Respiratory and Nonrespiratory Diagnoses Associated With Influenza in Hospitalized Adults

Eric J Chow; Melissa A Rolfes; Alissa O’Halloran; Nisha B Alden; Evan J Anderson; Nancy M Bennett; Laurie Billing; Elizabeth Dufort; Pam D Kirley; Andrea George; Lourdes Irizarry; Sue Kim; Ruth Lynfield; Patricia Ryan; William Schaffner; H Keipp Talbot; Ann Thomas; Kimberly Yousey-Hindes; Carrie Reed; Shikha Garg

doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.1323

. 2020 Mar 20;3(3):e201323. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.1323

Respiratory and Nonrespiratory Diagnoses Associated With Influenza in Hospitalized Adults

Eric J Chow ^1,^2,^✉, Melissa A Rolfes ², Alissa O’Halloran ², Nisha B Alden ³, Evan J Anderson ^4,^5,⁶, Nancy M Bennett ⁷, Laurie Billing ⁸, Elizabeth Dufort ⁹, Pam D Kirley ¹⁰, Andrea George ¹¹, Lourdes Irizarry ¹², Sue Kim ¹³, Ruth Lynfield ¹⁴, Patricia Ryan ¹⁵, William Schaffner ¹⁶, H Keipp Talbot ¹⁶, Ann Thomas ¹⁷, Kimberly Yousey-Hindes ¹⁸, Carrie Reed ², Shikha Garg ²

¹Epidemic Intelligence Service, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology and Laboratory Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia

²Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia

³Communicable Disease Branch, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver

⁴Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia

⁵Emerging Infections Program, Atlanta, Georgia

⁶Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia

⁷Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York

⁸Bureau of Infectious Diseases, Ohio Department of Health, Columbus

⁹New York State Department of Health, Albany

¹⁰California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland

¹¹Salt Lake County Health Department, Salt Lake City, Utah

¹²New Mexico Department of Health, Albuquerque

¹³Communicable Disease Division, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing

¹⁴Minnesota Department of Health, St Paul

¹⁵Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore

¹⁶Division of Infectious Disease, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee

¹⁷Oregon Public Health Division, Portland

¹⁸Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven

Accepted for Publication: January 22, 2020.

Published: March 20, 2020. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.1323

^✉

Corresponding Author: Eric J. Chow, MD, MS, MPH, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Mail Stop H24-7, Atlanta, GA 30329 (echow@cdc.gov).

Author Contributions: Dr Chow had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Concept and design: Chow, Rolfes, Bennett, Kim, Lynfield, Reed, Garg.

Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Chow, O'Halloran, Alden, Anderson, Bennett, Billing, Dufort, Kirley, George, Irizarry, Lynfield, Ryan, Schaffner, Talbot, Thomas, Yousey-Hindes, Garg.

Drafting of the manuscript: Chow, Rolfes, Billing, Kim.

Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Chow, O'Halloran, Alden, Anderson, Bennett, Dufort, Kirley, George, Irizarry, Lynfield, Ryan, Schaffner, Talbot, Thomas, Yousey-Hindes, Reed, Garg.

Statistical analysis: Chow, O'Halloran, Alden.

Obtained funding: Bennett, Schaffner.

Administrative, technical, or material support: Bennett, Billing, Lynfield, Schaffner, Talbot, Thomas, Reed, Garg.

Supervision: Rolfes, Alden, Bennett, Schaffner, Thomas, Reed, Garg.

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Ms Alden reported receiving grants from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) during the conduct of the study and outside the submitted work. Dr Anderson reported receiving personal fees from AbbVie and Pfizer and grants from MedImmune, Regeneron, PaxVax, Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Novavax, Sanofi-Pasteur, and Micron outside the submitted work. Mss Billing and George reported receiving grants from the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists during the conduct of the study. Dr Lynfield reported receiving grants from the CDC during the conduct of the study, serving as a coeditor on an infectious disease surveillance textbook and the American Academy of Pediatrics Red Book, and receiving royalties and funds donated to the Minnesota Department of Health. Ms Ryan reported receiving grants from the CDC and the Maryland Department of Health during the conduct of the study. Dr Schaffner reported receiving grants from the CDC during the conduct of the study and personal fees from Pfizer and Roche Diagnostics outside the submitted work. Dr Talbot reported receiving grants from the CDC during the conduct of the study and personal fees from Seqirus outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported.

Funding/Support: This study was supported by grant CK17-1701 from the CDC through an Emerging Infections Program cooperative agreement, grant 5U38HM000414 from a 2008-2013 Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Project (IHSP) cooperative agreement, grant 5U38OT000143 from a 2013-2018 IHSP cooperative agreement, and grant 5NU38OT000297 from a 2018-2023 IHSP cooperative agreement.

Role of the Funder/Sponsors: The CDC designed and conducted the study; received, managed, analyzed, and interpreted the data; prepared, reviewed, and approved the manuscript; and had a role in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the CDC.

Additional Contributions: The following FluSurv-NET contributors helped with data collection and management: Lauren Beacham, MApStat, Influenza Division, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, and Battelle Memorial Institute, Atlanta, Georgia; Charisse Cummings, MPH, Influenza Division, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, and Chickasaw Nation Industries, Norman, Oklahoma; Kyle Openo, DrPH, Emily Fawcett, MPH, Andrew Martin, MPH, Stepy Thomas, MSPH, Suzanne Segler, MPH, and Monica Farley, MD, Georgia Emerging Infections Program, Atlanta, Georgia; Melissa McMahon, MPH, Craig Morin, MPH, Anna Strain, PhD, Dave Boxrud, MSc, Sara Vetter, PhD, and Jaime Christensen, BS, Minnesota Department of Health, St Paul; Karen Leib, RN, Katie Dyer, Terri McMinn, Tiffanie Markus, PhD, and Danielle Ndi, MPH, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; Matthew L. Cartter, MD, James Meek, MPH, Tamara Rissman, MPH, and Amber Maslar, MPA, Connecticut Emerging Infections Program, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven; Maya Monroe, MPH, Maryland Department of Health, Baltimore; Jim Collins, MPH, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing; Krista Lung, MPH, and Nicholas Fisher, BS, Ohio Department of Health, Columbus; Deborah Aragon, MSPH, Rachel Herlihy, MD, Samantha Stephens, MPH, Communicable Disease Branch, Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver; Maria Gaitan and Christina Felsen, MPH, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; Nancy Spina, MPH, Alison Muse, MPH, Debra Blog, MD, and Katarina Manzi, BS, New York State Department of Health, Albany; Matthew Laidler, MPH, Magdalena Scott, MPH, Courtney Crawford, MPH, and Nicole West, MPH, Oregon Public Health Division, Portland; Ashley Coates, MPH, Alison Ryan, MPH, and Jeremy Roland, MPH, California Emerging Infections Program, Oakland. None of the additional contributors were compensated for the work on the manuscript. The following contributors received compensation from the following programs for their work on FluSurv-NET: Lauren Beacham, MApStat, (CDC and Battelle Memorial Institute), and Charisse Cummings, MPH (CDC and Chickasaw Nation Industries); Kyle Openo, DrPH, Emily Fawcett, MPH, Andrew Martin, MPH, Stepy Thomas, MSPH, Suzanne Segler, MPH, and Monica Farley, MD (Emerging Infections Program Cooperative Agreement); Melissa McMahon, MPH, Craig Morin, MPH, Anna Strain, PhD, Dave Boxrud, MSc, Sara Vetter, PhD, and Jaime Christensen, BS (Emerging Infections Program Cooperative Agreement); Karen Leib, RN, Katie Dyer, Terri McMinn, Tiffanie Markus, PhD, and Danielle Ndi, MPH (Emerging Infections Program Cooperative Agreement); Matthew L. Cartter, MD, James Meek, MPH, Tamara Rissman, MPH, and Amber Maslar, MPA (Emerging Infections Program Cooperative Agreement); Maya Monroe, MPH (Emerging Infections Program Cooperative Agreement); Jim Collins, MPH (Emerging Infections Program Cooperative Agreement); Krista Lung, MPH (Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists Grant); Nicholas Fisher, BS (Epidemiology and Laboratory Capacity for Prevention and Control of Emerging Infections Program Cooperative Agreement); Deborah Aragon, MSPH, Rachel Herlihy, MD, and Samantha Stephens, MPH (Emerging Infections Program Cooperative Agreement); Maria Gaitan and Christina Felsen, MPH (Emerging Infections Program Cooperative Agreement); Nancy Spina, MPH, Alison Muse, MPH, Debra Blog, MD, and Katarina Manzi, BS (Emerging Infections Program Cooperative Agreement); Matthew Laidler, MPH, Magdalena Scott, MPH, Courtney Crawford, MPH, and Nicole West, MPH (Public Health Division of the Oregon Health Authority); Ashley Coates, MPH, Alison Ryan, MPH, and Jeremy Roland, MPH (Emerging Infections Program Cooperative Agreement).

^✉

Corresponding author.

PMCID: PMC7084169 PMID: 32196103

This cross-sectional study examines the respiratory and nonrespiratory diagnoses reported for US adults hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza between 2010 and 2018.

Key Points

Question

Which types of respiratory and nonrespiratory diagnoses were associated with influenza in hospitalized adult patients since the 2009 influenza pandemic?

Findings

In this cross-sectional analysis of more than 80 000 adults hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza between 2010 and 2018 in the United States, 95% of patients had a respiratory diagnosis, and 46% had a nonrespiratory diagnosis, including 5% with exclusively nonrespiratory diagnoses.

Meaning

Influenza virus infection may be associated with both respiratory and nonrespiratory diagnoses, highlighting the broad scope of influenza burden of disease.

Abstract

Importance

Seasonal influenza virus infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality and may be associated with respiratory and nonrespiratory diagnoses.

Objective

To examine the respiratory and nonrespiratory diagnoses reported for adults hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza between 2010 and 2018 in the United States.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional study used data from the US Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET) from October 1 through April 30 of the 2010-2011 through 2017-2018 influenza seasons. FluSurv-NET is a population-based, multicenter surveillance network with a catchment area that represents approximately 9% of the US population. Patients are identified by practitioner-ordered influenza testing. Adults (aged ≥18 years) hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza were included in the study.

Exposures

FluSurv-NET defines laboratory-confirmed influenza as a positive influenza test result by rapid antigen assay, reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, direct or indirect fluorescent staining, or viral culture.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Acute respiratory or nonrespiratory diagnoses were defined using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) and International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision (ICD-10) discharge diagnosis codes. The analysis included calculation of the frequency of acute respiratory and nonrespiratory diagnoses with a descriptive analysis of patient demographic characteristics, underlying medical conditions, and in-hospital outcomes by respiratory and nonrespiratory diagnoses.

Results

Of 89 999 adult patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza, 76 649 (median age, 69 years; interquartile range, 55-82 years; 55% female) had full medical record abstraction and at least 1 ICD code for an acute diagnosis. In this study, 94.9% of patients had a respiratory diagnosis and 46.5% had a nonrespiratory diagnosis, including 5.1% with only nonrespiratory diagnoses. Pneumonia (36.3%), sepsis (23.3%), and acute kidney injury (20.2%) were the most common acute diagnoses. Fewer patients with only nonrespiratory diagnoses received antiviral therapy for influenza compared with those with respiratory diagnoses (81.4% vs 88.9%; P < .001).

Conclusions and Relevance

Nonrespiratory diagnoses occurred frequently among adults hospitalized with influenza, further contributing to the burden of infection in the United States. The findings suggest that during the influenza season, practitioners should consider influenza in their differential diagnosis for patients who present to the hospital with less frequently recognized manifestations and initiate early antiviral treatment for patients with suspected or confirmed infection.

Introduction

Influenza virus infection generally causes self-limited respiratory symptoms; however, in some patients, illness may be more severe, requiring hospitalization or resulting in death. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 140 000 to 810 000 hospitalizations and 12 000 to 61 000 deaths among adult patients are attributable to influenza in the United States annually depending on the season.¹ Although pneumonia is the most common respiratory complication of influenza,^2,3 influenza is also known to exacerbate underlying chronic respiratory diseases, including asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,^4,5 leading to increased health care use.⁶ Although respiratory diagnoses of seasonal influenza virus infection are well described, less is known about the breadth of nonrespiratory diagnoses.

Nonrespiratory diagnoses of influenza are likely underrecognized⁷; however, previous studies have detailed the association of acute myocardial infarction,^8,9 seizures and other neurologic manifestations,^10,11 acute kidney injury,¹² and sepsis^13,14 with influenza. Other less common but important diagnoses that have led to hospitalization include encephalitis⁷ and acute myocarditis.¹⁵

The US Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET) conducts population-based surveillance for laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated hospitalizations and represents approximately 9% of the US population.¹⁶ Previous FluSurv-NET studies in adults¹⁷ and children¹⁸ have compared the diagnoses of seasonal influenza before 2009 with those seen during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic, but diagnoses in hospitalized adults have not been extensively detailed using population-based surveillance since that time. This study describes the frequency and variety of respiratory and nonrespiratory diagnoses and outcomes associated with laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated hospitalizations during the influenza seasons from 2010 to 2018.

Methods

Study Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional analysis used data from FluSurv-NET.¹⁶ Patients included adult residents of the FluSurv-NET catchment area who were 18 years or older and hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza during October 1 through April 30 of the 2010-2011 through 2017-2018 influenza seasons. During these seasons, FluSurv-NET conducted surveillance in select counties in the following US states: California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Tennessee, and Utah. Additional sites were included in the network during specific seasons: Idaho (2010-2011), Iowa (2012-2013), Oklahoma (2010-2011), and Rhode Island (2010-2013). We defined laboratory-confirmed influenza virus infection within 14 days before or 3 days or less after hospital admission based on a positive result of reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, rapid antigen assay, direct or indirect fluorescent staining, or viral culture. Testing for influenza was ordered at the discretion of the treating health care practitioner, and no criteria were provided to direct influenza testing. The CDC determined this surveillance project was not human subjects research; therefore, the CDC’s institutional review board approval was not required. The FluSurv-NET sites obtained human study participants and ethics approvals from their respective academic partner and state health department institutional review boards as appropriate. Informed consent was not obtained because data were collected as part of routine public health surveillance (not subject to institutional review board approval). Data were deidentified prior to delivery to the CDC. This study followed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) reporting guideline.

Variables, Data Sources, and Measurement

For each patient, trained surveillance officers using a standardized case reporting form abstracted demographic data (including self-reported race/ethnicity), chronic medical conditions, clinical course and outcomes (length of stay, admission to the intensive care unit [ICU], use of mechanical ventilatory assistance, use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, or in-hospital mortality), and discharge summary data from the medical record. We used the first 9 International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM)– and International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th Revision (ICD-10)–coded discharge diagnoses as captured by FluSurv-NET to classify each patient’s acute diagnoses during hospitalization. We excluded patients without any documented ICD codes. To assess how well influenza and related ICD codes are documented among persons hospitalized with confirmed influenza, we calculated the percentage of patients with discharge codes for influenza (ICD-9-CM codes 487-488 and ICD-10 codes J09-J11), pneumonia and influenza (ICD-9-CM codes 480-488 and ICD-10 codes J09-J18), and respiratory and circulatory diagnoses (ICD-9-CM codes 460-519 and 390-459 and ICD-10 codes J00-J99 and I00-I99).

We categorized ICD discharge codes as acute diagnoses by the terms acute, acute on chronic, or exacerbation. For ICD codes that did not contain these terms, we further classified diagnoses as acute if they were not known to be chronic conditions (eg, sepsis, bacteremia, rhabdomyolysis, and anaphylaxis). We categorized ICD codes into the following acute diagnosis groups: respiratory, neurologic, cardiovascular, endocrine, gastrointestinal, hematologic, acute kidney injury, anaphylaxis, sepsis, bacteremia, and transplant diagnoses. We excluded patients who were not categorized into 1 of these groups from the descriptive analysis that focused on acute diagnoses. A comprehensive list of acute ICD-9-CM and ICD-10 codes and their group classification are given in eTable 1 in the Supplement. Similar to proposed changes for the new International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision (ICD-11), we classified cerebrovascular accidents (ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke) under acute neurologic diagnoses.^19,20

During the 2010-2011 through 2016-2017 seasons, medical record abstraction was completed for all patients through FluSurv-NET. Because of the increased number of influenza-related hospitalizations during the 2017-2018 influenza season, a minimum set of variables was collected for all patients, and a sampling scheme was implemented for more detailed medical record abstraction for patients 50 years or older. Each surveillance site had the option to complete medical record abstraction for 100%, 50%, or 25% random samples of patients 65 years or older and 100% or 50% random samples of those aged 50 to 64 years. All patients younger than 50 years and those of any age who died during their hospitalization had complete medical record abstraction.

Statistical Analysis

For analysis, we weighted data to reflect the probability of selection using SAS survey procedures (SAS Institute Inc); data from seasons 2010-2011 through 2016-2017 were given a weight of 1, whereas data from 2017-2018 were assigned a weight based on each site’s sampling scheme. We report sample sizes as unweighted numbers. Percentages and median (interquartile range) are reported as weighted values. We compared baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with any acute respiratory diagnoses with those with only acute nonrespiratory diagnoses using the Rao-Scott χ² test or the Fisher exact test for categorical variables and the Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables. We considered 2-sided P < .05 to be statistically significant and analyzed data using SAS software and SAS-Callable SUDAAN software, version 9.4.

Results

During the 2010-2011 through 2017-2018 influenza seasons, 89 999 adults (median age, 69 years; interquartile range, 54-81 years; 55% female) with laboratory-confirmed influenza in the US were captured by FluSurv-NET (Figure 1). We excluded 1854 sampled patients across seasons for which ICD codes were not reported. Of the 88 145 adults with at least 1 ICD code recorded, 7884 were not sampled for medical record abstraction from the 2017-2018 season. After these exclusions, 80 261 adults were available for analysis. Overall, 81.8% had at least 1 influenza ICD code, 86.2% had a pneumonia and influenza ICD code, and 98.1% had a respiratory and circulatory ICD code (eFigure 2 in the Supplement).

Figure 1. — *ICD* indicates *International Classification of Diseases*.

Of the 80 261 adults available for analysis, 76 649 (95.6%) (median age, 69 years; interquartile range, 55-82 years; 55% female) had at least 1 acute diagnosis; 47.3% had received the seasonal influenza vaccine for the corresponding year, and 88.5% had received antiviral treatment for influenza during their hospitalization. Among the 3612 patients who were not categorized into an acute diagnosis group, essential hypertension and unspecified hyperlipidemia were the 2 most common ICD codes recorded (eTable 2 in the Supplement). Of the 76 649 adults with an acute diagnosis, 94.9% had at least 1 acute respiratory diagnosis and 46.5% had at least 1 acute nonrespiratory diagnosis, including 5.1% with only acute nonrespiratory diagnoses (eFigure 1 in the Supplement). Patients with at least 1 acute respiratory diagnosis and those with only nonrespiratory diagnoses were similar with respect to age, sex, race/ethnicity, and current season’s influenza vaccination status (Table 1).

Table 1. Characteristics of Patients With and Without Acute Respiratory Diagnoses Among Hospitalized Adults With Influenza in the FluSurv-NET, United States, 2010-2018^a.

Characteristic	Patients with respiratory diagnoses (n = 72 997)^b	Patients without respiratory diagnoses (n = 3652)
Influenza season
2010-2011	4083 (5.1)	126 (2.9)
2011-2012	1674 (2.1)	37 (0.9)
2012-2013	9201 (11.5)	352 (8.2)
2013-2014	7235 (9.1)	282 (6.6)
2014-2015	13 586 (17.0)	623 (14.5)
2015-2016	6655 (8.4)	329 (7.6)
2016-2017	13 811 (17.3)	913 (21.2)
2017-2018	16 752 (29.5)	990 (38.1)
Age, y
Overall, median (IQR)	69 (54-82)	70 (57-82)
18-49	14 281 (17.9)	665 (15.5)
50-64	17 360 (23.2)	854 (22.5)
65-74	13 196 (18.8)	693 (20.4)
75-84	12 842 (18.4)	686 (19.5)
≥85	15 318 (21.7)	754 (22.1)
Sex
Male	32 287 (44.3)	1814 (49.5)
Female	40 710 (55.7)	1838 (50.5)
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic
White	45 246 (62.3)	2042 (56.2)
Black	13 075 (17.6)	809 (21.4)
Hispanic	5050 (6.9)	276 (7.4)
Other	9626 (13.2)	525 (15.0)
BMI, No./total No. (%)^c
Underweight	2798/65 481 (4.3)	149/3321 (4.6)
Normal	18 987/65 481 (29.2)	1024/3321 (31.0)
Overweight	18 603/65 481 (28.5)	1019/3321 (30.5)
Obesity	18 286/65 481 (27.8)	827/3321 (25.1)
Morbid obesity	6807/65 481 (10.1)	302/3321 (8.8)
Vaccinated in corresponding year
Yes	34 138 (47.3)	1716 (48.5)
No	29 307 (39.2)	1424 (37.9)
Not documented	9552 (13.5)	512 (13.6)
Tobacco use history, No./total No. (%)
Current^d	14 281/67 545 (20.4)	547/3492 (14.9)
Previous^e	20 495/67 545 (30.9)	1103/3492 (32.7)
Never used or unknown^d	32 769/67 545 (48.6)	1842/3492 (52.4)
Underlying medical conditions
No medical history	5535 (7.5)	203 (5.3)
Chronic disease
Neurologic	17 890 (24.6)	1097 (29.9)
Respiratory tract	31 612 (43.3)	939 (26.2)
Cardiovascular	28 840 (40.0)	1814 (51.2)
Metabolic	30 324 (42.0)	1886 (51.5)
Renal	13 810 (19.4)	1214 (33.3)
Hepatic disease^d	2670 (3.9)	229 (6.5)
Immunosuppressive^d	12 364 (16.8)	708 (19.4)
Hematologic^d	3302 (4.2)	232 (5.8)
Pregnant, among women of childbearing age, No./total No. (%)	1714/8279 (20.7)	21/318 (5.3)
Received influenza antiviral treatment during hospitalization, No/total No. (%)	64 373/72 887 (88.9)	2907/3645 (81.4)
Time from respiratory symptom onset to admission, median (IQR), d^d	2.3 (1.1-4.1)	2.3 (1.0-4.3)

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Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); FluSurv-NET, US Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network; IQR, interquartile range.

^{^a}

Data are presented as number (percentage) of patients unless otherwise indicated. Numbers are unweighted values, and percentages are weighted values. Percentages are column percentages.

^{^b}

Includes patients with only acute respiratory diagnoses or those with both respiratory and nonrespiratory diagnoses.

^{^c}

Underweight measured as BMI less than 18.5; normal weight, 18.5 to 24.9; overweight, 25.0 to 29.9; obesity, 30.0 to 39.9; and morbid obesity, 40 and greater.

^{^d}

From 2011 to 2018.

^{^e}

From 2012 to 2018.

Of the 94.9% of patients with at least 1 acute respiratory diagnosis, 43.3% had underlying respiratory comorbidities, and 51.3% were current or former tobacco users (Table 1). Patients with only acute nonrespiratory diagnoses had a significantly higher frequency of underlying medical comorbidities compared with patients with respiratory diagnoses, including neurologic (29.9% vs 24.6%; P < .001), cardiovascular (51.2% vs 40.0%; P < .001), metabolic (51.5% vs 42.0%; P < .001), renal (33.3% vs 19.4%; P < .001), hepatic (6.5% vs 3.9%; P < .001), immunosuppressive (19.4% vs 16.8%; P < .001), and hematologic (5.8% vs 4.2%; P < .001) diagnoses. Despite similar timing from respiratory symptom onset to admission for those with only nonrespiratory diagnoses (median, 2.3 days; interquartile range, 1.0-4.3 days) and those with a respiratory diagnosis (median, 2.3 days; interquartile range, 1.1-4.1 days), patients with only nonrespiratory diagnoses were less likely to be receive antiviral treatment compared with patients with a respiratory diagnosis (81.4% vs 89.9%; P < .001).

The most common acute respiratory diagnoses were influenza with other respiratory manifestations (56.1%) and pneumonia (36.3%) (eTable 3 in the Supplement). The most common acute nonrespiratory diagnoses overall were sepsis (23.3%), acute kidney injury (20.2%), and acute cardiovascular events (12.1%) (Figure 2); these acute diagnoses were also the most common among those with exclusively acute nonrespiratory diagnoses. Of note, there were no diagnoses of Reye syndrome in the adult population.

Figure 2. — Diagnoses are not mutually exclusive.

Among patients with acute respiratory and nonrespiratory diagnoses, influenza A viruses were detected in 80% and influenza B virus in 20% of patients (Table 2). A similar percentage of patients with influenza A and B virus infections were diagnosed with an acute respiratory diagnosis, acute kidney injury, sepsis, and acute cardiovascular events (Table 2 and eTable 3 in the Supplement). Of patients with influenza A virus infection, 43.7% had subtyping performed, and 74.5% were subtyped as A(H3N2); there was a greater frequency of cardiac diagnoses among those with A(H3N2) (13.4%) compared with those with A(H1N1)pdm09 (9.6%). However, this difference was not statistically significant when stratifying by age groups (P > .05 across all age groups).

Table 2. Hospitalizations With Acute Diagnoses by Influenza Type and Subtype in FluSurv-NET, United States, 2010-2018^a.

Acute Diagnosis	Patients, No. (%)
	Total (N = 76 649)	Influenza A (n = 61 862)	Influenza B (n = 14 303)	Influenza A
	Total (N = 76 649)	Influenza A (n = 61 862)	Influenza B (n = 14 303)	(H1N1)pdm09 (n = 7243)	H3N2 (n = 20 194)
Respiratory tract diagnosis	72 997 (94.9)	59 052 (95.2)	13 489 (93.7)	6974 (96.3)	19 214 (95.0)
Neurologic diagnosis	939 (1.2)	739 (1.2)	192 (1.3)	85 (1.2)	241 (1.2)
Cardiovascular event	9046 (12.1)	7319 (12.1)	1671 (12.0)	690 (9.6)	2642 (13.4)
Endocrine diagnosis	1143 (1.4)	883 (1.4)	251 (1.6)	121 (1.6)	280 (1.4)
Gastrointestinal tract diagnosis	1038 (1.3)	792 (1.3)	229 (1.6)	140 (1.9)	248 (1.2)
Hematologic diagnosis	1488 (1.9)	1196 (1.9)	279 (1.8)	178 (2.4)	357 (1.8)
Other diagnoses
Acute kidney injury	15 248 (20.2)	12 074 (19.8)	3079 (21.7)	1340 (18.5)	4073 (20.5)
Anaphylaxis	12 (0.01)	10 (0.02)	2 (0.01)	1 (0.01)	3 (0.01)
Bacteremia	319 (0.4)	240 (0.4)	76 (0.6)	26 (0.4)	78 (0.4)
Rhabdomyolysis	1125 (1.5)	968 (1.6)	150 (1.0)	96 (1.3)	329 (1.6)
Sepsis	17 569 (23.3)	14 073 (23.1)	3378 (24.1)	1963 (27.2)	4557 (22.8)
Transplant	467 (0.6)	348 (0.5)	116 (0.8)	62 (0.8)	129 (0.6)

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Abbreviation: FluSurv-NET, US Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network.

^{^a}

Patients for whom both influenza A and B (n = 310) were detected and for whom influenza A and B could not be distinguished (n = 174) were included in the total but not further included in this table. Influenza A subtyping was performed for a subset of patients with influenza A infection (n = 27 449). Patients for whom both influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and influenza A(H3N2) were detected were not included in subtype data (n = 12). Numbers are unweighted values, and percentages are weighted values. Percentages are column percentages.

Patients with pneumonia, sepsis, and acute kidney injury, which were the most common diagnoses overall, had a high frequency of severe hospital outcomes, including ICU admission (26%-33%) and in-hospital mortality (6%-8%) (Table 3 and eTable 4 in the Supplement). Other severe acute diagnoses were rare, including acute gastrointestinal tract and neurologic diagnoses, but were associated with a disproportionately high frequency of ICU admission and in-hospital mortality. Among patients with acute gastrointestinal tract diagnoses (of whom half had acute hepatitis or hepatic failure), 45.4% were admitted to the ICU, 33.0% received mechanical ventilatory assistance, and 18.9% died in the hospital. Among patients with acute neurologic diagnoses (most commonly cerebral ischemia), 35.3% required ICU admission and 12.0% died in the hospital.

Table 3. In-Hospital Outcomes Among Adults Hospitalized With Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza by Acute Diagnosis Category in FluSurv-NET, United States, 2010-2018^a.

Acute diagnosis	Total, No. (%)	Length of stay, median (IQR), d	Patients, No. (%)
Acute diagnosis	Total, No. (%)	Length of stay, median (IQR), d	Intensive care unit admission	Mechanical ventilatory support	Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation	In-hospital mortality
Any	76 649 (100)	3 (2-5)	12 549 (16.0)	5163 (6.5)	223 (0.3)	2644 (3.2)
Respiratory tract	72 997 (94.9)	3 (2-5)	11 843 (15.9)	4970 (6.6)	209 (0.3)	2488 (3.1)
Sepsis	17 569 (23.3)	4 (2-7)	5959 (32.6)	3000 (16.1)	102 (0.6)	1632 (8.3)
Acute kidney injury	15 248 (20.2)	4 (2-7)	4483 (28.4)	2200 (13.7)	86 (0.6)	1263 (7.4)
Cardiovascular	9046 (12.1)	5 (3-8)	2901 (31.2)	1319 (14.0)	40 (0.4)	740 (7.3)
Hematologic	1488 (1.9)	5 (3-10)	510 (34.3)	297 (19.8)	18 (1.2)	165 (10.5)
Rhabdomyolysis	1125 (1.5)	4 (3-7)	217 (18.3)	93 (7.7)	7 (0.6)	49 (4.0)
Endocrine	1143 (1.4)	3 (2-5)	552 (47.8)	122 (10.5)	3 (0.3)	41 (3.4)
Gastrointestinal tract	1038 (1.3)	4 (2-10)	495 (45.4)	370 (33.0)	22 (2.0)	213 (18.9)
Neurologic	939 (1.2)	5 (3-10)	343 (35.3)	209 (21.2)	6 (0.6)	123 (12.0)

Open in a new tab

Abbreviations: FluSurv-NET, US Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network; IQR, interquartile range.

^{^a}

Numbers are unweighted values, and percentages are weighted values. Acute diagnosis categories are not mutually exclusive unless otherwise stated.

Discussion

Using a large population-based surveillance system, we examined the spectrum of acute diagnoses in more than 80 000 adults hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza across 8 influenza seasons. Although most patients received acute respiratory diagnoses, including pneumonia and acute respiratory failure, almost half received acute nonrespiratory diagnoses; the most common nonrespiratory diagnoses included sepsis and acute kidney injury. In many patients, severe outcomes and the demand for hospital resources were greater for patients with nonrespiratory diagnoses. The results suggest that a full appreciation of the spectrum of disease and the burden associated with influenza should consider the potential respiratory and nonrespiratory diagnoses.

The frequency of diagnoses in this analysis was similar to findings from studies^3,17 conducted before the 2009 pandemic. One such analysis¹⁷ included data from FluSurv-NET from 2005 to 2009. Although differences were found in how certain diagnoses were categorized in that study¹⁷ compared with ours, the frequency of seasonal influenza-associated pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation was similar. For certain diagnoses, such as acute kidney injury, the frequency of diagnoses was higher in the present study compared with studies conducted before 2009. These differences may be the result of changes in ICD-9-CM and ICD-10 coding over time, increased influenza testing after the 2009 influenza pandemic, or changes in influenza viruses in circulation.

Across 8 influenza seasons, patients with acute nonrespiratory diagnoses only were found to be less likely to receive antiviral treatment compared with those with respiratory diagnoses, suggesting possible missed opportunities to most effectively manage influenza infections in hospitalized patients. In the United States, influenza antiviral treatment is recommended for any patient who is hospitalized with suspected or confirmed influenza ²¹ because observational studies^22,23 have found a survival benefit associated with antiviral treatment, especially in situations in which treatment was initiated early after onset of symptoms. Sepsis was the most common nonrespiratory diagnosis in the present analysis and presents another potential opportunity for effective management of influenza-associated diagnoses. Sepsis is often attributed to bacterial infections, but influenza is also capable of triggering the same physiologic sepsis cascade as the direct result of the viral infection or by secondary bacterial infection.¹³ During the influenza season, early suspicion of influenza in patients with sepsis without another identifiable cause may help reduce the need for antibiotic treatment²⁴ and ensure earlier implementation of antiviral treatment.^25,26

These findings suggest that a broad range of diagnoses may be associated with influenza in hospitalized patients and highlight the severe in-hospital outcomes that may be associated with influenza virus infection in adult patients. Pneumonia, sepsis, and acute kidney injury were associated with in-hospital mortality of 6% to 8%. These diagnoses comprised 20% to 36% of all influenza-associated diagnoses. Patients with certain less common diagnoses had among the highest frequencies of severe outcomes. In particular, acute gastrointestinal tract diagnoses were associated with the highest frequency of mechanical ventilatory assistance and in-hospital mortality among the nonrespiratory diagnoses. These frequencies were primarily associated with diagnosis of acute hepatitis or acute hepatic failure. Previous studies^27,28,29 have explored the hepatic complications of influenza infection. Marzano et al²⁷ described a cluster of hospital-acquired influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 infections among patients admitted to a hepatology unit, and despite antiviral treatment, 3 of the 4 patients with underlying cirrhosis died of multiorgan failure. Other studies^28,29 have suggested that influenza may also be associated with hepatic inflammation. A potential mechanism for secondary hepatitis associated with influenza virus infection was proposed by Polakos et al²⁸ in which a constellation of immune cell reactivity that involved hepatocytes, CD8⁺ T cells, and Kupffer cells led to histologic and serum evidence of hepatitis. Literature on the topic is sparse to date, and further exploration of the acute gastrointestinal tract diagnoses associated with influenza virus infection should be pursued.

Among this large population of adults hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza, only 82% received an influenza-specific ICD code. We further found that using pneumonia or influenza ICD codes failed to capture 14% of patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza reported to FluSurv-NET. These findings have implications for the potential underestimation of rates in studies that identify influenza using administrative data. Such administratively based studies could increase the sensitivity of their case definition by expanding to other respiratory and circulatory codes or selective groups of nonrespiratory codes.

Limitations

This study has limitations. We identified acute diagnoses by ICD codes, a method commonly used to classify patient diagnoses in several studies of influenza complications,^8,30 which may have inherent limitations that led to misclassification.³¹ For example, there may be differences in how medical coders assign ICD codes or in how codes are assigned for billing purposes or insurance reimbursement. There may be further misclassification in some instances because ICD codes could not distinguish between acute diagnoses that occur during hospitalization and chronic underlying conditions or diagnoses made before admission. To help reduce misclassification, we chose to limit ICD codes to those most likely to be associated with an acute process. Furthermore, some diagnoses may have been reported concurrently during a patient’s hospitalization and may not have been directly associated with influenza virus infection. A further limitation is that data are reported to FluSurv-NET based on practitioner-ordered influenza diagnostic tests. Because testing practices may vary by hospital site, presenting symptoms, or the type of acute diagnosis present at admission, the estimates of the frequency of nonrespiratory diagnoses is likely underestimated. In some cases, testing may depend on symptoms associated with influenza. Not all patients present with symptoms that fulfill the criteria for influenza-like illness, with some study findings^32,33 suggesting that only 50% to 79% of adults with influenza will meet the influenza-like illness definition. In situations when a patient does not present with recognizable influenza symptoms, such as influenza-like illness, practitioners may not test for influenza. In addition, FluSurv-NET only collects the first 9 ICD codes listed in the patient’s medical record; thus, diagnoses listed after the first 9 were not analyzed.

Conclusions

In this study, hospitalized patients with influenza commonly had acute respiratory diagnoses, such as pneumonia, but also had a variety of nonrespiratory diagnoses. The diagnoses associated with seasonal influenza highlight the burden of influenza on the population and the health care system and suggest the range of influenza-related diagnoses that should be considered by health care practitioners when patients are hospitalized with influenza virus infection.

Supplement.

eTable 1. International Classification of Diseases Codes (ICD-9 and ICD-10) by Acute Diagnosis

eTable 2. Most Common International Classification of Diseases Codes in Patients not Categorized into an Acute Diagnosis Group, FluSurv-NET, United States, 2010-2018

eTable 3. Frequency of Acute Respiratory and Nonrespiratory Diagnoses in Hospitalized Adults with Influenza by Influenza (Sub)type, FluSurv-NET, United States, 2010-2018

eTable 4. In-Hospital Outcomes by Specific Acute Respiratory Diagnoses, FluSurv-NET, United States, 2010-2018

eFigure 1. Venn Diagram of Acute Respiratory and Nonrespiratory Diagnoses, FluSurv-NET, United States, 2010-2018

eFigure 2. ICD Code–Based Identification of Influenza and Related Diagnoses Among Adult Patients Hospitalized with Influenza, FluSurv-NET, United States, 2010-2018

Click here for additional data file.^{(429.7KB, pdf)}

References

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2.Rothberg MB, Haessler SD, Brown RB. Complications of viral influenza. Am J Med. 2008;121(4):-. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.10.040 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
3.Rothberg MB, Haessler SD. Complications of seasonal and pandemic influenza. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(4)(suppl):e91-e97. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181c92eeb [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
4.Sandrock CE, Norris A. Infection in severe asthma exacerbations and critical asthma syndrome. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2015;48(1):104-113. doi: 10.1007/s12016-014-8435-x [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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7.Sellers SA, Hagan RS, Hayden FG, Fischer WA II. The hidden burden of influenza: a review of the extra-pulmonary complications of influenza infection. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2017;11(5):372-393. doi: 10.1111/irv.12470 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
8.Kwong JC, Schwartz KL, Campitelli MA, et al. Acute myocardial infarction after laboratory-confirmed influenza infection. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(4):345-353. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1702090 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
9.Ludwig A, Lucero-Obusan C, Schirmer P, Winston C, Holodniy M. Acute cardiac injury events ≤30 days after laboratory-confirmed influenza virus infection among U.S. veterans, 2010-2012. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2015;15:109. doi: 10.1186/s12872-015-0095-0 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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14.Ljungström LR, Jacobsson G, Claesson BEB, Andersson R, Enroth H. Respiratory viral infections are underdiagnosed in patients with suspected sepsis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2017;36(10):1767-1776. doi: 10.1007/s10096-017-2990-z [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
15.Estabragh ZR, Mamas MA. The cardiovascular manifestations of influenza: a systematic review. Int J Cardiol. 2013;167(6):2397-2403. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.01.274 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
16.Chaves SS, Lynfield R, Lindegren ML, Bresee J, Finelli L. The US Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21(9):1543-1550. doi: 10.3201/eid2109.141912 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
17.Reed C, Chaves SS, Perez A, et al. Complications among adults hospitalized with influenza: a comparison of seasonal influenza and the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(2):166-174. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu285 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
18.Dawood FS, Chaves SS, Pérez A, et al. ; Emerging Infections Program Network . Complications and associated bacterial coinfections among children hospitalized with seasonal or pandemic influenza, United States, 2003-2010. J Infect Dis. 2014;209(5):686-694. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jit473 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
19.Shakir R. The struggle for stroke reclassification. Nat Rev Neurol. 2018;14(8):447-448. doi: 10.1038/s41582-018-0036-5 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
20.Shakir R, Norrving B. Stroke in ICD-11: the end of a long exile. Lancet. 2017;389(10087):2373. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31567-2 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
21.Uyeki TM, Bernstein HH, Bradley JS, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America: 2018 update on diagnosis, treatment, chemoprophylaxis, and institutional outbreak management of seasonal influenza. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(6):e1-e47. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciy866 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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25.Brendish NJ, Malachira AK, Armstrong L, et al. Routine molecular point-of-care testing for respiratory viruses in adults presenting to hospital with acute respiratory illness (ResPOC): a pragmatic, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2017;5(5):401-411. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(17)30120-0 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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27.Marzano A, Marengo A, Ruggiero T, et al. Clinical impact of A/H1/N1/09 influenza in patients with cirrhosis: experience from a nosocomial cluster of infection. J Med Virol. 2013;85(1):1-7. doi: 10.1002/jmv.23454 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Supplement.

eTable 1. International Classification of Diseases Codes (ICD-9 and ICD-10) by Acute Diagnosis

eTable 2. Most Common International Classification of Diseases Codes in Patients not Categorized into an Acute Diagnosis Group, FluSurv-NET, United States, 2010-2018

eTable 3. Frequency of Acute Respiratory and Nonrespiratory Diagnoses in Hospitalized Adults with Influenza by Influenza (Sub)type, FluSurv-NET, United States, 2010-2018

eTable 4. In-Hospital Outcomes by Specific Acute Respiratory Diagnoses, FluSurv-NET, United States, 2010-2018

eFigure 1. Venn Diagram of Acute Respiratory and Nonrespiratory Diagnoses, FluSurv-NET, United States, 2010-2018

eFigure 2. ICD Code–Based Identification of Influenza and Related Diagnoses Among Adult Patients Hospitalized with Influenza, FluSurv-NET, United States, 2010-2018

Click here for additional data file.^{(429.7KB, pdf)}

[zoi200073r1] 1.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Past seasons estimated influenza disease burden. Published 2018. Accessed December 17, 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/burden/past-seasons.html

[zoi200073r2] 2.Rothberg MB, Haessler SD, Brown RB. Complications of viral influenza. Am J Med. 2008;121(4):-. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.10.040 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[zoi200073r3] 3.Rothberg MB, Haessler SD. Complications of seasonal and pandemic influenza. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(4)(suppl):e91-e97. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181c92eeb [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[zoi200073r4] 4.Sandrock CE, Norris A. Infection in severe asthma exacerbations and critical asthma syndrome. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2015;48(1):104-113. doi: 10.1007/s12016-014-8435-x [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[zoi200073r5] 5.Biancardi E, Fennell M, Rawlinson W, Thomas PS. Viruses are frequently present as the infecting agent in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients presenting to hospital. Intern Med J. 2016;46(10):1160-1165. doi: 10.1111/imj.13213 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[zoi200073r6] 6.Kim M, Tillis W, Patel P, Davis RM, Asche CV. Association between asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap syndrome and healthcare utilization among the US adult population. Curr Med Res Opin. 2019;35(7):1191-1196. doi: 10.1080/03007995.2019.1565531 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[zoi200073r7] 7.Sellers SA, Hagan RS, Hayden FG, Fischer WA II. The hidden burden of influenza: a review of the extra-pulmonary complications of influenza infection. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2017;11(5):372-393. doi: 10.1111/irv.12470 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[zoi200073r8] 8.Kwong JC, Schwartz KL, Campitelli MA, et al. Acute myocardial infarction after laboratory-confirmed influenza infection. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(4):345-353. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1702090 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[zoi200073r9] 9.Ludwig A, Lucero-Obusan C, Schirmer P, Winston C, Holodniy M. Acute cardiac injury events ≤30 days after laboratory-confirmed influenza virus infection among U.S. veterans, 2010-2012. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2015;15:109. doi: 10.1186/s12872-015-0095-0 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[zoi200073r10] 10.Tsai JP, Baker AJ. Influenza-associated neurological complications. Neurocrit Care. 2013;18(1):118-130. doi: 10.1007/s12028-012-9796-8 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[zoi200073r11] 11.Noriega LM, Verdugo RJ, Araos R, et al. Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 with neurological manifestations, a case series. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2010;4(3):117-120. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00131.x [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[zoi200073r12] 12.Bagshaw SM, Sood MM, Long J, Fowler RA, Adhikari NK, Collaborative CCCTGHN; Canadian Critical Care Trials Group H1N1 Collaborative . Acute kidney injury among critically ill patients with pandemic H1N1 influenza A in Canada: cohort study. BMC Nephrol. 2013;14:123. doi: 10.1186/1471-2369-14-123 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[zoi200073r13] 13.Florescu DF, Kalil AC. The complex link between influenza and severe sepsis. Virulence. 2014;5(1):137-142. doi: 10.4161/viru.27103 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[zoi200073r14] 14.Ljungström LR, Jacobsson G, Claesson BEB, Andersson R, Enroth H. Respiratory viral infections are underdiagnosed in patients with suspected sepsis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2017;36(10):1767-1776. doi: 10.1007/s10096-017-2990-z [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[zoi200073r15] 15.Estabragh ZR, Mamas MA. The cardiovascular manifestations of influenza: a systematic review. Int J Cardiol. 2013;167(6):2397-2403. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.01.274 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[zoi200073r16] 16.Chaves SS, Lynfield R, Lindegren ML, Bresee J, Finelli L. The US Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21(9):1543-1550. doi: 10.3201/eid2109.141912 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[zoi200073r17] 17.Reed C, Chaves SS, Perez A, et al. Complications among adults hospitalized with influenza: a comparison of seasonal influenza and the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59(2):166-174. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu285 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[zoi200073r18] 18.Dawood FS, Chaves SS, Pérez A, et al. ; Emerging Infections Program Network . Complications and associated bacterial coinfections among children hospitalized with seasonal or pandemic influenza, United States, 2003-2010. J Infect Dis. 2014;209(5):686-694. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jit473 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[zoi200073r19] 19.Shakir R. The struggle for stroke reclassification. Nat Rev Neurol. 2018;14(8):447-448. doi: 10.1038/s41582-018-0036-5 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[zoi200073r20] 20.Shakir R, Norrving B. Stroke in ICD-11: the end of a long exile. Lancet. 2017;389(10087):2373. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31567-2 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[zoi200073r21] 21.Uyeki TM, Bernstein HH, Bradley JS, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America: 2018 update on diagnosis, treatment, chemoprophylaxis, and institutional outbreak management of seasonal influenza. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(6):e1-e47. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciy866 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[zoi200073r22] 22.Hsu J, Santesso N, Mustafa R, et al. Antivirals for treatment of influenza: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Ann Intern Med. 2012;156(7):512-524. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-156-7-201204030-00411 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[zoi200073r23] 23.Muthuri SG, Venkatesan S, Myles PR, et al. ; PRIDE Consortium Investigators . Effectiveness of neuraminidase inhibitors in reducing mortality in patients admitted to hospital with influenza A H1N1pdm09 virus infection: a meta-analysis of individual participant data. Lancet Respir Med. 2014;2(5):395-404. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70041-4 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[zoi200073r24] 24.Egilmezer E, Walker GJ, Bakthavathsalam P, et al. Systematic review of the impact of point-of-care testing for influenza on the outcomes of patients with acute respiratory tract infection. Rev Med Virol. 2018;28(5):e1995. doi: 10.1002/rmv.1995 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[zoi200073r25] 25.Brendish NJ, Malachira AK, Armstrong L, et al. Routine molecular point-of-care testing for respiratory viruses in adults presenting to hospital with acute respiratory illness (ResPOC): a pragmatic, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2017;5(5):401-411. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(17)30120-0 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[zoi200073r26] 26.Dale AP, Ebell M, McKay B, Handel A, Forehand R, Dobbin K. Impact of a rapid point of care test for influenza on guideline consistent care and antibiotic use. J Am Board Fam Med. 2019;32(2):226-233. doi: 10.3122/jabfm.2019.02.180183 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[zoi200073r27] 27.Marzano A, Marengo A, Ruggiero T, et al. Clinical impact of A/H1/N1/09 influenza in patients with cirrhosis: experience from a nosocomial cluster of infection. J Med Virol. 2013;85(1):1-7. doi: 10.1002/jmv.23454 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[zoi200073r28] 28.Polakos NK, Cornejo JC, Murray DA, et al. Kupffer cell-dependent hepatitis occurs during influenza infection. Am J Pathol. 2006;168(4):1169-1178. doi: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050875 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[zoi200073r29] 29.Adams DH, Hubscher SG. Systemic viral infections and collateral damage in the liver. Am J Pathol. 2006;168(4):1057-1059. doi: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.051296 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

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PERMALINK

Respiratory and Nonrespiratory Diagnoses Associated With Influenza in Hospitalized Adults

Eric J Chow, MD, MS, MPH

Melissa A Rolfes, PhD

Alissa O’Halloran, MSPH

Nisha B Alden, MPH

Evan J Anderson, MD

Nancy M Bennett, MD

Laurie Billing, MPH

Elizabeth Dufort, MD

Pam D Kirley, MPH

Andrea George, MPH

Lourdes Irizarry, MD

Sue Kim, MPH

Ruth Lynfield, MD

Patricia Ryan, MS

William Schaffner, MD

H Keipp Talbot, MD

Ann Thomas, MD

Kimberly Yousey-Hindes, MPH

Carrie Reed, DSc

Shikha Garg, MD

Key Points

Question

Findings

Meaning

Abstract

Importance

Objective

Design, Setting, and Participants

Exposures

Main Outcomes and Measures

Results

Conclusions and Relevance

Introduction

Methods

Study Design, Setting, and Participants

Variables, Data Sources, and Measurement

Statistical Analysis

Results

Figure 1. Study Flow Diagram of Adults in the US Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET), 2010-2018.

Table 1. Characteristics of Patients With and Without Acute Respiratory Diagnoses Among Hospitalized Adults With Influenza in the FluSurv-NET, United States, 2010-2018a.

Figure 2. Nonrespiratory Diagnoses Among 76 649 Adults Hospitalized With Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza in the US Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET), United States, 2010-2018.

Table 2. Hospitalizations With Acute Diagnoses by Influenza Type and Subtype in FluSurv-NET, United States, 2010-2018a.

Table 3. In-Hospital Outcomes Among Adults Hospitalized With Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza by Acute Diagnosis Category in FluSurv-NET, United States, 2010-2018a.

Discussion

Limitations

Conclusions

References

Associated Data

Supplementary Materials

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

Similar articles

Cited by other articles

Links to NCBI Databases

Table 1. Characteristics of Patients With and Without Acute Respiratory Diagnoses Among Hospitalized Adults With Influenza in the FluSurv-NET, United States, 2010-2018^a.

Table 2. Hospitalizations With Acute Diagnoses by Influenza Type and Subtype in FluSurv-NET, United States, 2010-2018^a.

Table 3. In-Hospital Outcomes Among Adults Hospitalized With Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza by Acute Diagnosis Category in FluSurv-NET, United States, 2010-2018^a.