Skip to main content
PMC home page
Springer Nature - PMC COVID-19 Collection logoLink to Springer Nature - PMC COVID-19 Collection
. 1982;73(1):33–43. doi: 10.1007/BF01341725

Characterization of a coronavirus isolated from rats with sialoadenitis

M Maru 1, K Sato 1
PMCID: PMC7086715  PMID: 6289776

Summary

A causative agent, provisionally designated as CARS, was isolated from the enlarged submaxillary gland of rat which was characterized as a sialoadenitis, using mouse-derived Balb/c3T3 clone A31 (3T3) cell culture. The virus could be propagated in 3T3 cell culture where it produced multinucleated giant cells and formed clear plaques. It was identified as a member of the coronavirus group from the following results: RNA content was suggested by the lack of the effect of cytosine arabinoside, the infectivity was sensitive to lipid solvents and inactivated at 56° C for 5 minutes, the viral particle showed typical coronavirus morphology which was approximately 100 nm in diameter. Serologically, although CARS and sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDAV) actually belonged to the rat-coronavirus group, some antigenic variations existed between these two agents in the results of both neutralization and complement-fixation tests using monovalent antisera. When inoculated intranasally into susceptible rats, CARS caused clinically and histologically overt sialoadenitis as observed in the natural outbreak, and retained its virulence for rats in several passages of mouse brain and even when cell culture was used, while rats which were inoculated with SDAV were asymptomatic.

Keywords: Cytosine, Giant Cell, Viral Particle, Submaxillary Gland, Multinucleated Giant Cell

Footnotes

With 1 Figure

References

  • 1.Andrews C. H., Horstmann D. M. The susceptibility of viruses to ethyl ether. J. gen. Microbiol. 1949;3:290–297. doi: 10.1099/00221287-3-2-290. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Berry D. M., Cruickshank J. G., Chu H. P., Wells R. J. H. The structure of infectious bronchitis virus. Virology. 1964;23:403–407. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(64)90263-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Bhatt P. N., Percy D. H., Jonas A. M. Characterization of the virus of sialodacryoadenitis of rats; a member of the coronavirus group. J. Infect. Dis. 1972;126:123–130. doi: 10.1093/infdis/126.2.123. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Bhatt P. N., Jacoby R. O., Jonas A. M. Respiratory infection in mice with sialodacryoadenitis virus, a coronavirus of rats. Infect. Immunol. 1977;18:823–827. doi: 10.1128/iai.18.3.823-827.1977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Bhatt P. N., Jacoby R. O. Experimental infection of adult axenic rats with Parker's rat coronavirus. Arch. Virol. 1977;54:345–352. doi: 10.1007/BF01314779. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Bradburne A. F. Antigenic relationship amongst coronaviruses. Arch. ges. Virusforsch. 1970;31:365–372. doi: 10.1007/BF01253769. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Bridger J. C., Caul E. O., Egglestone S. I. Replication of an enteric bovine coronavirus in intestinal organ cultures. Arch. Virol. 1978;57:43–51. doi: 10.1007/BF01315636. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Feldman H. A., Wang S. S. Sensitivity of various viruses to chloroform. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1961;106:736–738. doi: 10.3181/00379727-106-26459. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Halonen P., Huebner R. J., Turner H. C. Preparation of ECHO complement-fixing antigens in monkey kidney tissue culture and their purification by fluorocarbon. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1958;97:530–535. doi: 10.3181/00379727-97-23796. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Hierholzer J. C., Broderson J. R., Murphy F. A. New strain of mouse hepatitis virus as the cause of lethal enteritis in infant mice. Infect. Immunol. 1979;24:508–522. doi: 10.1128/iai.24.2.508-522.1979. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Innes J. R. M., Stanton M. F. Acute disease of the submaxillary and harderian glands (sialo-dacryoadenitis) of rats with cytomegaly and no inclusion bodies. Am. J. Path. 1961;38:455–468. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Ishida T., Taguchi F., Lee Y.-S., Yamada A., Tamura T., Fujiwara K. Isolation of mouse hepatitis virus from infant mice with fatal diarrhea. Lab. Anim. Sci. 1978;28:269–276. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Jacoby R. O., Bhatt P. N., Jonas A. M. Pathogenesis of sialodacryoadenitis in gnotobiotic rats. Vet. Pathol. 1975;12:196–209. doi: 10.1177/030098587501200305. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Kojima A., Fujinami F., Doi K., Yasoshima A., Okaniwa A. Isolation and properties of sialodacryoadenitis virus of rats. Exp. Anim. 1980;29:401–418. doi: 10.1538/expanim1978.29.4_409. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.McIntosh K. Coronaviruses: a comparative review. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 1974;63:85–129. [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Parker J. C., Cross S. S., Rowe W. P. Rat coronavirus (RCV): a prevelent, naturally occurring pneumotropic virus of rats. Arch. ges. Virusforsch. 1970;31:293–302. doi: 10.1007/BF01253764. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Rowe W. P., Hartley J. W., Capps W. I. Mouse hepatitis virus infection as a highly contagious, prevalent enteric infection of mice. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1963;112:161–165. doi: 10.3181/00379727-112-27980. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Sugita K., Maru M., Sato K. A sensitive plaque assay for sendai virus in an established line of monkey cells. Japan. J. Microbiol. 1974;18:262–264. doi: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1974.tb00955.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Tyrrell D. A. J., Alexander D. J., Almeida J. D., Cunningham C. H., Easterday B. C., Garwes D. J., Hierholzer J. C., Kapikian A., Macnaughton M. R., McIntosh K. Coronaviridae: second report. Intervirol. 1978;10:321–328. doi: 10.1159/000148996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Utsumi K., Maeda T., Tatsumi H., Fujiwara K. Some clinical and epizootological observations of infectious sialoadenitis in rats. Exp. Anim. 1978;27:283–287. doi: 10.1538/expanim1978.27.3_283. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Virelizier J. L., Dayan A. D., Alison A. C. Neuropathological effects of persistent infection of mice by mouse hepatitis virus. Infect. Immun. 1975;12:1127–1140. doi: 10.1128/iai.12.5.1127-1140.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Ward J. M., Collins M. J., Parker J. C. Naturally occurring mouse hepatitis virus infection in the nude mouse. Lab. Anim. Sci. 1977;27:372–376. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Weisbroth S. H., Peress N. Ophthalmic lesions and dacryoadenitis: a naturally occurring aspect of sialodacryoadenitis virus infection of the laboratory rat. Lab. Anim. Sci. 1977;27:466–473. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Archives of Virology are provided here courtesy of Nature Publishing Group

RESOURCES