Abstract
Aims
Concerns about the prognostic value of NYHA functional class (FC) in heart failure (HF) patients carrying a prophylactic implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) are still present. We aimed to compare whether mortality and arrhythmic risk were different, in a cohort of HF patients undergoing ICD‐only implant, according to their FC.
Methods and results
HF patients with left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤35%, undergoing first prophylactic ICD‐only implant were collected from a multicentre nationwide registry (2006–2015). Six hundred and twenty‐one patients were identified (101 patients in NYHA I; 411 in NYHA II; 109 in NYHA III). After a mean follow‐up of 4.4 years (±2.1), 126 patients died (20.3%). All‐cause mortality risk was higher in symptomatic patients: 13.9% in NYHA I patients, 18.3% in NYHA II patients (HR: 1.8, 95% CI 1.1–3.2), and 32.9% in NYHA III patients (HR: 3.9, 95% CI 2.1–7.3). Seventy‐eight out of all deaths were due to cardiovascular causes (12.6%). Cardiovascular mortality risk was also higher in symptomatic patients: 6.9% in NYHA I patients, 11% in NYHA II patients (HR: 2.2, 95% CI 1.1–4.9), and 23.9% in NYHA III (HR: 5.5, 95% CI 2.4–12.7). One hundred and seventeen patients received a first appropriate ICD therapy (19.4%). Arrhythmia free survival did not differ among study groups [20.8% in NYHA I patients, 18.7% in NYHA II (HR: 1.1, 95% CI 0.6–1.7) and 20.8% in NYHA III patients (HR: 1.3, 95% CI 0.7–2.5)]. NYHA class independently predicted cardiovascular mortality (NYHA III vs. NYHA I: HR, 4.7; 95% CI, 1.7–12.8, P = 0.002; NYHA II vs. NYHA I: HR, 2.1, 95% CI, 1.0–5.6, P = 0.05) but not all‐cause death (NYHA III vs. NYHA I: HR: 1.8, 95% CI 0.8–3.9, P = 0.11; NYHA II vs. NYHA I: HR, 1.1, 95% CI 0.6–2.2, P = 0.71;). Atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes emerged as predictors of both all‐cause death [(HR: 1.8, 95% CI 1.2–2.8, P = 0.005), (HR: 2.2, 95% CI 1.4–3.4, P < 0.001), (HR: 2.0, 95% CI 1.3–3.1, P = 0.001), respectively] and cardiovascular mortality [(HR: 1.8, 95% CI 1.1–3.1, P = 0.02), (HR: 3.1, 95% CI 1.8–5.4, P < 0.001), (HR: 1.7, 95% CI 1.1–3, P = 0.032), respectively].
Conclusions
Mortality in HF patients undergoing prophylactic ICD implantation was higher in symptomatic patients. NYHA functional class along with other comorbidities might be helpful to identify a subgroup of ICD carriers with poorer prognosis and higher risk of cardiovascular death.
Keywords: Prognosis, NYHA functional class, Implantable cardioverter defibrillator
Background
Primary prevention implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) improves survival by reducing sudden cardiac death (SCD) in heart failure (HF) patients with impaired left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).1, 2 The New York Heart Association (NYHA) class subjectively estimates functional capacity of HF patients, and therefore, it has been widely used to select ICD candidates in randomized clinical trials.3, 4, 5, 6 Nevertheless, the European and the American practice guidelines show some disagreement, especially regarding the role of ICD therapy in patients with asymptomatic HF (NYHA Class I) and reduced LVEF.7, 8, 9 A pooled analysis of four randomized trials demonstrated that ICD‐only therapy was effective in reducing mortality in NYHA Class II patients, but only a trend toward reducing mortality in the group of NYHA Class III patients was found.10 Another recent study derived from MADIT II trial population, proved that prophylactic ICD improved survival in patients with previous myocardial infarction and LVEF <30%, regardless of NYHA class.11 There are few studies reporting the prognostic implication of NYHA class in a real‐world setting.12
Aims
We aimed to compare survival and arrhythmic risk among different NYHA class subgroups of HF patients with reduced LVEF receiving a prophylactic ICD in a real‐life cohort of contemporary patients.
Methods
The present study was developed within the UMBRELLA observational study (http://ClinicalTrials.gov/NCT01561144), which is a multicenter and voluntary registry promoted by Medtronic Iberica that includes patients with Medtronic ICDs and follows them by remote monitoring (CareLink®). The institutional review board of the participating centers approved patient inclusion and all patients provided informed consent.
All HF patients with LVEF ≤35%, undergoing their first prophylactic ICD‐only implant were selected. People included in the registry after a replacement procedure were excluded to avoid retrospective data collection regarding outcomes. To achieve a homogeneous sample and to avoid the bias generated by improving LVEF, cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) carriers were excluded too.
The entire cohort was divided according to NYHA class at implant into three study groups: asymptomatic (NYHA I), mildly symptomatic patients (NYHA II), and severely symptomatic (NYHA III) patients. The prognostic role of NYHA class was studied with three different endpoints: (i) all‐cause mortality; (ii) cardiovascular mortality defined as any death due to proximate cardiac cause (e.g. myocardial infarction, HF) or to non‐coronary vascular causes such as cerebrovascular disease, pulmonary embolism, aortic dissection, or other vascular diseases; and (iii) arrhythmia free survival (as a surrogate marker of SCD) defined as survival free of first appropriate ICD therapy delivered in ventricular fibrillation (VF) detection zone or fast ventricular tachycardia zone when programmed within VF zone. Follow‐up ran from ICD implant to data censored time‐point (September 2017).
Baseline characteristics were collected from the mandatory baseline form at implant procedure. The UMBRELLA protocol required every centre to collect mortality data in specific sheets and to keep them updated at least annually. The principal investigator of each participating hospital classified every death following the definitions described before, according to medical records. Tachyarrhythmia detection and ICD settings were programmed at the discretion of local physicians. Data regarding the arrhythmic events and those related to ICD programming were collected by remote monitoring. Each arrhythmic event was reviewed in a blind manner by a committee of experts and was then classified according to the type of arrhythmia and the effectiveness of the delivered therapy.
Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and categorical data as numbers and percentages. Continuous variables were compared using the Student's t‐test when normally distributed and the Mann–Whitney U test when not. Categorical variables were compared using χ2, or the Fisher's exact test when the conditions required for the former test were not met. Time to first appearance of the study endpoints was described using Kaplan–Meier survival curves and significance was assessed by the log‐rank test. A univariable Cox regression analysis was first performed to determine which parameters were significantly related to the study endpoints. After testing for proportional hazard assumptions, Cox models were fitted and hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed. Then a stepwise multivariable Cox proportional analysis was performed including those variables with clinical and biological plausibility that returned a P value <0.20 after univariable Cox regression analysis. Statistical analysis was performed from the binomial distribution using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (version 20.0, spss, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). A P value below 0.05 was considered significant for all tests.
Results
We analysed 621 patients (2006–2015) undergoing their first prophylactic ICD implant (61.1 ± 11.4 years; 87.3% male). The distribution of study groups was as follows: 101 patients were in NYHA I; 411 patients were in NYHA II; and the remaining 109 cases were in NYHA III. More symptomatic patients were older, had higher prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), and they also had lower LVEF (Table 1).
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Overall (n = 621) | NYHA I (n = 101) | NYHA II (n = 411) | NYHA III (n = 109) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 61.1 ± 11.4 | 57.6 ± 13.5 | 61.7 ± 10.7 | 61.8 ± 11.4 | 0.004 |
| Female gender, n (%) | 79 (12.7) | 9 (8.9) | 49 (11.9) | 21 (19.3) | 0.056 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 220 (36.2) | 29 (29.6) | 149 (36.8) | 42 (40.4) | 0.259 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 366 (59.7) | 53 (53) | 247 (60.8) | 66 (62.3) | 0.305 |
| Smoker, n (%) | 284 (50.5) | 40 (48.2) | 196 (51.4) | 48 (49) | 0.818 |
| Hypercholesterolemia, n (%) | 343 (57.7) | 49 (51.6) | 238 (60.6) | 56 (54.4) | 0.200 |
| Stroke, n (%) | 35 (6.4) | 8 (8.8) | 18 (4.9) | 9 (10.1) | 0.113 |
| COPD, n (%) | 79 (12.7) | 10 (9.9) | 49 (11.9) | 20 (18.3) | 0.259 |
| Chronic kidney disease*, n (%) | 101 (16.8) | 9 (9.3) | 68 (17) | 24 (23.3) | 0.030 |
| Ischemic aetiology, n (%) | 439 (70.7) | 72 (71.3) | 295 (71.8) | 72 (66.1) | 0.501 |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 168 (27.5) | 19 (19) | 114 (28.1) | 35 (33.3) | 0.064 |
| LBBB, n (%) | 91 (14.7) | 17 (16.8) | 61 (14.8) | 13 (11.9) | 0.594 |
| Previous HF admission, n (%) | 594 (95.8) | 75 (74.3) | 411 (100) | 109 (100) | 0.001 |
| QRS duration (ms), mean ± SD | 109.8 ± 25.3 | 111.4 ± 26.4 | 109.3 ± 24.2 | 110.8 ± 28.2 | 0.625 |
| LVEF (%), mean ± SD | 26.6 ± 5.4 | 27.5 ± 4.8 | 27.1 ± 5.3 | 24.9 ± 5.7 | 0.003 |
| Betablockers, n (%) | 572 (92.1) | 91 (90.1) | 381 (92.7) | 100 (91.7) | 0.777 |
| ACEi/ARB, n (%) | 539 (86.8) | 86 (85.1) | 358 (87,1) | 95 (87.1) | 0.916 |
| Aldosterone antagonists, n (%) | 374 (60.2) | 50 (49.3) | 247 (60.1) | 77 (70.9) | 0.024 |
ACEi, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HF, heart failure; LBBB, left bundle branch block; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; ms, milliseconds; SD, standard deviation.
Glomerular filtration rate (< 60 ml/min/1.73 m2).
After a mean follow‐up of 4.4 years (±2.1), 126 patients died (event rate: 20.3%). All‐cause mortality was higher in patients with NYHA Class II and III compared to asymptomatic patients (Figure 1A). All‐cause death rates were 13.9% in NYHA I patients, 18.3% in NYHA II patients (HR: 1.8, 95% CI 1.1–3.2), and 32.9% in NYHA III patients (HR: 3.9, 95% CI 2.1–7.3) Seventy‐eight out of 126 deaths were related to cardiovascular causes (overall event rate: 12.6%). Symptomatic patients also showed a higher risk of cardiovascular death compared to NYHA I patients (Figure 1B). Cardiovascular mortality rates were 6.9% in NYHA I patients, 11% in NYHA II patients (HR: 2.2, 95% CI 1.1–4.9), and 23.9% in NYHA III (HR: 5.5, 95% CI 2.4–12.7) Multivariable regression model for both mortality endpoints included NYHA class, age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, stroke, previous HF, AF, CKD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), LVEF, and betablocker therapy as covariates. After multivariable analysis, worse NYHA class independently predicted cardiovascular mortality (NYHA III vs. NYHA I: HR, 4.7; 95% CI, 1.7–12.8, P = 0.002; NYHA II vs. NYHA I: HR, 2.1, 95% CI, 1.0–5.6, P = 0.05) but not all‐cause death (NYHA III vs. NYHA I: HR: 1.8, 95% CI 0.8–3.9, P = 0.11; NYHA II vs. NYHA I: HR, 1.1, 95% CI 0.6–2.2, P = 0.71;). Independent predictors for all‐cause mortality were age (HR: 1.0, 95% CI 1.0–1.1, P = 0.008), diabetes (HR: 2.0, 95% CI 1.3–3.1, P = 0.001), AF (HR: 1.8, 95% CI 1.2–2.8, P = 0.005), CKD (HR: 2.2, 95% CI 1.4–3.4, P < 0.001), and COPD (HR: 1.9, 95% CI 1.2–3.1, P = 0.008). Moreover, AF (HR: 1.8, 95% CI 1.1–3.1, P = 0.02), CKD (HR: 3.1, 95% CI 1.8–5.4, P < 0.001), and diabetes (HR: 1.7, 95% CI 1.1–3, P = 0.032) were also predictors for cardiovascular mortality.
Figure 1.
Cumulative incidence for (A) all‐cause mortality, (B) cardiovascular mortality and (C) first appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy within ventricular fibrillation zone according to NYHA functional class. P values correspond to log‐rank test.
A single‐chamber ICD was implanted in nearly two‐thirds of the entire cohort (n = 411; 66.2%). The ICD settings of the whole population and study groups are depicted in Table 2. A delayed detection time (30 of 40 intervals) was only programmed in 34.8% of patients, what is probably related to the 9‐year period of data collection in which scientific evidence was continuously evolving. No differences regarding ICD programming were found among study groups, except for a trend toward longer detection time in more symptomatic patients. One hundred and seventeen patients received a first appropriate ICD therapy (19.4%). The majority of the arrhythmic episodes were due to sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) (n = 84, 71.8%), whereas sustained polymorphic VT/VF accounted for the rest episodes (n = 33, 28.2%). The mean tachycardia cycle length of these episodes was 258 ± 37.3 ms. Arrhythmia free survival was not different among study groups [20.8% in NYHA I patients, 18.7% in NYHA II (HR: 1.1, 95% CI 0.6–1.7) and 20.8% in NYHA III patients (HR: 1.3, 95% CI 0.7–2.5); Figure 1C]. Multivariable regression analysis for first appropriate ICD therapy included diabetes, COPD, AF, LVEF, VF detection zone cut‐off, and number of interval detection within VF zone as covariates. After adjustment, AF was the only variable independently related to an increased risk of first appropriate ICD therapy (HR: 1.8, 95 % CI 1.2–2.6, P = 0.003).
Table 2.
ICD type and programming
| Overall (n = 621) | NYHA I (n = 101) | NYHA II (n = 411) | NYHA III (n = 109) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Single chamber ICD, n (%) | 210 (66.2) | 58 (57.4) | 280 (68.1) | 73 (67) | 0.123 |
| VF detection zone cut‐off, mean ± SD | 304.7 ± 17.9 | 307.1 ± 16.8 | 303.7 ± 18.1 | 306,7 ± 17.8 | 0.111 |
| ATP*, n (%) | 585 (96.7) | 94 (96.9) | 390 (97.3) | 101 (94.4) | 0.335 |
|
NID, n (%) • <30 of 40 |
387 (65.1) | 71(75.5) | 253 (63.9) | 62 (60.2) | 0.054 |
| • >30 of 40 | 207 (34.9) | 23 (24.5) | 143 (36.1) | 41 (39.8) | |
| FVT programmed**, n (%) | 174 (29.4) | 20 (21.3) | 109 (27.5) | 45 (43.7) | 0.342 |
| FVT detection zone cut‐off (ms), mean ± SD | 267.4 ± 26.2 | 269.5 ± 22.8 | 269 ± 28.1 | 262.6 ± 21.9 | 0.113 |
| VT zone programmed, n (%) | 311 (52.4) | 40 (42.6) | 217 (54.8) | 54 (52.4) | 0.257 |
| VT detection zone cut‐off (ms), mean ± SD | 356.7 ± 20.7 | 357.9 ± 17.8 | 355.7 ± 19.3 | 359.1 ± 27.6 | 0.127 |
ATP, anti‐tachycardia pacing; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; FVT, fast ventricular tachycardia; ms, milliseconds; NID, number of interval detection; SD, standard deviation; VF, ventricular fibrillation; VT, ventricular tachycardia.
Before charging.
Within VF detection zone.
Conclusions
Our study was performed including ischemic and non‐ischemic daily clinical patients and it focused the analysis on the prognosis that NYHA class has in a HF cohort of prophylactic ICD‐only patients. Previous reports dealing with this topic have excluded asymptomatic patients10 and patients with non‐ischemic HF.11 Furthermore, previous observational studies did not report the ICD settings, and therefore, no programming parameter was considered in the analysis of the study endpoints. The main limitation of our study is the observational nature and the potential for study population bias, especially after exclusion of CRT carriers. Moreover the lack of a control group composed of patients without ICD, may limit the study conclusions.
In HF patients with reduced LVEF undergoing a prophylactic ICD‐only implant, a worse NYHA class was independently related to an increased risk of death from cardiovascular origin. Furthermore, the risk of life threatening ventricular arrhythmia requiring ICD interventions was not different across all ranges of NYHA FC. Nevertheless, we cannot dismiss that an increased risk of death in more symptomatic patients might hamper the possibility of suffering an arrhythmic event. Increasing comorbidities such as a poorer NYHA class, AF, diabetes, or CKD might help physicians to identify a subgroup of ICD carriers with worse prognosis and higher mortality.
Conflict of interest
None declared.
Funding
No funding was received for this study.
Acknowledgment
To the Spanish SCOOP team.
Briongos‐Figuero, S. , Estévez, A. , Pérez, M. L. , Martínez‐Ferrer, J. B. , García, E. , Viñolas, X. , Arenal, Á. , Alzueta, J. , and Muñoz‐Aguilera, R. (2020) Prognostic role of NYHA class in heart failure patients undergoing primary prevention ICD therapy. ESC Heart Failure, 7: 279–283. 10.1002/ehf2.12548.
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