Figure 5.

A typical manufacturing cycle of the EV-based engineering of exosomes or microvesicles for targeted therapeutics. In allogeneic EV therapy, EV-producing cells are isolated from individuals who are not genetically identical and then manipulated in vitro to load the therapeutic cargo. Subsequently, aptamers are decorated on the exosome or microvesicle surface to generate aptamer-targeted exosomes or microvesicles that are ready to deliver therapeutic cargos in a targeted system. In autologous EV therapy, the EV-producing cells are obtained from the patient requiring treatment, as EVs can be readily isolated from body fluids or produced by cultured mesenchymal stem cells from the patient, and then transferred back to the same patient after in vitro cargo loading and surface functionalization with aptamers. Images of the silhouette (mouse and girl) were downloaded for free from https://www.nicepng.com/ourpic/u2q8y3a9a9i1a9y3_mouse-silhouette-sidewasy-mouse-clip-art-silhouette-mouse/, and https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/black-girl-silhouettes_764970.htm#page=1&query=girl%20silhouette&position=1, designed by Freepik.