Summary
Field canine coronaviruses (CCVs) identified during a series of outbreaks of gastroenteritis in Swedish dogs were subjected to genetic analysis involving the open reading frame 1b (ORF1b) and the membrane (M) and spike (S) protein genes. Four field viruses originating from the Stockholm region presented identical sequences and segregated separately from other CCVs characterized so far and from GOT/05, the variant recovered in Western Sweden. A recombinant origin of the fifth virus identified in the Stockholm region is suggested. In addition, the five viruses originating from the same geographical area displayed atypical 5′ S gene sequences.
Keywords: Gastroenteritis, Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus, Infectious Bronchitis Virus, Feline Infectious Peritonitis, Severe Clinical Sign
References
- Banner LR, Keck JG, Lai MM. A clustering of RNA recombination sites adjacent to a hypervariable region of the peplomer gene of murine coronavirus. Virology. 1990;175:548–555. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90439-X. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Escutenaire S, Mohamed N, Isaksson M, Thoren P, Klingeborn B, Belak S, Berg M, Blomberg J. SYBR Green real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay for the generic detection of coronaviruses. Arch Virol. 2007;152:41–58. doi: 10.1007/s00705-006-0840-x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gut M, Leutenegger CM, Huder JB, Pedersen NC, Lutz H. One-tube fluorogenic reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for the quantitation of feline coronaviruses. J Virol Meth. 1999;77:37–46. doi: 10.1016/S0166-0934(98)00129-3. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Herrewegh AA, Smeenk I, Horzinek MC, Rottier PJ, de Groot RJ. Feline coronavirus type II strains 79–1683 and 79–1146 originate from a double recombination between feline coronavirus type I and canine coronavirus. J Virol. 1998;72:4508–4514. doi: 10.1128/jvi.72.5.4508-4514.1998. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Motokawa K, Hohdatsu T, Hashimoto H, Koyama H. Comparison of the amino acid sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the peplomer, integral membrane and nucleocapsid proteins of feline, canine and porcine coronaviruses. Microbiol Immunol. 1996;40:425–433. doi: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1996.tb01089.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Naylor MJ, Harrison GA, Monckton RP, McOrist S, Lehrbach PR, Deane EM. Identification of canine coronavirus strains from feces by S gene nested PCR and molecular characterization of a new Australian isolate. J Clin Microbiol. 2001;39:1036–1041. doi: 10.1128/JCM.39.3.1036-1041.2001. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pratelli A. Genetic evolution of canine coronavirus and recent advances in prophylaxis. Vet Res. 2006;191:191–200. doi: 10.1051/vetres:2005053. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pratelli A, Decaro N, Tinelli A, Martella V, Elia G, Tempesta M, Cirone F, Buonavoglia C. Two genotypes of canine coronavirus simultaneously detected in the fecal samples of dogs with diarrhea. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42:1797–1799. doi: 10.1128/JCM.42.4.1797-1799.2004. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pratelli A, Elia G, Decaro N, Tola S, Tinelli A, Martella V, Rocca S, Tempesta M, Buonavoglia C. Cloning and expression of two fragments of the S gene of canine coronavirus type I. J Virol Meth. 2004;117:61–65. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2003.12.003. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pratelli A, Martella V, Decaro N, Tinelli A, Camero M, Cirone F, Elia G, Cavalli A, Corrente M, Greco G, Buonavoglia D, Gentile M, Tempesta M, Buonavoglia C. Genetic diversity of a canine coronavirus detected in pups with diarrhoea in Italy. J Virol Meth. 2003;110:9–17. doi: 10.1016/S0166-0934(03)00081-8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pratelli A, Martella V, Pistello M, Elia G, Decaro N, Buonavoglia D, Camero M, Tempesta M, Buonavoglia C. Identification of coronaviruses in dogs that segregate separately from the canine coronavirus genotype. J Virol Meth. 2003;107:213–222. doi: 10.1016/S0166-0934(02)00246-X. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sanchez-Morgado JM, Poynter S, Morris TH. Molecular characterization of a virulent canine coronavirus BGF strain. Virus Res. 2004;104:27–31. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2004.02.038. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Vennema H, Poland A, Floyd Hawkins K, Pedersen NC. A comparison of the genomes of FECVs and FIPVs and what they tell us about the relationships between feline coronaviruses and their evolution. Fel Pract. 1995;23:40–44. [Google Scholar]
- Wang L, Junker D, Collisson EW. Evidence of natural recombination within the S1 gene of infectious bronchitis virus. Virology. 1993;192:710–716. doi: 10.1006/viro.1993.1093. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wesley RD. The S gene of canine coronavirus, strain UCD-1, is more closely related to the S gene of transmissible gastroenteritis virus than to that of feline infectious peritonitis virus. Virus Res. 1999;61:145–152. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1702(99)00032-5. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]