Improving Skin-to-Skin Practice for babies in Kangaroo Mother Care in Malawi through the use of a customized baby wrap: A randomized control trial

Kondwani Chavula; Tanya Guenther; Bina Valsangkar; Victoria Lwesha; Gedesi Banda; Marte Bøe Wensaas; Richard Luhanga; Lydia Chimtembo; Mary V Kinney; Queen Dube

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229720

. 2020 Mar 19;15(3):e0229720. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229720

Improving Skin-to-Skin Practice for babies in Kangaroo Mother Care in Malawi through the use of a customized baby wrap: A randomized control trial

Kondwani Chavula ^1,^*, Tanya Guenther ², Bina Valsangkar ², Victoria Lwesha ¹, Gedesi Banda ¹, Marte Bøe Wensaas ³, Richard Luhanga ¹, Lydia Chimtembo ¹, Mary V Kinney ², Queen Dube ⁴

Editor: Jennifer Yourkavitch⁵

PMCID: PMC7082027 PMID: 32191729

Abstract

Background

Complications of prematurity are a leading cause of newborn death in Malawi. Despite early adoption of Kangaroo mother care (KMC), coverage remains low and women have expressed challenges in using the traditional wrapper–chitenje. In 2016, a study was conducted to evaluate the acceptability and effectiveness of a customized KMC wrap in improving adherence to KMC practices among mothers.

Methods

Mother-baby dyads (301) were randomized to receive either a customized CarePlus Wrap developed by Lærdal Global Health or a traditional chitenje. Enrolled mother-baby dyads were assessed in the KMC ward at 2–3 days after of admission, and then again at 7–15 days post-discharge. Topics covered included skin-to-skin practices, breastfeeding, perceptions of the wrap, and family/community support. Chi square tests were used to assess associations between wrap type and KMC practices. The study received ethics approval.

Results

This study found that a customized KMC wrap is highly acceptable to women and improved skin-to-skin practices in facility-based KMC: 44% of mothers using a customized wrap reported 20 or more hours per day, compared to 33% of mothers using the traditional chitenje. Women using the customized wrap reported being comfortable in keeping the baby in skin-to-skin position more often than women using the chitenje (96% vs. 71%), and they were able to tie on the wrap themselves (86% vs. 10%). At the time of discharge from KMC, more women who used the customized wrap were satisfied with the wrap than those who used the traditional chitenje (94% vs. 56%). The customized wrap did not appear to impact other newborn practices, such as breastfeeding.

Conclusions

This study provides evidence that a customized KMC wrap is highly acceptable to mothers, and it can contribute to better skin-to-skin practices. Use of a customized wrap may be one mechanism to support mothers in practicing KMC and skin-to-skin contact in addition to other interventions.

Introduction

Complications from preterm birth (defined as births occurring before 37 weeks’ gestation) are a leading cause of under-five mortality worldwide, accounting for an estimated 18% of global deaths [1]. Among recommendations to improve preterm birth outcomes, the World Health Organization (WHO) strongly recommends Kangaroo mother care (KMC) as part of routine care of newborn infants weighing up to 2,000g at birth, and that it should be initiated in healthcare facilities as soon as infants are clinically stable [2]. The WHO defines KMC as “care of preterm infants carried skin-to-skin with the mother. Its key features include early, continuous and prolonged skin-to-skin contact between the mother and the baby, and exclusive breastfeeding (ideally) or feeding with breastmilk” [2]. KMC has been shown to be a safe and effective way of reducing neonatal mortality [3]. Compared to conventional care, continuous KMC is associated with a reduced mortality risk of 40% at the time of discharge or at 40–41 weeks postmenstrual age and improves other outcomes, including severe infection/sepsis and weight gain [3]. Specific to preterm birth, KMC has been shown to lead to a large, cause-specific decrease of 51% (95% CI 18–71% reduction) in neonatal deaths with birth weight of <2,000g [4].

The success of KMC depends, in part, on the ability of mothers and caregivers to practice continuous skin-to-skin contact, whereby infants are placed vertically on the chest between the mother’s breasts below her clothes. Practicing KMC, as recommended, can be difficult for women [5]. Pain and fatigue are common barriers in low- and middle-income countries, with women indicating that the baby is too difficult to hold; that they experience physical discomfort on the chest or back, and that it is difficult to maintain the proper position of the infant, especially when the mother is sleeping. Despite the challenges they face to adhere to the recommended practices, KMC is acceptable to mothers [5, 6]. Top enablers include experiential factors, such as mother-infant attachment and ease of practice, as well as support from family, friends, and other mothers, especially to give the mother a break from practice or to allow her to deal with other tasks, such as childcare and housekeeping [5]. Some studies have shown that the level of adherence of post-discharge KMC practice remain high [7, 8](Ghana, India), yet studies from Malawi have found lower levels of adherence post-discharge [9]. Studies assessing women’s perceptions in Malawi on KMC following discharge have found women being overwhelmed with responsibilities at home, developing anxiety and fatigue discouraging them from continuing KMC, and experiencing financial difficulties, lack of support, and stigma, ultimately resulting in following unhealthy, traditional care practices of LBW babies [10–13]. Mothers in Malawi have also identified positioning of the infant and discomfort among the main barriers to KMC practice when using the traditional wrap called a chitenje, which is a piece of fabric normally two meters long by one meter wide [10].

Malawi was an early adopter of KMC, initiating the intervention in 1999, and then it scaling up KMC services in all central and district hospitals in 2005 after national KMC guidelines were developed [14]. By 2014, 77% of hospitals reported that they provided inpatient KMC services, with some challenges noted around functionality and documentation [14]. In 2017, an estimated 15,995 babies were initiated on KMC nationally, representing about 22% of expected cases nationwide (calculated as 10% of expected live births) and 44% of preterm or LBW babies reported in facilities [15]. The Government of Malawi has reaffirmed its commitment to improve newborn health and to reduce mortality and morbidity by implementing KMC [16].

To improve uptake of KMC, in 2015, Lærdal Global Health launched an ergonomic KMC baby carrier (CarePlus Wrap) designed to make it easier for mothers to practice KMC. Designed with the intention of local production at a low cost, each wrap is accompanied by pictorial images on how to use it. Lærdal Global Health also hoped that mothers would take the wraps home and then return them at scheduled KMC follow-up visits, so that the wraps could be recycled and used by other mothers. The wrap was pre-tested in Malawi and Tanzania, with health workers trained on how to use the wrap and how to counsel mothers on how to maintain the baby in skin-to-skin position. The pre-test demonstrated that the customized wrap was perceived to be safer, more comfortable, easier to use, and more acceptable to wear (for mothers and fathers) than the traditional wrap [17].

Currently, there are limited data from low-resource settings on the duration of skin-to-skin practice [18] and on KMC practice with different types of wraps [19]. We conducted this study to address the evidence gap on the acceptability and effectiveness of a custom KMC wrap on adherence to skin-to-skin practices in Malawi. It responds to the call for implementers to study the effectiveness of user-centric designs for promoting KMC [5]. Specific objectives include: (1) to assess acceptability of the wrap and adherence to skin-to-skin practice with the introduction of a KMC wrap in selected health facilities, and (2) to assess skin-to-skin practice in the communities, post-discharge from facility-based KMC.

Methods

Study design

This was implementation research, with a randomized control trial (RCT) design. Mother-baby dyads meeting eligibility criteria and providing informed consent were randomly assigned to receive either the customized CarePlus KMC Wrap (intervention group) or a traditional chitenje (control group). All facility staff involved in providing KMC received a one-day refresher training on KMC, including continuous counselling for the mothers. As per standard protocol, all mothers whose babies were targeted for facility-based KMC were oriented on how to practice KMC, including how to practice skin-to-skin contact, how to care for their small babies (covering breastfeeding, expressing breast milk, cup feeding, hygiene, and the importance of skin-to-skin position) when the baby was initiated on KMC. All mothers received specific instruction on how to use the type of wrap they received: mothers receiving the CarePlus Wrap were shown how to tie and use the CarePlus Wrap (Fig 1), while mothers receiving the chitenje were shown how to tie and use the chitenje.

Study sites

The study was conducted in three large hospitals in the southern region of Malawi: Machinga District Hospital, Thyolo District Hospital, and Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (Blantyre district) (Table 1). All three facilities had previously established KMC services.

Table 1. Information about study sites in 2016.

Facility Name	Level	Deliveries (#)	KMC beds (#)	KMC patients per month (#)	Support staff in KMC unit
Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital	Tertiary-level government district hospital	12150	35	~107 cases	Trained patient attendants Midwives Pediatrician
Machinga district hospital	Government district hospital	5576	4	32 cases	Midwives
Thyolo district hospital	Government district hospital	5103	8	17 cases	Clinical officer Midwives Patient attendant

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Source: Number of deliveries for Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital from the Obstetrics Department and number of deliveries for Machinga and Thyolo district hospitals extracted from DHIS2; number of beds from observation; number of patients per month from registers; support staff from observations.

Study population and sample size

We targeted a sample size of 280 mother-baby dyads (140 per arm) for the primary outcome of interest–weight gain–to detect a minimum 20% difference between groups (S1 Appendix). We evaluated all admitted mother-baby dyads, included multiple births, at the three hospitals for study eligibility within 24 hours of admission to KMC. For enrollment, we excluded babies who had known neurological problems, had major complications, had birth weights of less than 800g, were aged ≥7 days at admission to KMC, had their mother die during labor, were referred out for higher level care, or lived more than 10km from the study hospital. Mothers and their babies eligible for facility-based KMC (birth weight less than 2,000g) at these three hospitals, who provided informed consent to take part in the study, were randomly assigned to either the intervention arm or the control arm.

Data collection

Mother-baby dyads meeting eligibility criteria and providing informed consent were randomized to receive either the CarePlus wrap or a traditional chitenje printed with KMC messages. Eligible participants admitted to KMC who had consented to take part in the study were allocated to intervention or control groups in sequential order. The initial allocation of the respondent to treatment or control group was determined at random, and the team doing the allocation were not aware of which study arm the respondent will be assigned, followed by assigning second recruitment to the alternate group and so on. The alternation was repeated each day there is a new client until the required sample size was obtained.

Data were collected from May to December 2016. Data collection teams comprised of research officers, field workers, and clinical observers were trained on the study protocol for four days by the study’s principal investigator and Save the Children staff. Using a pretested, structured questionnaire (S2 Appendix), data collectors surveyed mothers about their skin-to-skin practice, breastfeeding, perceptions of using the wrap (CarePlus or chitenje), and family/community support at 2–3 days after admission to KMC, at discharge, and 7–15 days post-discharge. Data collectors extracted information from newborn case files, maternity registers, and KMC registers. All data were captured using tablets programmed with CS-PRO.

Outcomes and data analysis

The primary outcome variable was the average rate of weight gain among babies enrolled in KMC; results are not included in this paper (explanation in S1 Appendix). For this paper, we report on the secondary study outcomes including maternal reports of wrap acceptability, reported duration of skin-to-skin contact, feeding support, and family and other social support (Table 2). We consider overall results by control and by intervention group. Chi square tests were used to assess differences between study arms and p-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. We conducted analyses at two time points, in-facility and post-discharge. All analyses were carried out in Stata^® 12 [StataCorp LP, Texas, United States].

Table 2. Description of study outcomes explored in this study.

Outcome area	Metrics
Acceptability of the wrap	Proportion of women receiving a CarePlus wrap would recommend it to other mothers (measured on third day in facility and at time of discharge) Proportion of mothers expressing preference for the CarePlus wrap over the new chitenje measured at time of discharge and post discharge
Acceptability of the wrap	Proportion of women who reported the wrap they received was: a) comfortable to keep baby in skin-to-skin; b) easy to tie by herself; b) comfortable to use while breastfeeding; c) comfortable to use while sleeping; d) keeps baby in secure position; and e) acceptable for male family members to use (measured at time of discharge)
Adherence to skin-to-skin practices	Proportion of babies whose mothers reported (1) practicing any skin-to-skin post discharge and (2) practicing skin-to-skin more than half the day and more than half the night post-discharge (measured at 7–10 day visit) Proportion of mothers reporting (1) daily duration, (2) day time, (3) night time of skin-to-skin practice while in facility and post discharge
Feeding practices	Proportion of babies whose mothers reported (1) breastfeeding and (2) required use of cup and spoon to support feeding at the time of discharge
Family and Social Support	Proportion of women reporting receiving support from family in (1) facility and (2) post discharge Proportion of women reporting receiving support from community members including friends and women’s groups post discharge.
Scalability of the CarePlus wrapper	Proportion of women receiving a CarePlus wrap indicating willingness to return the wrapper Proportion of women receiving a CarePlus wrap expressing willingness to use a recycled wrap. Proportion of women receiving a CarePlus wrap reporting that they would pay a deposit for the wrap or buy one. Reported ability of hospital tailors to produce the wrappers locally with availability of the right materials.

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Ethics

Ethical approval for the study was received in May 2016 from the College of Medicine Research and Ethics Committee (COMREC) national bioethics committee (Reference number: P.11/15/1835). Written informed consent was obtained from every mother/baby dyad who agreed to participate in the study. Mothers under 18 years were excluded from the study.

Results

Overview of sampling and study participants

A total of 581 babies were assessed for eligibility (Fig 2), of which 318 met inclusion criteria; mothers of 301 provided informed consent, and they were enrolled in the study (152 in the CarePlus Wrap group, 149 in the chitenje group). The large (n = 75) number of ineligible babies in the “other” category were babies with birthweight >2000g. Of those enrolled, 85% (129) of the intervention group and 77% (114) of the control group were followed through 7–15 days post-discharge. There were no significant differences between study arms at enrollment in maternal background or health characteristics, or in characteristics of babies (S3 Appendix). More than one third of babies (36%) were less than 1,500g at initiation; about 20% were between 1,800g and 2,000g. Most babies were preterm, with close to two thirds estimated to be between 32 and 36 weeks gestation. Less than 15% of babies were documented to have experienced other complications at birth (in addition to preterm/low birth weight); asphyxia was the most commonly reported complication. The average age at admission to KMC was 1.5 days, and it was similar across study arms. Average duration of stay in facility KMC was 9.3 days, with babies in the intervention arm staying slightly longer than control babies; the difference was not statistically significant. About 20% of babies experienced major complications and needed special care (e.g., severe respiratory problems, severe infections) while in facility KMC, with intravenous therapy and phototherapy being the most common treatments received and no difference between study arms (4% in both arms).

Outcomes

Acceptability

Women expressed higher levels of acceptability for a customized wrap than the traditional wrap (Fig 3). Within the first three days of admission, a significantly higher proportion of women using the CarePlus Wrap reported being comfortable keeping the baby in skin-to-skin position (96% vs. 71%), being able to tie on the CarePlus Wrap themselves (86% vs. 10%), being comfortable to breastfeed while using the CarePlus Wrap (43% vs. 12%), and that the CarePlus Wrap would be acceptable for use by fathers and male family members (93% vs. 43%) (Fig 2). Women using the Care Plus Wrap reported less time to become comfortable using the wrap, with 72% comfortable within the first day compared to 40% of those using the chitenje (p = 0.00). In terms of satisfaction with their wrap, 94% of women who used the CarePlus Wrap were very satisfied with it, compared to 56% of those who used the traditional chitenje (p = 0.00).

Satisfaction with the CarePlus Wrap remained high 7–10 days post-discharge. Nearly all women in the intervention arm (95%) reported that the wrap was suitable for husbands or other male family members to use, and that they would recommend the wrap to other mothers (91%). When asked about preference between the CarePlus Wrap and the chitenje for practicing KMC, women using the CarePlus stated they preferred the CarePlus Wrap. Regardless of the wrap used, women reported satisfaction with their baby’s progress on KMC (94%), and they would recommend KMC to others (99%).

Adherence to skin-to-skin practice

Reported daily duration of skin-to-skin practice while in facility was significantly higher among women using the CarePlus Wrap (Table 2). Among women using the CarePlus Wrap, 44% of women reported more than 20 hours skin-to-skin contact per day; 6% reported 10 hours or less of skin-to-skin contact. In comparison, 33% of women using the traditional chitenje reported 20 hours or more of skin-to-skin contact per day, and 19% reported 10 hours or less per day. Duration of skin-to-skin contact was high for both study groups, with 39% reporting 20 or more hours of daily practice and 45% reporting between 11 and 19 hours. Women using the CarePlus Wrap were also more likely to report using the wrap for nearly all the day (54% vs. 41%), and nearly all or more than half of the night than women using the traditional wrap (97% vs. 83%). Among the 120 women who reported practicing nearly all day in facility, most reported practicing all night (n = 111, 93%), with no significant difference between groups (results not shown).

Reported daily duration of post-discharge skin-to-skin practice remained high (87% of all those who completed the study), without a significant difference between study arms. Among these women, nearly all reported daily skin-to-skin practice (92%). Duration of practice varied, with nearly half of women reporting skin-to-skin practice as “more than half the day” (47%), and the remaining women indicating practice either as “nearly all the day” (28%) or “some of the day” (23%), with no significant difference between groups (Table 3). Among the 67 women who reported practicing nearly all day at the post-discharge visit, most reported practicing all night (n = 62, 93%), with no significant difference between groups.

Table 3. Reported skin-to-skin practices while in facility-based KMC and post-discharge.

	Study Group			Total(N = 241)
Skin-to-skin practices in facility KMC	CarePlus Wrap (n = 126)	Chitenje (n = 115)	p-value	Total(N = 241)
Usual amount of time in skin-to-skin contact during daytime			0.00
Nearly all the day	54.0	40.9		47.7
More than half the day	43.9	45.2		44.0
Some of the day (less than half)	3.2	13.9		8.3
Usual amount of time in skin-to-skin contact during nighttime			0.00
Nearly all the night	52.4	49.6		51.0
More than half the night	44.4	33.0		39.0
Some of the night (less than half)	3.2	17.4		10.0
Reported hours/day baby usually placed in skin-to-skin contact			0.03
20 or more hours	44.4	33.0		39.0
11–19 hours	46.0	44.4		45.2
5–10 hours	5.6	18.3		11.6
4 hours or less	0.8	0.9		0.8
Don’t know	3.2	3.5		3.3
Skin-to-skin practices post-discharge	CarePlus Wrap (n = 126)	Chitenje (n = 115)	p-value	Total (N = 243)
Baby in skin-to-skin position (observed)	52.7	48.3	0.49	50.6
Still practicing skin-to-skin contact (reported)	86.1	88.6	0.55	87.2
Practicing skin-to-skin contact every day (for those practicing)	94.6	89.5	0.22	92.2
Usual amount of time in skin-to-skin contact during daytime^*			0.66
Nearly all the day	28.8	27.7		28.3
More than half the day	46.0	48.5		47.2
Some of the day (less than half)	24.3	20.8		22.6
Not at all	0.9	3.0		1.9
Usual amount of time in skin-to-skin contact during nighttime^*			0.07
Nearly all the night	59.5	69.3		64.2
More than half the night	29.7	18.8		24.4
Some of the night (less than half)	6.3	10.9		8.5
Not at all	4.5	1.0		2.8

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*Data available for 212 cases (111 intervention and 101 control) who were still practicing skin-to-skin contact at the post-discharge interview. Note: the categories for “usual amount of time” (nearly all the day/night, more than half the day/night, some of the day/night) were not specified, and they were left to the respondents to determine.

Feeding practices

Nearly all babies were able to breastfeed while in facility, regardless of wrap type (Table 4, 98.4% for the CarePlus Wrap vs. 100% for the chitenje). Nearly all mothers mentioned receiving support from health facility staff for expressing breastmilk (92%), for feeding position (91%), and for reminders for feeding (87%); no significant differences were noted between study arms. Nearly all babies were also able to breastfeed post-discharge, regardless of wrap type (97.7% vs. 97.4%).

Table 4. Reported feeding practices while in facility-based KMC and post-discharge.

Maternal report of feeding practices in facility KMC	Study Group			Total(N = 241)
Maternal report of feeding practices in facility KMC	CarePlus Wrap (n = 126)	Chitenje (n = 115)	p-value	Total(N = 241)
Baby able to breastfeed	98.4	100.0	0.18	99.2
Type of feeding			0.38
Exclusive breastmilk	92.1	95.7		93.8
Predominantly breastmilk	1.6	1.7		1.7
Partial breastmilk	6.4	2.6		4.6
Maternal report of feeding practices post-discharge	CarePlus Wrap (n = 126)	Chitenje (n = 115)	p-value	Total (N = 243)
Baby able to breastfeed post-discharge	97.7	97.4	0.88	97.5
Baby fed anything other than breastmilk since discharge	3.1	8.8	0.06	5.8

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Family and social support

Reported levels of family and social support while in facilities were not significantly different between women using the CarePlus Wrap and women using the traditional chitenje (Table 5). Overall, 63% of women reported that another family member was trained in KMC while in facility, usually the mother, sister, or mother-in-law. Only 1% of women reported that their husbands received training in KMC at the facility. Nearly all women (90.9%) reported receiving some form of help from family members while they were in facility KMC, with the most common support being provision of food, followed by help holding the baby in skin-to-skin position and caring for children at home. Maternal grandmothers, husbands, and sisters were the most commonly mentioned family members providing this support.

Table 5. Levels of reported family and social support for KMC.

Maternal report of support in facility KMC	Study Group			Total (N = 241)
Maternal report of support in facility KMC	CarePlus Wrap (n = 126)	Chitenje (n = 115)	p-value	Total (N = 241)
Other family member trained on KMC at facility	60.3	65.2	0.43	62.7
Received help from family member (either at home or in facility)	91.3	90.4	0.82	90.9
Type of help provided
Provided food	85.7	89.6	0.37	87.6
Held baby in skin-to-skin position	38.9	39.1	0.97	39.0
Cared for children at home	32.5	43.5	0.08	37.8
Provided moral support	32.5	34.8	0.71	33.6
Other	15.1	11.3	0.39	13.3
Maternal report of support post-discharge	CarePlus Wrap (n = 126)	Chitenje (n = 115)	p-value	Total (N = 243)
Any family member provided help since returned home	88.4	86.8	0.72	87.7
Type of help provided
Held baby in skin-to-skin position	81.4	82.5	0.83	81.9
Provided food	78.3	71.9	0.25	75.3
Household chores	79.1	66.7	0.03	73.3
Cared for children at home	52.7	43.9	0.17	48.7
Provided moral support	60.5	53.5	0.27	57.2
Other	0.8	4.4	0.07	2.5
Anyone outside of family providing support	39.5	35.1	0.48	37.5
Type of support provided
Provided food	30.2	20.2	0.07	25.5
Household chores	27.9	18.4	0.08	23.5
Cared for children at home	6.2	6.1	0.98	6.2
Provided moral support	20.9	18.4	0.62	19.8
Held baby in skin-to-skin position	4.7	5.3	0.83	4.9
Other	3.1	5.3	0.40	4.1

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Following discharge from facility, most women (>85%) reported receiving support from their families, with helping to hold the baby in skin-to-skin position being the most frequently reported form of support, followed by providing food and helping with household chores. While no significant differences were noted between study arms in terms of level of family support, the type of support did vary, with significantly more women using the CarePlus Wrap reporting family support for household chores. Mothers, husbands, and sisters were the most commonly mentioned family members providing this support, with no significant differences between women using the CarePlus wrapper and women using the chitenje. Levels of support from outside the family were also similar between study groups; provision of food and help with household chores were the most commonly reported forms of external support. More than one third of women reported receiving support from community members, with friends and women’s groups being the most commonly mentioned sources of support.

Scalability of the CarePlus Wrap

We conducted a preliminary, informal exploration of the feasibility of local production and the willingness of women to purchase or return the CarePlus wrap. We found that tailors can produce the CarePlus wrap locally, and that more than half of women reported being willing either to pay a deposit or to buy a wrap (Box 1). The major challenge, however, is how to scale up and sustain production of quality wraps and procurement of the customized wrap within the health care system. A customized wrap may be acceptable and increase skin-to-skin adherence, but investigation on how to include and sustain this new commodity into the supply chain is necessary.

Box 1. Scalability and local production of the customized wrap

Alongside the study, we explored local production and the feasibility of implementing a recycling scheme for the wraps and willingness to pay for the wraps. Two areas of feasibility were explored: (1) producing the customized wrap by training and equipping existing hospital-based tailors; and (2) the willingness of women to return used wraps, use pre-used wraps, and pay for wraps.

How we assessed scalability?

Technical information (in simple terms) was shared with five hospital-based tailors from the three study sites to enhance their understanding about preterm birth and LBW babies. After the training, the matron from each facility assessed each wrap produced by the local tailor to determine if it was produced to the required specification. Women were asked, during the KMC wrap study data collection, about their willingness to return the CarePlus Wrap to the facility, to buy a wrap, and how much they would be willing to spend.

What we found?

Training of tailors showed that it is possible to produce the wraps locally with availability of right materials. The cost of the local materials required to produce the wrap was estimated to be approximately US$2, this included the cost of the fabric only (tailors were already commissioned by the hospitals). Based on the assessment of time to produce each wrap and time already allocated for current tailoring responsibilities, each tailor would be capable of producing approximately two wraps per day.

Close to two thirds of women in the CarePlus group indicated that they would be willing to return the wrap, and 70% expressed willingness to use a recycled wrap. Similarly, about 64% of women would either pay a deposit for the wrap or buy one (63%) for about US$2 (the estimated cost of local production).

What we recommend?

Wraps can be produced locally, but it will require materials and allocated time for the hospital tailors to produce the wraps. To meet initial demand for wraps at each hospital in a timely manner, it may be necessary to contract additional local tailors to reach an adequate starting stock of wraps. Assuming that about 60% of wraps would be returned and that wraps would be lost due to wear and tear over time, hospital tailors would need to produce replacement wraps continually. The Ministry of Health and implementing partners will need to develop and test approaches for locally producing and financing a customized wrapper. The Ministry of Health should consider testing how to incorporate a customized wrap into district health system planning processes, e.g., include a customized wrap in the procurement catalogue and district expenditure plans for sustained availability at scale.

Discussion

We set out to determine the adherence to KMC practices as well as the acceptability and effectiveness of a customized KMC wrap versus a traditional wrap. The findings indicated that use of the CarePlus Wrap facilitated extended duration of skin-to-skin practice while in facility, with significantly more women in the CarePlus group reporting continuous skin-to-skin contact than women in the chitenje group. While there was no significant difference in KMC between groups following discharge, the duration of skin-to-skin practice post-discharge remained high. Reported breastfeeding practices and family and other social support did not differ between the groups post-discharge.

We found that women reported higher levels of satisfaction with the customized wrap than the traditional wrap; however, we did not test preference between wraps; rather, the acceptability of a customized wrap. Feasibility research in Nepal assessing the CarePlus Wrap compared to a traditional wrap found women preferring the customized wrap [20, 21]. A study from Indonesia exploring perceptions of using different types of KMC wraps found no difference in preference between wraps [19]. Besides these studies, other related KMC studies do not compare wraps, but rather they use customized wraps in all cases or do they not mention the type of wrap used [3, 22–24]. Some countries and facilities have institutionalized the use of a customized wrap, without testing its impact; e.g., South Africa uses the Kalafong KMC Thari Wrap [25] and Bangladesh uses the KMC Binder [26]. Although we did not conduct a comparative analysis in terms of texture or type of wraps with these studies, countries and facilities should consider including details on the type of wrap used in future research. Different models of wraps should be tested in different contexts to determine preference and impact on adherence to KMC practices.

Our study found high daily duration of skin-to-skin practice overall, with over 84% of women reporting at least 10 hours or more in facility. A mapping of related RCTs in the 2016 Cochrane Review of KMC identified 16 studies that reported on the mean daily duration of skin-to-skin contact and found that the mean daily hours of KMC ranged from 10 minutes to 17 hours per day [3, 18]. Among these studies, Watkins et al. found none from sub-Saharan Africa, and the method of recording hours of skin-to-skin was rarely reported as observation, self-report, or other methods [18]. In addition to the studies included in the Cochrane review, an observational study in Uganda found a mean of only three hours of skin-to-skin contact over the first week of life [18]. The feasibility study from Nepal found that all reported practicing skin-to-skin contact was for 10 hours or more daily in the first month, regardless of wrap (longer duration was reported among mothers using the customized wrap, though this was not statistically significant) [21]. As a strong recommendation, the most recent WHO guidelines indicate that newborns weighing 2,000g or less at birth should be provided “as close to continuous Kangaroo mother care as possible” and “intermittent” KMC if continuous care is not possible. However, the guidelines do not define the minimum duration per day that KMC should be practiced [2]. As studies focus on the number of hours, there need to be greater efforts to achieve continuous KMC, which implies no interruption of skin-to-skin contact during KMC practice, as per the recommendation. As shown in our study, when asked about duration differently, only half of women reported practicing KMC “nearly all day” or “nearly all night,” and those women who were practicing all day were mostly practicing all night too. The framing of the question to determine continuous needs to be examined.

Previous studies have identified other factors beyond the wrap influencing KMC practices, including inadequate staffing levels and capacity, limited provision of information about KMC to mothers during antenatal care/shortly after birth, inadequate equipment and supplies to support mothers’ adherence to recommended KMC practices, dedicated space, addressing the pain and fatigue of mothers in facilities and support to the mothers post-discharge, and weak recording and reporting on KMC [5, 10–12, 15]. These other challenges also warrant further examination to improve the quality of KMC implementation in Malawi.

Our study found that mothers practicing KMC reported receiving social support from family members and the community. The study also found little engagement of husbands in the support of skin-to-skin, contact, regardless of the wrap used. The level of family and social support has been previously identified as an important enabler for KMC practices in Malawi [6, 11, 27]. Though there is not enough evidence on the involvement of fathers in increasing adherence to KMC [3], several studies report that stigma around male involvement in child care prevents KMC uptake [27, 28]. A more family-centered care approach to KMC may increase initiation and continued practice, but it would need to engage men in a way that also empowers women [28]. It should be noted that at the time of the study, an intensive SBCC campaign around preterm birth and KMC was being implemented in two of the districts, and it could have contributed to this result. The campaign specifically aimed to reduce stigma, making women more comfortable practicing KMC openly in the community, regardless of which type of wrap was being used [29].

This study adds to the literature on KMC practices following discharge [3]. At the post-discharge visit in the community, 87% of women reported still practicing either intermittent or continuous skin-to-skin KMC, with three quarters indicating they were practicing more than half of the day. This finding is consistent with other studies. The Nepal feasibility study found that all women reported continuing KMC at home at the 28-day postnatal visit [21]. A descriptive study from India reported that 82.5% of mothers were continuing with skin-to-skin contact at the 45-day post discharge visit [7]. A longitudinal study from Ghana found that 99.5% of mothers were still practicing either intermittent or continuous KMC at the first follow-up visit (one week post-discharge); the proportion did not change significantly in the first month [8]. A recent study in Malawi also found that nearly all mothers (99.2%) reported practicing skin-to-skin contact in the community following discharge [30]. Reported skin-to-skin practice at 30 days post-discharge was 67.8% for more than half of the day and 56.8% for more than half the night.

Limitations

This study had some important limitations. Information on skin-to-skin practices was based on maternal report; it is possible that women may have misreported the duration of skin-to-skin due to social desirability bias. We do not have adequate data to compare daily direct observations with self-reported values for duration of skin to skin due to limited staffing to carry out direct observations. The novelty of a non-traditional, unfamiliar wrap may have contributed to increased adherence and satisfaction with the CarePlus Wrap. Our study, however, suggests that practical parameters, such as ease of use and comfort, were likely drivers of mothers’ acceptance of the CarePlus Wrap in the intervention arm.

Our inclusion criteria prevented enrollment of the babies who were most vulnerable (i.e., had lost their mothers, were admitted at ≥7 days to KMC, or were referred out for higher level care). Fifty-eight cases did not complete the study (23 in the intervention arm and 35 in the control arm). The slightly higher level of drop-out among women using the traditional wrapper may have introduced a bias in our results related to skin-to-skin adherence and other practices that we are not able to determine. Data were missing on vital status for 30 enrolled cases, who were lost to follow-up after discharge from facility (10%). As such, it is possible that more babies originally enrolled in the study may have died while in the community after discharge from facility. Further, the study was conducted in two districts and results on acceptability may not be generalizable to Malawi as a whole.

Our implementation experience indicated that follow-up visits by study teams 7–10 days after discharge from facility KMC proved difficult to achieve in the Malawi context with the limited research resources. Only 64% of babies discharged alive received a follow-up visit between 7 and 10 days (67% of the intervention arm and 62% of the control arm). Therefore, for this study, we extended the follow-up period to up to 15 days after discharge. Extending the timeframe aligned with the Malawi KMC guidance for follow-up every two weeks until the baby is 2,500g [31]. Future studies may need to allow a larger time window or to employ additional staff.

The findings have not been published for weight gain due to limitations in data quality and capture (S1 Appendix). Prior systematic reviews looking at the effect of KMC on a multitude of health outcomes have found weak linkages between weight gain and KMC [3].

Finally, the study was not designed to compare across sites. Future research should consider study designs allowing for facility comparisons to understand variation in uptake and quality of KMC practices by facility and enabling consideration of factors beyond the wrap better.

Conclusion

This study looked the acceptability and effectiveness of introducing a customized KMC wrap to improve skin-to-skin practices. We found that a customized KMC wrap is highly acceptable to mothers, and it contributes to improved skin-to-skin practices while in facility KMC. Women using the customized wrap were more satisfied with KMC, and they practiced skin-to-skin contact for more hours every day while in the facility. A customized wrap may be one mechanism to support mothers in practicing skin-to-skin contact as part of KMC.

Supporting information

S1 Appendix. Sample size calculation.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(14.6KB, docx)}

S2 Appendix. Data collection tools.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(620.5KB, docx)}

S3 Appendix. Background characteristics of enrolled mothers.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(44.3KB, docx)}

S1 Table. Data set.

(DTA)

Click here for additional data file.^{(4.2MB, dta)}

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the Ministry of Health for supporting the implementation of this study, especially the District Health Management Teams from Thyolo and Machinga, the Director of Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, and the staff engaged in the study. This study would not have taken place without the mothers and families agreeing to participate. Steve Wall, Lara Vaz and Lauren DuComb from Save the Children US provided helpful inputs and review on the manuscript. We also appreciate the review of reports and data by colleagues from Lærdal Global Health, who funded this study.

Data Availability

All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

Funding Statement

Research was funded by Lærdal Global Health and implemented by Save the Children Norway, Malawi and US. The research, including the analysis and writing of the results, was also funded by Save the Children – Saving Newborn Lives. Any opinion, finding and conclusion, or recommendation expressed in this material is that of the authors. The funders did not influence the interpretation of the results.

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PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229720.r001

Decision Letter 0

Jennifer Yourkavitch

19 Dec 2019

PONE-D-19-24170

Improving skin-to-skin practice for babies in Kangaroo Mother Care in Malawi through the use of a customized baby wrap

PLOS ONE

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Reviewer #1: This is an important and original piece of research addressing an understudied area, namely how the type of wrapper affects KMC delivery and assessment of skin-to-skin practices in the community, post facility discharge.

It is generally a very well written manuscript with a logical and easy to follow structure. The methodology is clear and concise although it would benefit from more detail about randomisation and allocation processes to ensure methods were robust and selection / allocation bias was minimized. There is clear description of the eligibility criteria and well described setting, enabling generalisability of the results. Discussion was relevant and gave a detailed exploration of current evidence base for use of different wrappers and KMC duration data. The article did an excellent job of putting KMC in Malawi into context, with a description of implementation history, showcasing the context of advanced KMC implementation in Malawi, which is not typical of many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. There was also good discussion of the limitations of self-reporting for KMC duration data although from the supplemental maternal it is clear that direct observation of KMC duration was conducted, yet this is not adequately reported. It would be highly beneficial to expand this section with direct observation data compared with maternal reported data, if possible. Otherwise, issues around missing data and potential ascertainment bias are well described.

The text box on ensuring sustainability and local production is particularly helpful and a novel addition to the study, but would benefit from more detailed description of how the cost per wrapper was derived.

Specific feedback / suggestions for improvement:

Suggest to include study design in the title to make it easier for readers to identify this was a RCT

1. Check the statistics quoted for KMC in the background section. According to Cochrane 2016, mortality risk at 40 – 41 weeks post menstrual age is reduced by 40% (RR0.6) and mortality at latest follow up is reduced by 33% (RR0.67), which is different to what is stated in this article.

2. The primary and secondary outcomes are not clear. It is stated at one stage that the primary outcome is rate of weight gain and then later mentioned that wrap acceptability, duration of STS contact, feeding support and other support were outcomes, with no mention of weight gain. This becomes clearer in the results and discussion when the issue of missing weight outcome data is explained, but for ease of reading it would be beneficial to explain this earlier in the manuscript rather than in the supplemental material.

3. A more detailed description of the statistical analysis would be helpful - What values were considered significant ? Also including 95% confidence intervals is advised.

4. Please give more detail about the randomisation / allocation process – how was the randomisation sequence generated and was this blinded and kept secure? Was allocation concealed and if so, how was it concealed ? What were the timelines involved in screening, allocation and baseline data collection and were they consistent with avoiding selection bias ?

5. It is not clear if the outcome assessors were blinded to the allocation arm, especially for assessing the acceptability outcome. It is possible that unconscious bias may influence how the questions were asked.

6. There are a large (n=75) number of ineligible babies in the “other”: category – in the interests of transparency please provide details of why these babies were excluded.

7. The discussion mentions that data quality issues also affected the results, but it is not clear what this is referring to (? Weight outcome). Please clarify

8. It would be beneficial to include more detail about the pre-enrolment care these babies received, as average age at admission to KMC ward was 1.5 days this suggests they had a short period of stabilization on NICU and then were transferred to KMC. Also, 20% of babies become unwell whilst on KMC ward and it would be informative to know if there is any statistically significant difference between the 2 types of wrappers used, as a marker of safety. Although this information is available in the supplemental material (Table 3a) it is not mentioned in the main manuscript and should be highlighted to the reader.

Reviewer #2: Title: Improving Skin-to-Skin Practice for Babies in Kangaroo Mother Care in Malawi Through the Use of a Customized Baby Wrap

Overall note: Thank you for the opportunity to review this manuscript. It was very well-written and I enjoyed reading the paper as well as learning about this innovative intervention. I believe it is an important contribution to the literature. However, I have several concerns. First, I do not believe the statistical analysis is entirely appropriate; further, critical details are omitted from the methodology section. Some of the text could be organized a little differently to help justify the paper as well. Please see detailed comments below.

Major comments

Abstract

1) Consider adding in that the study was among low birthweight dyads

Introduction

2) To motivate the need for the customized wrap, swap paragraph that starts on line 73 with the one that starts on 64.

3) Ensure that objectives align with outcomes (include breastfeeding, feeding support, family support) and that these outcomes are justified. Why these objectives/outcomes specifically? Acceptability, duration of skin to skin and breastfeeding outcomes make sense (perhaps note that more comfort encourages more use which could mean better outcomes?), but what is the justification for family and social support for KMC and why would that differ by type of wrap (especially food, chores, child-care, etc)?

a. After reading the discussion, there is a need for family support – suggest moving lines 300-304 to intro

Methods

4) Consider noting in study population section that study included multiple births/twins

5) Mention that analyses conducted at two time points- pre and post discharge

6) Please add more detail about how each outcome was assessed. Even if the info is in supplemental file, the outcome variables should be defined up front here, including listing response options.

7) After reviewing supplementary file, it appears the “acceptability” outcomes are binary. The analysis would then be testing the difference in proportion satisfied between the two study groups whereas a t-test is meant to compare the difference in means between groups. Why not use chi-square tests? Similarly, duration of skin-to-skin is reported in categories and the use of a T test is also questionable.

Results

8) Lines 143-146 (first few sentences of the results section) seem to belong in the methods as it is the final sample size.

9) Line 213- were family members’ training part of the study? If so, this should be included in the methods

10) Throughout the text, the ergonomic carrier is called “CarePlus” but in the tables it is “Customized”- consider using “CarePlus” in tables, too.

11) Weight gain is mentioned as the primary outcome of interests, but there is no mention of it until the discussion /limitations. Consider including a line similar to 338 (e.g., “Weight gain results are not included in this study”) then adding some from the supplemental text (lines 27-31) in the results section.

Discussion

12) Line 277-78: there aren’t results related to male involvement in the results section so this statement isn’t supported by the analysis presented. Suggest either adding more to analysis/results, or remove from discussion.

13) Lines 305-311: Suggest moving to results section

a. Also, this is interesting. I suggest finding different headings- it looks too close to an abstract of something that should be an independent paper. Suggest head each paragraph with more simple/plain text-style headings or even questions, e.g. “What was the sustainability assessment?” “What did it show”

14) Lines 321-22: What is the reason to mention that the sample size was based on weight gain in the limitations—this isn’t clear how it could be a limitation. Also, what indications do you have about data quality? This needs more explanation as well.

15) Mention the limitation of generalizability—within Malawi, regionally, etc..

Minor comments

1. (Abstract) Line 31-32: I think the ‘more’ is misplaced. I would suggest saying, “Women using the customized wrap reported being comfortable […] more often than women using the chitenje”

2. Line 50: define/explain “early” discharge

3. Line 53: no apostrophe needed after weeks’; consider adding parentheses around (corrected gestational age)

4. Is there a reference for sentence on line 74-75

5. Figure 3 title add in time point (Day 3)

6. Line 166: delete space between Care and Plus

7. Line 172: restate post-discharge time period/days.

8. Line 188-I don’t see these results specified anywhere- if not, please add “results not shown”

9. Line 189: Reported daily duration – should duration be practice?

10. Supplemental table 3a, please add % to item/variable labels to differentiate from mean (e.g., Without a label, I wasn’t sure at first if died meant number of deaths or %)

11. Table 3: Please add a title for facility based KMC for first few lines. Please add results of provider support to table 3 and also briefly summarize the results that are there.

12. Line 206-07: “frequency of duration of breastfeeding" – I don’t know what this refers to? Are there results to include in the table?

13. Lines 242-249: How similar are other wraps to CarePlus? How similar are traditional wraps in those countries?

14. Line 295: when was the first follow-up visit?

15. Line 298-300: 2013 was several years ago now and much has evolved in newborn/KMC care since then. I would suggest either discussing these findings couched as how things have improved over time or not mentioning it.

16. Line 316-17: I don’t think that is necessary to include (“We had planned…”)

**********

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Reviewer #2: Yes: Lindsay Mallick

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PLoS One. 2020 Mar 19;15(3):e0229720. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229720.r002

Author response to Decision Letter 0

2 Feb 2020

RESPONSES TO JOURNAL EDITORS

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THANK YOU FOR FLAGGING ISSUES OF THE STYLE REQUIREMENTS. WE HAVE MADE MODIFICATIONS ACCORDINGLY.

In your revised cover letter, please address the following prompts:

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WE HAVE ADDED THE ANONYMIZED DATA SET AS A SUPPLEMENTARY FILE.

WE HAVE ADDED INFORMATION ON THE TYPE OF CONSENT OBTAINED AND THAT THE STUDY DID NOT INCLUDE MINORS (E.G. ADOLESCENTS WHO WERE MOTHERS).

Additional Editor Comments (if provided):

Please address the reviewers' comments regarding the methodological shortcomings of this study, along with the suggestions to strengthen the manuscript.

THANK YOU FOR THE OPPORTUNITY TO REVISE AND ADDRESS THE REVIEWER COMMENTS. WE HAVE RESPONDED TO EACH COMMENT AND MADE REVISIONS ACCORDINGLY.

RESPONSES TO REVIEWER COMMENTS

Reviewer comment AUTHOR RESPONSE

This is an important and original piece of research addressing an understudied area, namely how the type of wrapper affects KMC delivery and assessment of skin-to-skin practices in the community, post facility discharge.

There was also good discussion of the limitations of self-reporting for KMC duration data although from the supplemental maternal it is clear that direct observation of KMC duration was conducted, yet this is not adequately reported. It would be highly beneficial to expand this section with direct observation data compared with maternal reported data, if possible. Otherwise, issues around missing data and potential ascertainment bias are well described.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR COMMENT. WHILE THE STUDY HAD INTENDED TO CONDUCT DIRECT OBSERVATION OF KMC PRACTICES TO ALLOW FOR THE COMPARISON WITH KMC PRACTICES REPORTED BY MOTHERS, THIS COMPONENT OF THE STUDY WAS NOT ABLE TO BE ADEQUATELY CARRIED OUT DUE TO RESOURCE LIMITATIONS. WE HAVE AMENDED THE SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL TO NOTE THIS AND ADDED A POINT TO THE LIMITATIONS

THANK YOU FOR THIS SUPPORT. WE HAVE MADE EDITS TO EXPLAIN HOW WE CALCULATED THE COST.

Suggest to include study design in the title to make it easier for readers to identify this was a RCT

THANK YOU. WE HAVE MADE THIS CHANGE

THANK YOU. WE HAVE MADE THIS CORRECTION.

THANK YOU. WE HAVE ADDED A TABLE DESCRIBING THE OUTCOME INDICATORS.

3. A more detailed description of the statistical analysis would be helpful - What values were considered significant ? Also including 95% confidence intervals is advised.

WE HAVE MODIFIED THE ANALYSIS SECTION TO CLARIFY THE P-VALUE USED TO DETERMINE SIGNIFICANCE (P<0.05).

THANK YOU. WE HAVE REVISED THE TEXT TO PROVIDE MORE DETAILS ON THE RANDOMIZATION / ALLOCATION PROCESS. THE PERSON DOING THE ALLOCATION WAS ONLY AWARE OF THE SUBSEQUENT ALLOCATIONS AND NOT THE INITIAL. THEN INITIAL WAS RANDOM A OR B PICK.

THANK YOU FOR FLAGGING THIS CONCERN. WE HAVE REVISED THE DATA COLLECTION SECTION TO CLARIFY RANDOMIZATION / ALLOCATION PROCESS.

6. There are a large (n=75) number of ineligible babies in the “other”: category – in the interests of transparency please provide details of why these babies were excluded.

THE “OTHER” CATEGORY WERE BABIES WITH BIRTHWEIGHT >2000G; HENCE, WE DID NOT INCLUDE THESE BABIES. WE HAVE ADDED A SENTENCE IN THE RESULTS SECTION TO EXPLAIN.

7. The discussion mentions that data quality issues also affected the results, but it is not clear what this is referring to (? Weight outcome). Please clarify

WE AGREE THIS IS CONFUSION AND NOT NECESSARY. THUS, WE HAVE REMOVED SENTENCE.

THANK YOU FOR THIS COMMENT. OUR STARTING POINT WAS ADMISSION TO KMC. THUS, IT WOULD BE DIFFICULT AT THIS POINT TO INCLUDE PRE-ENROLLMENT CARE AS WE DID NOT DOCUMENT THIS INFORMATION (AVAILABLE IN CASE FILES). AS FOR BABIES WHO BECAME UNWELL IN THE COURSE OF THE STUDY WHILE IN KMC, THERE IS NO STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE 2 TYPES OF WRAPPERS USED.

REVIEWER #2

Abstract

1) Consider adding in that the study was among low birthweight dyads

Introduction

2) To motivate the need for the customized wrap, swap paragraph that starts on line 73 with the one that starts on 64. THANK YOU FOR THIS SUGGESTION, WE HAVE TAKEN FORWARD THIS RECOMMENDATION.

a. After reading the discussion, there is a need for family support – suggest moving lines 300-304 to intro

THANK YOU FOR THIS RECOMMENDATION. WE HAVE REVISED THE INTRODUCTION SECTION.

Methods

4) Consider noting in study population section that study included multiple births/twins

WE HAVE ADDED THIS.

5) Mention that analyses conducted at two time points- pre and post discharge

WE HAVE ADDED THIS.

6) Please add more detail about how each outcome was assessed. Even if the info is in supplemental file, the outcome variables should be defined up front here, including listing response options.

THANKS FOR YOUR SUGGESTION. WE HAVE INCLUDED A TABLE WITH THE DEFINITIONS OF THE SECONDARY OUTCOMES (THE MAIN FOCUS OF THIS PAPER) AS TABLE 2 IN THE METHODS SECTION.

THANK YOU FOR THIS COMMENT. WE DID INDEED USE THE CHI SQUARE TEST FOR CATEGORICAL OUTCOMES (THE T-TEST WAS USED FOR COMPARING THE WEIGHT GAIN, A CONTINUOUS VARIABLE AND THE PRIMARY OUTCOME WHICH WAS NOT THE FOCUS OF THIS PAPER) AND HAD MADE AN ERROR IN THE METHODS DESCRIPTION. WE HAVE MODIFIED THE METHODS ACCORDINGLY.

Results

8) Lines 143-146 (first few sentences of the results section) seem to belong in the methods as it is the final sample size THANK YOU FOR THIS SUGGESTION. THE METHODS SECTION EXPLAINS HOW THE SAMPLE SIZE WOULD BE COLLECTED; AND THUS THE RESULTS SECTION SHOULD INCLUDE AN EXPLANATION OF THE PROCESS AND RESULTS OF THE SAMPLE SIZE.

9) Line 213- were family members’ training part of the study? If so, this should be included in the methods

TRAINING FAMILY MEMBERS WAS NOT PART OF OUR STUDY BUT RATHER STANDARD PRACTICE AT THE FACILITIES. WE ONLY ASKED MOTHERS WHETHER A FAMILY MEMBER WAS PART OF THE TRAINING.

10) Throughout the text, the ergonomic carrier is called “CarePlus” but in the tables it is “Customized”- consider using “CarePlus” in tables, too.

THANK YOU FOR FLAGGING THIS INCONSISTENCY. WE HAVE CHANGED TO “CAREPLUS” THROUGHOUT THE PAPER.

THANK YOU FOR THIS SUGGESTION. WE HAVE MADE EDITS ACCORDINGLY.

Discussion

FIGURE 3 PRESENTS RESULTS ON MALE ACCEPTABILITY. WE HAVE ADDED A SENTENCE IN THE SECTION ON FAMILY SUPPORT TO HIGHLIGHT THAT HUSBANDS WERE COMMONLY MENTIONED AS PROVIDING SUPPORT AS WELL AS MOTHERS AND SISTERS.

13) Lines 305-311: Suggest moving to results section

THANK YOU FOR THESE SUGGESTIONS. WE HAVE IMPLEMENTED THESE CHANGES.

WE AGREE THIS IS CONFUSION AND NOT NECESSARY. THUS, WE HAVE REMOVED SENTENCE.

15) Mention the limitation of generalizability—within Malawi, regionally, etc..

WE HAVE INCLUDED THIS IN THE LIMITATIONS SECTION OF THE DISCUSSION.

Minor comments

THANK YOU FOR THESE COMMENTS. ALL HAVE BEEN ADDRESSED.

1. (Abstract) Line 31-32: I think the ‘more’ is misplaced. I would suggest saying, “Women using the customized wrap reported being comfortable […] more often than women using the chitenje” EDITED

2. Line 50: define/explain “early” discharge REVISED SENTENCE.

3. Line 53: no apostrophe needed after weeks’; consider adding parentheses around (corrected gestational age) EDITED.

4. Is there a reference for sentence on line 74-75 ADDED REFERENCE.

5. Figure 3 title add in time point (Day 3)

6. Line 166: delete space between Care and Plus EDITED.

7. Line 172: restate post-discharge time period/days. ADDED POST DISCHARGE TIME

8. Line 188-I don’t see these results specified anywhere- if not, please add “results not shown” WE HAVE REMOVED THIS SENTENCE.

9. Line 189: Reported daily duration – should duration be practice? WE MADE MINOR EDIT TO CLARIFY SENTENCE STRUCTURE.

10. Supplemental table 3a, please add % to item/variable labels to differentiate from mean (e.g., Without a label, I wasn’t sure at first if died meant number of deaths or %) WE HAVE ADDED THE STATUS AT DISCHARGE FROM KMC (%) TO THE SUPPLEMENTARY FILE

11. Table 3: Please add a title for facility based KMC for first few lines. Please add results of provider support to table 3 and also briefly summarize the results that are there. WE HAVE CORRECTED THE TABLE TO CLEARLY SHOW DATA FROM FACILITY-KMC AND POST-DISCHARGE.

12. Line 206-07: “frequency of duration of breastfeeding" – I don’t know what this refers to? Are there results to include in the table? WE REMOVED THIS SENTENCE.

13. Lines 242-249: How similar are other wraps to CarePlus? How similar are traditional wraps in those countries? WE DID NOT CONDUCT A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS IN TERMS OF TEXTURE OR TYPE OF WRAPS WITH THESE STUDIES AS THIS INFORMATION WAS NOT ALWAYS PROVIDED AND OUT OF THE SCOPE OF THIS RESEARCH. WE, THUS, RECOMMEND FUTURE RESEARCH SHOULD CONSIDER INCLUDING DETAILS ON THE TYPE OF WRAP AS WELL AS TEST DIFFERENT TYPES OF WRAPS.

14. Line 295: when was the first follow-up visit? THIS HAS BEEN ADDED

16. Line 316-17: I don’t think that is necessary to include (“We had planned…”) WE HAVE REVISED THIS.

Attachment

Submitted filename: Responses to reviewer comments.docx

Click here for additional data file.^{(25.7KB, docx)}

PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229720.r003

Decision Letter 1

Jennifer Yourkavitch

13 Feb 2020

Improving Skin-to-Skin Practice for babies in Kangaroo Mother Care in Malawi through the use of a customized baby wrap: a randomized control trial

PONE-D-19-24170R1

Dear Dr. Chavula,

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Reviewers' comments:

PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229720.r004

Acceptance letter

Jennifer Yourkavitch

3 Mar 2020

PONE-D-19-24170R1

Improving Skin-to-Skin Practice for babies in Kangaroo Mother Care in Malawi through the use of a customized baby wrap: a randomized control trial

Dear Dr. Chavula:

I am pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been deemed suitable for publication in PLOS ONE. Congratulations! Your manuscript is now with our production department.

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

S1 Appendix. Sample size calculation.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(14.6KB, docx)}

S2 Appendix. Data collection tools.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(620.5KB, docx)}

S3 Appendix. Background characteristics of enrolled mothers.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(44.3KB, docx)}

S1 Table. Data set.

(DTA)

Click here for additional data file.^{(4.2MB, dta)}

Attachment

Submitted filename: Responses to reviewer comments.docx

Click here for additional data file.^{(25.7KB, docx)}

Data Availability Statement

All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

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PERMALINK

Improving Skin-to-Skin Practice for babies in Kangaroo Mother Care in Malawi through the use of a customized baby wrap: A randomized control trial

Kondwani Chavula

Tanya Guenther

Bina Valsangkar

Victoria Lwesha

Gedesi Banda

Marte Bøe Wensaas

Richard Luhanga

Lydia Chimtembo

Mary V Kinney

Queen Dube

Roles

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Introduction

Methods

Study design

Fig 1. Instructions for CarePlus Wrap use.

Study sites

Table 1. Information about study sites in 2016.

Study population and sample size

Data collection

Outcomes and data analysis

Table 2. Description of study outcomes explored in this study.

Ethics

Results

Overview of sampling and study participants

Fig 2. Selection flow diagram.

Outcomes

Acceptability

Fig 3. Differences in the acceptability of wraps while in facility-based KMC by type of wrap received (day 3).

Adherence to skin-to-skin practice

Table 3. Reported skin-to-skin practices while in facility-based KMC and post-discharge.

Feeding practices

Table 4. Reported feeding practices while in facility-based KMC and post-discharge.

Family and social support

Table 5. Levels of reported family and social support for KMC.

Scalability of the CarePlus Wrap

Box 1. Scalability and local production of the customized wrap

How we assessed scalability?

What we found?

What we recommend?

Discussion

Limitations

Conclusion

Supporting information

Acknowledgments

Data Availability

Funding Statement

References

Decision Letter 0

Jennifer Yourkavitch

Roles

Author response to Decision Letter 0

Decision Letter 1

Jennifer Yourkavitch

Roles

Acceptance letter

Jennifer Yourkavitch

Roles

Associated Data

Supplementary Materials

Data Availability Statement

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

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