; this was consistent with the expected size (Fig. 1). The target gene obtained by PCR was linked with pET-32a plasmid. The size of the target gene obtained by the double-enzyme digestion was consistent with the prediction (Fig. 1). Sequencing results also confirmed that the target gene was the same as the flaC gene sequence published by the National Center for Biotechnology Information database. Finally, flaC gene recombinant plasmid was transformed into the E. coli Bl- 21 strain to obtain the expression strain of FlaC protein.
Figure 1.
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction enzyme analysis of Vibrio alginolyticus flaC gene. M, DNA marker; 1, the PCR of flaC gene; 2, the recombinant plasmid of flaC gene; 3, the recombinant plasmid digested by BamH I and Xho I. Using PCR, a fragment of about 1155 bp was amplified from the genome of V. alginolyticus, which was consistent with the size of the flaC gene. The size of the double-enzyme digestion was consistent with the prediction recombinant gene.
4.2. Expression Detection and Purification of FlaC Protein
To verify the expression of the recombinant target protein, the bacteria containing the recombinant plasmid were induced with IPTG, and a protein band with a molecular weight of ~62 kDa was obtained, containing ~42.35 kDa of FlaC protein and 20.4 kDa fusion protein of pET-32a plasmid, which was consistent with the expected weight (Fig. 2). The purified FlaC protein was obtained using Ni-affinity chromatography (Fig. 2).
Figure 2.
Expression detection and protein purification of flagellin protein C (FlaC). M, protein marker; 1, no inducing with isopropyl-β- D-thiogalactoside (IPTG); 2, inducing with IPTG; 3, purification of FlaC protein. The recombinant protein bacteria were induced with IPTG, obtaining a protein band with a molecular weight of ~62 kDa, containing ~42.35 kDa of FlaC protein and 20.4 kDa of fusion protein, which was consistent with the expected weight. The purified FlaC protein was obtained with Ni-affinity chromatography and showed one band.
4.3. Specificity and Titre of FlaC Protein Antiserum
The Western blot was used to detect the specificity of the FlaC mice antiserum, and it detected a single band of FlaC protein, indicating that the FlaC protein antiserum had good specificity (Fig. 3A). The antiserum titre of FlaC protein reached 1:3200 with ELISA (Fig. 3B).
Figure 3.
Specificity and titre of flagellin protein C (FlaC) antiserum. A and B show the specificity and titre, respectively, of the FlaC protein antiserum. 1 and 2 show the FlaC protein antiserum and negative control, respectively. 1 shows that one band was visualized, indicating that the FlaC protein antiserum had good specificity. As the FlaC protein antiserum titre increased, the OD450 value decreased; the FlaC protein antiserum titre was 1:3200.
4.4. Interaction between FlaC Protein Antiserum, V. alginolyticus, and V. parahaemolyticus
The interaction between FlaC protein antiserum and Vibrio was detected using ELISA and pull-down assay. There was interaction between FlaC protein antiserum and V. alginolyticus until the 1:500 serum titre, and FlaC protein antiserum and V. parahaemolyticus until the 1:400 serum titre (Fig. 4). FlaC protein antiserum and major aquaculture pathogenic Vibrio formed antigen– antibody complexes, which probably provided for antigen presentation. It was revealed that FlaC protein may have a preferable immunogenicity.
Figure 4.
Analysis of the interaction between flagellin protein C (FlaC) antiserum, and Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus. A and B show the interaction between FlaC protein antiserum and V. alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus. As the FlaC protein antiserum titre increased, the OD450 value decreased. The interaction between FlaC protein antiserum and V. alginolyticus can be found until the 1:500 serum titre, and FlaC protein antiserum and V. parahaemolyticus until the 1:400 serum titre.
4.5. Immunological Protection of FlaC Protein
Mice were immunized with FlaC protein and challenged with V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus to detect the immunological protection of FlaC protein. The mice developed severe toxic symptoms, such as fluffy folds, sluggish activity, listlessness, and lethargy, and a large number died within 48 hours. After 4 days, death was controlled, and the mice gradually recovered. The FlaC protein demonstrated a significant immune protection function (50%) against V. alginolyticus infection and some immune protection function (41.66%) against V. parahaemolyticus (Table 1).
Table 1.
Active Immunity FlaC and Challenging with Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Mice
| Bacterial Name | FlaC | Control | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nos | Alive | ADR (%) | RPS (%) | Nos | Alive | ADR (%) | RPS (%) | |
| V. alginolyticus | 15 | 9 | 40 | 50* | 15 | 3 | 80 | — |
| V. parahaemolyticus | 15 | 8 | 46.67 | 41.66 | 15 | 3 | 80 | — |
ADR, accumulating death rates; FlaC, flagellin protein C; RPS, relative percent survivals
RPS (%) = 1 − (FlaC immunity mortality/non-protein immunity mortality) × 100%.
P < 0.05 (compared to the control group which received phosphate-buffered saline only)
4.6. Optimization of Prokaryotic Expression Conditions of FlaC Protein
In order to detect FlaC protein expression, orthogonal design experiments were conducted. The expression map of FlaC protein was obtained by SDS-PAGE, which showed that the FlaC protein expression amount differed under different induction conditions (Fig. 5). The optical density value of the FlaC protein band was obtained by Phoretix 1D software, and range analysis was conducted (Table 2). Comparing K1, K2, and K3, the optimal expression condition of FlaC protein was A2, B1, C2, and D1, which meant a strain OD600 value of 0.8, a final IPTG concentration of 0.1 mmol/L, an induction time of 8 hours, and an induction temperature of 28°C. The variance analysis of the optical density data showed that four factors reached significance, including the strain OD600 value, final IPTG concentration, induction time, and induction temperature (Table 3).
Figure 5.
The orthogonal design experiment of the expression strain of flagellin protein C (FlaC) induced by isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG). A, B, and C represent three repeated experiments. M, protein marker; 1, no induction strain. The 2, 3, and 4 mean a strain OD600 value of 0.5; IPTG final concentration of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 mmol/L; induction temperature of 28°C, 32°C, and 37°C; and induction time of 3, 8, and 12 hours. The 5, 6, and 7 mean a strain OD600 value of 0.8; IPTG final concentration of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 mmol/L; induction temperature of 32°C, 28°C, and 37°C; and induction time of 8, 12, and 3 hours. The 8, 9, and 10 mean a strain OD600 value of 1.0; final IPTG concentration of 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 mmol/L; induction temperature of 32°C, 37°C, and 28°C; and induction time of 12, 3, and 8 hours.
Table 3.
Variance results of FlaC protein expression
| Factor | Optical Density Value Analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean Square | F-value | P-value* | |
| A | 3.718 | 37.191 | 0 |
| B | 0.624 | 6.237 | 0.009 |
| C | 3.139 | 31.392 | 0 |
| D | 8.027 | 80.284 | 0 |
A, B, C, and D mean strain OD600 value, IPTG concentration, induction time, and induction temperature, respectively.
P < 0.05 means the factor has a significant difference from the control group.
5. Discussion
The FlaC protein has good immunogenicity, can stimulate an immune response, and has a potential application in a vaccine ( 10 ). In this study, the FlaC protein was obtained by molecular cloning and purification, and the mouse polyclonal antiserum was prepared with good specificity. The titre of FlaC protein antiserum reached 1:3200. Compared with monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies are more convenient and economical to prepare ( 13 , 14 ) and are widely used in the immune protection function analysis of the protein ( 15 ). This study obtained the FlaC protein antiserum, which lays the foundation for the immunological function of FlaC protein.
Our research showed that there was interaction between FlaC protein antiserum and major aquaculture pathogenic Vibrio of V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus; they formed antigen– antibody complexes, which probably provided for antigen presentation ( 16 , 17 ). Therefore, the body’s immune system can easily identify Vibrio with FlaC protein antiserum mediation and eliminate pathogenic bacteria. Thus, the FlaC protein was expected to display good immunogenicity. Some experiments have found that the FlaC protein provided immune protection for L. sanguineus against V. alginolyticus infection ( 10 , 18 ). This study showed that the FlaC protein had a significant immune protection function (50%) against V. alginolyticus infection and some immune protection function (41.66%) against V. parahaemolyticus, and it laid a theoretical foundation for developing FlaC immunization agents.
In order to obtain the FlaC protein by large-scale fermentation, different factors and levels were set, using an L9(34) orthogonal design model ( 19 ). We found that the optimal induction conditions of FlaC protein were a strain OD600 value of 0.8, final IPTG concentration of 0.1 mmol/L, an induction time of 8 hours, and an induction temperature of 28°C. IPTG is an active inducer of β-galactosidase, and a high concentration of IPTG has some cytotoxicity, inhibiting protein expression ( 20 , 21 ); this fact is consistent with how our research showed that the low concentration of IPTG (0.1 mmol/L) improved FlaC protein expression. Some researchers have found that the protein expression was inhibited when induced for a long time ( 22 , 23 ), and our research showed the same. A suitable induction time is favourable to the protein expression, and the cost of raw materials is saved compared to using a blind setting for induction time ( 24 ). To further verify this conclusion, our research showed that the 8-hour induction time was the best inducement condition. Thus, we suggest that the actual fermentation production would be best with strain induction at a logarithmic growth period, with a low concentration of IPTG, at a suitable induction time, and at a low temperature.
6. Conclusions
The present study obtained the expression strain of V. alginolyticus FlaC protein, and the optimal fermentation conditions were determined. The FlaC protein was purified and antiserum was prepared, and it was confirmed that the FlaC protein possesses a preferable immunogenicity and excellent immune protection effect on V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus infection. Our findings would provide a scientific basis for the vaccine development on major aquaculture pathogenic Vibrio.
Acknowledgement
This research was supported by the High-end Foreign Experts Recruitment Program of State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs (No. GDT20176100048 and No. GDT20186100426), the Scientific Research Program of the Shaanxi Provincial Education Department (No. 17JK0137), and the Project of Shaanxi University of Technology (No. SLGQD1803).
Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
References
- 1.Baker-Austin C, Oliver JD, Alam M, Ali A, Waldor MK, Qadri F, et al. Vibrio spp. infections. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4(1):8. doi: 10.1038/s41572-018-0005-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Zhu F, Qian X, Wang Z. Molecular characterization of minichromosome maintenance protein (MCM7) in Scylla paramamosain and its role in white spot syndrome virus and Vibrio alginolyticus infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2018;83:104–114. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.09.028. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Hamza F, Kumar AR, Zinjarde S. Efficacy of cell free supernatant from Bacillus licheniformis in protecting Artemia salina against Vibrio alginolyticus and Pseudomonas gessardii. Microb Pathog. 2018;116:335– 344. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.02.003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Zidour M, Chevalier M, Belguesmia Y, Cudennec B, Grard T, Drider D, et al. Isolation and Characterization of Bacteria Colonizing Acartia tonsa Copepod Eggs and Displaying Antagonist Effects against Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio alginolyticus and Other Pathogenic Strains. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:1919. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01919. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Mechri B, Monastiri A, Medhioub A, Medhioub MN, Aouni M. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of highly pathogenic Vibrio alginolyticus strains isolated during mortality outbreaks in cultured Ruditapes decussatus juvenile. Microb Pathog. 2017;111:487–496. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.09.020. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Zouiten A, Mehri I, Beltifa A, Ghorbel A, Sire O, Van Loco J, et al. Designation of pathogenic resistant bacteria in the Sparusaurata sea collected in Tunisia coastlines: Correlation with high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of antibiotics. Microb Pathog. 2017;106:3–8. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.01.004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Dongre M, Singh B, Aung KM, Larsson P, Miftakhova R, Persson K, et al. Flagella-mediated secretion of a novel Vibrio cholerae cytotoxin affecting both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Commun Biol. 2018;1:59. doi: 10.1038/s42003-018-0065-z. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Echazarreta MA, Kepple JL, Yen LH, Chen Y, Klose KE. A Critical Region in the FlaA Flagellin Facilitates Filament Formation of the Vibrio cholerae Flagellum. J Bacteriol. 2018;200(15) doi: 10.1128/JB.00029-18. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Xing J, Zhou X, Tang X, Sheng X, Zhan W. FlaC supplemented with VAA, OmpK or OmpR as bivalent subunit vaccine candidates induce immune responses against Vibrio anguillarum in flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) Vaccine. 2018;36(10):1316–1322. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.074. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Liang H, Xia L, Wu Z, Jian J, Lu Y. Expression, characterization and immunogenicity of flagellin FlaC from Vibrio alginolyticus strain HY9901. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2010;29(2):343–348. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2010.04.003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Liu X, Chen C, Chen C, Ding R, Marslin G. Construction of a Recombinant OmpC Dominant Epitope-Based Vaccine Against Escherichia coli and Evaluation of Its Immunogenicity and Protective Immunity. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2017;10(11) doi: 10.5812/jjm.55652. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Liu X, Yang MJ, Wang SN, Xu D, Li H, Peng XX. Differential Antibody Responses to Outer Membrane Proteins Contribute to Differential Immune Protections between Live and Inactivated Vibrio parahemolyticus. J Proteome Res. 2018;17(9):2987– 2994. doi: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00176. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Zhang C, Huang X, Chen S, Li Y, Li Y, Wang X, et al. Epitope clustering analysis for vaccine-induced human antibodies in relationship to a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies against HPV16 viral capsid. Vaccine. 2018;36(45):6761–6771. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.09.035. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Franka R, Carson WC, Ellison JA, Taylor ST, Smith TG, Kuzmina NA, et al. In Vivo Efficacy of a Cocktail of Human Monoclonal Antibodies (CL184) Against Diverse North American Bat Rabies Virus Variants. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2017;2(3) doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed2030048. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Ferlito C, Biselli R, Mariotti S, von Hunolstein C, Teloni R, Ralli L, et al. Tetanus-diphtheria vaccination in adults: the long-term persistence of antibodies is not dependent on polyclonal B-cell activation and the defective response to diphtheria toxoid re-vaccination is associated to HLADRB1 *01. Vaccine. 2018;36(45):6718–6725. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.09.041. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Junker F, Krishnarajah S, Qureshi O, Humphreys D, Fallah-Arani F. A simple method for measuring immune complex-mediated, Fc gamma receptor dependent antigen-specific activation of primary human T cells. J Immunol Methods. 2018;454:32–39. doi: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.12.002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Rolle A, Meyer M, Calderazzo S, Jager D, Momburg F. Distinct HLA-E Peptide Complexes Modify Antibody- Driven Effector Functions of Adaptive NK Cells. Cell Rep. 2018;24(8):1967–1976 e1964. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.069. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Razavi SS, Peyvandi H, Badrkhani Jam AR, Safari F, Teymourian H, Mohajerani SA. Magnesium Versus Bupivacaine Infiltration in Controlling Postoperative Pain in Inguinal Hernia Repair. Anesth Pain Med. 2015;5(6):e30643. doi: 10.5812/aapm.30643. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Liu X, Chen C, Chen C, Marslin G, Ding R, Wu S. Construction and evaluation of a novel triple cell epitopebased polypeptide vaccine against cow mastitis induced by Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus. Trop J Pharm Res. 2017;16(10):2477– 2486. [Google Scholar]
- 20.Ghaderi H, Arasteh J, Hesampour A. Using response surface methodology in combination with Plackett- Burman design for optimization of culture media and extracellular expression of Trichoderma reesei synthetic endoglucanase II in Escherichia coli. Mol Biol Rep. 2018;45(5):1197–1208. doi: 10.1007/s11033-018-4272-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Khademi F, Yousefi-Avarvand A, Derakhshan M, Meshkat Z, Tafaghodi M, Ghazvini K. Mycobacterium tuberculosis HspX/EsxS fusion protein: gene cloning, protein expression, and purification in Escherichia coli. Rep Biochem Mol Biology. 2017;6(1):15–21. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Lotfi H, Hejazi MA, Heshmati MK, Mohammadi SA, Zarghami N. Optimizing expression of antiviral cyanovirin-N homology gene using response surface methodology and protein structure prediction. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2017;63(9):96–105. doi: 10.14715/cmb/2017.63.9.17. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Mesgari-Shadi A, Sarrafzadeh MH, Barar J, Omidi Y. Cost-effective batch production process of scFv antibody in Escherichia coli. Hum Antibodies. 2017;26(3):149–157. doi: 10.3233/HAB-180333. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.van Rijswijck IMH, van Mastrigt O, Pijffers G, Wolkers- Rooijackers JCM, Abee T, Zwietering MH, et al. Dynamic modelling of brewers' yeast and Cyberlindnera fabianii co-culture behaviour for steering fermentation performance. Food Microbiol. 2019;83:113–121. doi: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.04.010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]