Skip to main content
Springer Nature - PMC COVID-19 Collection logoLink to Springer Nature - PMC COVID-19 Collection
. 1990;12(2):165–190. doi: 10.1007/BF00197504

Human intraepithelial lymphocytes

Allan McI Mowat 1
PMCID: PMC7087567  PMID: 2205938

The content is available as a PDF (2.7 MB).

References

  • 1.Arato A, Savilahti E, Tainio V-M, Verkasalo M, Klemola T. HLA-DR expression, natural killer cells and IgE containing cells in the jejunal mucosa of coeliac children. Gut. 1987;28:988. doi: 10.1136/gut.28.8.988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Baca ME, Mowat AMcI, MacKenzie S, Parrott DMV. Functional characteristics of intraepithelial lymphocytes from mouse small intestine. III. Inability of intraepithelial lymphocytes to induce a systemic graft-versus-host reaction is because of failure to migrate in vivo. Gut. 1987;28:1267. doi: 10.1136/gut.28.10.1267. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Bland PW, Warren LG. Antigen presentation by epithelial cells of rat small intestine. II. Selective induction of suppressor T cells. Immunology. 1986;58:9. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Bonneville M, Janeway CA, Ito K, Haser W, Ishida I, Nakanishi N, Tonegawa S. Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes are a distinct set of γδ T cells. Nature. 1988;336:479. doi: 10.1038/336479a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Borland A, Mowat AMcI, Parrott DMV. Augmentation of intestinal and peripheral natural killer cell activity during the graft-versus-host reaction in mice. Transplantation. 1983;36:513. doi: 10.1097/00007890-198311000-00009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Bradley JA, Mason DW, Morris PJ. Evidence that renal allografts are rejected by cytotoxic T cells and not by nonspecific effectors. Transplantation. 1985;39:169. doi: 10.1097/00007890-198502000-00012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Bucy RP, Chen C-LH, Cihak J, Losch U, Cooper MD. Avian T cells expressing γδ receptors localize in the splenic sinusoids and the intestinal epithelium. J Immunol. 1988;141:2200. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Carman PS, Ernst PB, Rosenthal KL, Clark DA, Befus AD, Bienenstock J. Intraepithelial leukocytes contain a unique subpopulation of NK-like cytotoxic cells active in the defence of gut epithelium to enteric murine coronavirus. J Immunol. 1986;136:1548. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Cerf-Bensussan N, Schneeberger EE, Bhan AK. Immunohistologic and immunoelectron microscopic characterisation of the mucosal lymphocytes of human small intestine by the use of monoclonal antibodies. J Immunol. 1983;130:2615. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Cerf-Bensussan N, Quaroni A, Kurnick JT, Bhan AT. Intraepithelial lymphocytes modulate Ia expression by intestinal epithelial cells. J Immunol. 1984;132:2244. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Cerf-Bensussan N, Guy-Grand D, Griscelli C. Intraepithelial lymphocytes of human gut: isolation, characterisation and study of natural killer activity. Gut. 1985;26:81. doi: 10.1136/gut.26.1.81. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Cerf-Bensussan N, Guy-Grand D, Lisowska-Grospierre B, Griscelli C, Ghan AK. A monoclonal antibody specific for rat intestinal lymphocytes. J Immunol. 1986;136:76. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Cerf-Bensussan N, Jarry A, Brousse N, Lisowska-Grospierre B, Guy-Grand D, Griscelli C. A monoclonal antibody (HML-1) defining a novel membrane molecule present on human intestinal lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol. 1987;17:1279. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830170910. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Chai J-Y, Lillehoj HS. Isolation and functional characterisation of chicken intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes showing natural killer cell activity against tumour target cells. Immunology. 1988;63:111. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Collan Y. Characteristics of non-epithelial cells in the epithelium of normal rat ileum: a light and electron microscopial study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1972;7:18. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Corazza GR, Frazzoni M, Gasbarrini G. Jejunal intraepithelial lymphocytes in coeliac disease: are they increased or decreased? Gut. 1984;25:158. doi: 10.1136/gut.25.2.158. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Davies MDJ, Parrott DMV. Cytotoxic T cells in small intestinal epithelial, lamina propria and lung lymphocytes. Immunology. 1981;44:367. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Davies MDJ, Parrott DMV. Preparation and purification of lymphocytes from the epithelium and lamina propria of murine small intestine. Gut. 1981;22:481. doi: 10.1136/gut.22.6.481. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Dillon SB, MacDonald TT. Functional properties of lymphocytes isolated from murine small intestinal epithelium. Immunology. 1984;52:501. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Dillon SB, MacDonald TT. Functional characterisation of Con A responsive Ly-2 positive mouse small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. Immunology. 1986;59:389. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Dillon SB, Dalton BJ, MacDonald TT. Lymphokine production by mitogen and antigen activated mouse intraepithelial lymphocytes. Cell Immunol. 1986;103:326. doi: 10.1016/0008-8749(86)90093-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Dobbins WO. Human intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. Gut. 1986;27:972. doi: 10.1136/gut.27.8.972. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Ebert EC, Roberts AI, Brolin RE, Raska K. Examination of the low proliferative capacity of human jejunal intraepithelial lymphocytes. Clin Exp Immunol. 1986;65:148. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Entrican JH, Busuttil A, Ferguson A. Histopathological features of focal lesions in the jejunal mucosa in Crohn's disease are consistent with a cell-mediated immune response. Gut. 1984;25:A1145. [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Erard F, Nabholz M, Dupuy-D'Angeac A, MacDonald HR. Differential requirements for the induction of interleukin 2 responsiveness in L3T4+ and Ly-2+ T cell subsets. J Exp Med. 1986;162:1738. doi: 10.1084/jem.162.5.1738. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Ernst PB, Befus AD, Bienenstock J. Leukocytes in the intestinal epithelium: an unusual immunological compartment. Immunol Today. 1985;6:50. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(85)90047-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Ernst PB, Clark DA, Rosenthal KL, Befus AD, Bienenstock J. Detection and characterisation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors in the murine intestinal intraepithelial leucocyte population. J Immunol. 1986;136:2121. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Ferguson A. Intraepithelial lymphocytes of the small intestine. Gut. 1977;18:921. doi: 10.1136/gut.18.11.921. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Ferguson A. Models of immunologically-driven small intestinal damage. In: Marsh MN, editor. Immunopathology of the small intestine. Chichester: Wiley; 1987. p. 225. [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Ferguson A, Murray D. Quantitation of intraepithelial lymphocytes in human jejunum. Gut. 1971;12:988. doi: 10.1136/gut.12.12.988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31.Ferguson A, Ziegler K. Intraepithelial lymphocyte mitosis in a jejunal biopsy correlates with intraepithelial lymphocyte count, irrespective of diagnosis. Gut. 1986;27:675. doi: 10.1136/gut.27.6.675. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.Ferguson A, McClure JP, Townley RR. Intraepithelial lymphocyte counts in small intestinal biopsies from children with diarrhoea. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1976;65:541. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1976.tb04929.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33.Fichtelius KE. The gut epithelium-a first level lymphoid organ? Exp Cell Res. 1968;49:87. doi: 10.1016/0014-4827(68)90522-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34.Flexman JP, Shellam GR, Mayrhofer G. Natural cytotoxicity, responsiveness to interferon and morphology of intraepithelial lymphocytes from the small intestine of the rat. Immunology. 1983;48:733. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35.Goodman T, Lefrancois L. Expression of the γδ T-cell receptor on intestinal CD8+ intraepithelial lymphocytes. Nature. 1988;333:855. doi: 10.1038/333855a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 36.Greenwood JH, Austin LL, Dobbins WO. In vitro characterisation of human intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. Gastroenterology. 1983;85:1023. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 37.Groscurth P, Qiao B-Y, Podack ER, Hengartner H. Cellular localisation of perform 1 in murine cloned cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Immunol. 1987;138:2749. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 38.Guy-Grand D, Griscelli C, Vassalli P. The mouse gut T-lymphocyte, a novel type of T-cell: nature, origin and traffic in mice in normal and graft-versus-host conditions. J Exp Med. 1978;148:1661. doi: 10.1084/jem.148.6.1661. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 39.Guy-Grand D, Vassalli P. Gut injury in mouse graft-versus-host reaction. Study of its occurrence and mechanisms. J Clin Invest. 1986;77:1584. doi: 10.1172/JCI112474. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 40.Hanglow AC, Perdue MH, Dyck N, Bienenstock J. No evidence for cytotoxicity against epithelial cells by local intestinal lymphocytes in rat models of intestinal inflammation. In: MacDermott RP, editor. Inflammatory bowel disease: current status and future approach. New York: Excerpta Medica; 1988. p. 125. [Google Scholar]
  • 41.Huntley JF, McGorum B, Newlands GFJ, Miller HRP. Granulated intraepithelial lymphocytes: their relationship to mucosal mast cells and globule leucocytes in the rat. Immunology. 1984;53:525. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 42.Isaacson PG, O'Connor NTJ, Spencer J, et al. Malignant histiocytosis of the intestine: a T cell lymphoma. Lancet. 1985;I:688. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)92930-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 43.Janeway CA, Jones B, Hayday AC. Specificity and function of T cells bearing δ receptors. Immunol Today. 1988;9:73. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(88)91267-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 44.Janossy G, Montano L, Selby WS, Duke O, Panayi G, Lampert I, Thomas JA, Granger S, Bofill M, Tidman N, Thomas HC, Goldstein G. T cell subset abnormalities in tissue lesions developing during autoimmune disorders, viral infection, and graft-vs.-host disease. J Clin Immunol. 1982;2:425. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 45.Jarry A, Cerf-Bensussan N, Brousse N, Guy-Grand D, Muzeau F, Potet F. Same peculiar subset of HML-1+ lymphocytes present within normal intestinal epithelium is associated with tumoral epithelium of gastrointestinal carcinomas. Gut. 1988;29:1632. doi: 10.1136/gut.29.12.1632. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 46.Jenkins D, Goodall A, Scott BB. T-lymphocyte populations in normal and coeliac small intestinal mucosa defined by monoclonal antibodies. Gut. 1986;27:1330. doi: 10.1136/gut.27.11.1330. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 47.Jenkins MK, Schwartz RH. Antigen presentation by chemically modified splenocytes induces antigen-specific T cell unresponsiveness in vitro and in vivo. J Exp Med. 1987;165:302. doi: 10.1084/jem.165.2.302. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 48.Kanwar SS, Ganguly NK, Walia BNS, Mahajan RC. Direct and antibody-dependent cellmediated cytotoxicity against Giardia lamblia by splenic and intestinal lymphoid cells in mice. Gut. 1986;27:73. doi: 10.1136/gut.27.1.73. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 49.Kelly J, O'Farrelly C, O'Mahony C, Weir DG, Feighery C. Immunoperoxidase demonstration of the cellular composition of the normal and coeliac small bowel. Clin Exp Immunol. 1987;68:177. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 50.Kilshaw PJ, Baker KC. A unique surface antigen on intraepithelial lymphocytes in the mouse. Immunol Lett. 1988;18:149. doi: 10.1016/0165-2478(88)90056-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 51.Klein JR. Ontogeny of the Thy-1- Ly-2+ intraepithelial lymphocyte. Characterisation of a unique population of thymus-independent cytotoxic effector cells in the intestinal mucosa. J Exp Med. 1986;164:309. doi: 10.1084/jem.164.1.309. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 52.Klein JR, Kagnoff MF. Nonspecific recruitment of cytotoxic effector cells in the intestinal mucosa of antigen-primed mice. J Exp Med. 1984;160:1931. doi: 10.1084/jem.160.6.1931. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 53.Klein JR, Kagnoff MF. Spontaneous in vitro evolution of lytic specificity of cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones isolated from murine intestinal epithelium. J Immunol. 1987;138:58. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 54.Kosnai I, Kuitunen P, Savilahti E, Rapola J, Kohegyi J. Cell kinetics in the jejunal crypt epithelium in malabsorption syndrome with cow's milk protein intolerance and in coeliac disease of childhood. Gut. 1980;21:1041. doi: 10.1136/gut.21.12.1041. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 55.Kosnai I, Karpati S, Savilahti E, Verkasalo M, Bucsky P, Torok E. Gluten challenge in children with dermatitis herpetiformis: a clinical, morphological and immunohistological study. Gut. 1986;27:1464. doi: 10.1136/gut.27.12.1464. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 56.Labo G, Gasbarrini G, Migli F, Bernardi M. Thelio- and propriolymphocytes count in normal subjects and in primary and secondary enteropathy. GEN. 1978;32:403. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 57.Lawn AM, Rose ME. Mucosal transport of Eimeria tenella in the cecum of the chicken. J Parasitol. 1982;68:1117. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 58.Lefrancois L. Carbohydrate differentiation antigens of murine T cells: expression on intestinal lymphocytes and intestinal epithelium. J Immunol. 1987;138:3375. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 59.Leigh RJ, Marsh MN, Crowe P, Kelly C, Garner V, Gordon D. Studies of intestinal lymphoid tissue. IX. Dose-dependent, gluten-induced lymphoid infiltration of coeliac jejunal epithelium. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1985;20:715. doi: 10.3109/00365528509089201. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 60.Lemmel E-M, Fichtelius KE. Life span of lymphocytes within intestinal epithelium, Peyer's Patch epithelium, epidermis and liver of mice. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1971;41:716. doi: 10.1159/000230563. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 61.Lyscom N, Brueton MJ. Intraepithelial, lamina propria and Peyer's patch lymphocytes of the rat small intestine: isolation and characterisation in terms of immunoglobulin markers and receptors for monoclonal antibodies. Immunology. 1982;45:775. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 62.Lyscom N, Brueton MJ. Study of the transfer of tolerance by mucosal intraepithelial and Peyer's patch lymphocytes. Gut. 1983;24:A473. [Google Scholar]
  • 63.Lyscom N, Brueton MJ. The development of intraepithelial and Peyer's patch lymphocyte subtypes in the small intestine of newborn rats. Clin Exp Immunol. 1983;54:158. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 64.MacDonald TT, Ferguson A. Hypersensitivity reactions in the small intestine. 2. Effects of allograft rejection on mucosal architecture and lymphoid cell infiltrate. Gut. 1976;17:81. doi: 10.1136/gut.17.2.81. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 65.Malizia G, Trejdosiewicz LK, Wood GM, Howdle PD, Janossy G, Losowsky MS. The microenvironment of coeliac disease: T cell phenotypes and expression of the T2 “T blast” antigen by small bowel lymphocytes. Clin Exp Immunol. 1985;60:437. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 66.Marsh MN. Studies of intestinal lymphoid tissue. I. Electron microscopic evidence of “blast transformation” in epithelial lymphocytes of mouse small intestinal mucosa. Gut. 1975;16:665. doi: 10.1136/gut.16.9.665. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 67.Marsh MN. Studies of intestinal lymphoid tissue. II. Aspects of proliferation and migration of epithelial lymphocytes in the small intestine of mice. Gut. 1975;16:674. doi: 10.1136/gut.16.9.674. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 68.Marsh MN. Studies of intestinal lymphoid tissue. III. Quantitative analyses of epithelial lymphocytes in the small intestine of human control subjects and of patients with coeliac sprue. Gastroenterology. 1980;79:481. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 69.Marsh MN. Studies of intestinal lymphoid tissue. IV. The predictive value of raised mitotic indices among jejunal epithelial lymphocytes in the diagnosis of gluten-sensitive enteropathy. J Clin Pathol. 1982;35:517. doi: 10.1136/jcp.35.5.517. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 70.Marsh MN. Functional and structural aspects of the epithelial lymphocyte, with implications for coeliac disease and tropical sprue. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1985;20(Suppl 114):55. doi: 10.3109/00365528509093768. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 71.Marsh MN. Coeliac disease. In: Marsh MN, editor. Immunopathology of the small intestine. Chichester: Wiley; 1987. pp. 371–399. [Google Scholar]
  • 72.Marsh MN, Hinde J. Morphometric analysis of small intestinal mucosa. III. The quantitation of crypt epithelial volumes and lymphoid cell infiltrates, with reference to celiac sprue mucosa. Virchows Arch [A] 1986;409:11. doi: 10.1007/BF00705403. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 73.Mavromichalis J, Brueton MJ, McNeish AS, Anderson CR. Evaluation of the intraepithelial lymphocyte count in the jejunum in childhood enteropathies. Gut. 1976;17:600. doi: 10.1136/gut.17.8.600. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 74.Mayer L, Shlien R. Evidence for function of Ia molecules on gut epithelial cells in man. J Exp Med. 1987;166:1471. doi: 10.1084/jem.166.5.1471. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 75.Mayrhofer G. Thymus-dependent and thymus-independent subpopulations of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes: a granular subpopulation of probable bone marrow origin and relationship to mucosal mast cells. Blood. 1980;55:532. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 76.Mayrhofer G, Whately RJ. Granular intraepithelial lymphocytes of the rat small intestine. I. Isolation, presence in T lymphocyte-deficient rats and bone marrow origin. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1983;71:317. doi: 10.1159/000233414. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 77.Meader RD, Landers DF. Electron and light microscopic observations on relationships between lymphocytes and intestinal epithelium. Am J Anat. 1967;121:763. doi: 10.1002/aja.1001210318. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 78.McDermott MR, Horsewood P, Clark DA, Bienenstock J. T lymphocytes in the intestinal epithelium and lamina propria of mice. Immunology. 1986;57:213. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 79.Monk T, Spencer J, Cerf-Bensussan N, MacDonald TT. Stimulation of mucosal T cells in situ with anti-CD3 antibody: location of the activated T cells and their distribution within the mucosal microenvironment. Clin Exp Immunol. 1988;74:216. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 80.Moretta A, Bottino C, Ciccone E, Tambussi G, Mingari MC, Ferrini S, Casorati G, Varese P, Viale O, Migone N, Moretta L. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes bearing T cell receptor γδ. Expression of CD8 differentiation antigen correlates with the expression of the 55-kD, Cγ2-encoded γ chain. J Exp Med. 1988;168:2349. doi: 10.1084/jem.168.6.2349. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 81.Mowat AMcI, Feistein MV. Experimental studies of immunologically mediated enteropathy. II. Role of natural killer cells in the intestinal phase of murine graft-versus-host reaction. Immunology. 1987;61:179. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 82.Mowat AMcI, Feistein MV. Intestinal graft-versus-host reactions in experimental animals. In: Burakoff SJ, Ferrara J, editors. Graft-versus-host disease. New York: Dekker; 1989. [Google Scholar]
  • 83.Mowat AMcI, Ferguson A. Hypersensitivity reactions in the small intestine. VI. Pathogenesis of the graft-versus-host reaction in the small intestinal mucosa of the mouse. Transplantation. 1981;32:238. doi: 10.1097/00007890-198109000-00011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 84.Mowat AMcI, Ferguson A. Hypersensitivity in the small intestinal mucosa. V. Induction of cell mediated immunity to a dietary antigen. Clin Exp Immunol. 1981;43:574. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 85.Mowat AMcI, Ferguson A. Intraepithelial lymphocyte count and crypt hyperplasia measure the mucosal component of the graft-versus-host reaction in mouse small intestine. Gastroenterology. 1982;83:417. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 86.Mowat AMcI, Tait RC, MacKenzie S, Davies MDJ, Parrott DMV. Analysis of natural killer effector and suppressor activity by intraepithelial lymphocytes from mouse small intestine. Clin Exp Immunol. 1983;52:191. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 87.Mowat AMcI, Borland A, Tait RC, Parrott DMV (1984) NK cells and small intestinal immunity. In: Chadwick VS (ed) Mechanisms of gastrointestinal inflammation. SK & F Publications, pp 5
  • 88.Mowat AMcI, MacKenzie S, Baca ME, Felstein MV, Parrott DMV. Functional characteristics of intraepithelial lymphocytes from mouse small intestine. II. In vivo and in vitro responses of intraepithelial lymphocytes to mitogenic and allogenic stimuli. Immunology. 1986;58:627. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 89.Mowat AMcI, McInnes IB, Parrott DMV. Functional properties of intraepithelial lymphocytes from mouse small intestine. IV. Investigation of the proliferative capacity of IEL using phorbol ester and calcium ionophore. Immunology. 1989;66:398. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 90.Nauss KM, Pavlina TM, Kumar V, Newberne PM. Functional characteristics of lymphocytes isolated from the rat large intestine. Gastroenterology. 1984;86:468. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 91.Nizai NM, Leigh R, Crowe P, Marsh MN. Morphometric analysis of small intestinal mucosa. I. Methodology, epithelial volume compartments and enumeration of interepithelial space lymphocytes. Virchows Arch [A] 1984;404:49. doi: 10.1007/BF00704250. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 92.Otto HF. The intraepithelial lymphocytes of the intestinum. Morphological observations and immunological aspects of intestinal enteropathy. Curr Top Pathol. 1973;57:81. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-65465-7_3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 93.Owen RL, Nemanic PC, Stevens DP. Ultrastructural observations on Giardiasis in a murine model. I. Intestinal distribution, attachment, and relationship to the immune system Giardia muris. Gastroenterology. 1979;76:757. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 94.Parrott DMV, Tait C, MacKenzie S, Mowat AMcI, Davies MDJ, Micklem HS. Analysis of the effector functions of different populations of mucosal lymphocytes. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1982;409:307. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1983.tb26879.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 95.Petit A, Ernst PB, Befus AD, Clark DA, Rosenthal KL, Ishizaka T, Bienenstock J. Murine intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. I. Relationship of a novel Thy-1-, Ly-1-, Ly-2+ granulated subpopulation to natural killer cells and mast cells. Eur J Immunol. 1985;15:211. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830150302. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 96.Phillips AD, Rice SJ, France NE, Walker-Smith JA. Small intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte levels in cow's milk protein intolerance. Gut. 1979;20:509. doi: 10.1136/gut.20.6.509. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 97.Reynolds JD, Morris B. The influence of gut function on lymphoid cell populations in the intestinal mucosa of lambs. Immunology. 1983;49:501. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 98.Ropke C, Everett NM. Kinetics of intraepithelial lymphocytes in the small intestine of thymus-deprived mice and antigen-deprived mice. Anat Rec. 1976;185:101. doi: 10.1002/ar.1091850110. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 99.Rosekrans PCM, Meijer CJLM, Cornelisse CJ, Wal AMvd, Lindeman J. Use of morphometry and immunohistochemistry of small intestinal biopsy specimens in the diagnosis of food allergy. J Clin Pathol. 1980;33:125. doi: 10.1136/jcp.33.2.125. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 100.Salter DM, Krajewski AS, Dewar AE. Immunophenotype analysis of malignant histiocytosis of the intestine. J Clin Pathol. 1986;39:8. doi: 10.1136/jcp.39.1.8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 101.Schrader JW, Scollay R, Babbye F. Intramucosal lymphocytes of the gut: Ly-2andThy-1 phenotype of the granulated cells and evidence for the presence of both T cell and mast cell precursors. J Immunol. 1983;130:558. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 102.Selby WS, Janossy G, Jewell DP. Immunohistological characterisation of intraepithelial lymphocytes of the human gastrointestinal tract. Gut. 1981;22:169. doi: 10.1136/gut.22.3.169. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 103.Selby WS, Janossy G, Bofill M, Jewell DP. Lymphocyte subpopulations in the human small intestine. The findings in normal mucosa and in the mucosa of patients with adult coeliac disease. Clin Exp Immunol. 1983;52:219. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 104.Shields JG, Parrott DMV. Appearance of delayed-type hypersensitivity effector cells in murine gut mucosa. Immunology. 1985;54:771. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 105.Spencer J, Dillon SB, Isaacson PG, MacDonald TT. T cell subclasses in fetal human ileum. Clin Exp Immunol. 1986;65:553. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 106.Spencer J, Cerf-Bensussan N, Brousse N, et al. Enteropathy associated T cell lymphoma (malignant histiocytosis of the intestine) is recognised by a monoclonal antibody (HML-1) that defines a membrane molecule on human mucosal lymphocytes. Am J Pathol. 1988;132:1. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 107.Spencer J, MacDonald TT, Diss TC, Walker-Smith JA, Ciclitira PJ, Isaacson PG. Changes in intraepithelial lymphocyte subpopulations in coeliac disease and enteropathy associated T cell lymphoma (malignant histiocytosis of the intestine) Gut. 1989;30:339. doi: 10.1136/gut.30.3.339. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 108.Sprent J. Fate of H-2 activated T-lymphocytes in syngeneic Hosts. I. Fate in lymphoid tissues and intestines traced with [3H]thymidine, [125I]deoxyuridine and 51chromium. Cell Immunol. 1976;21:278. doi: 10.1016/0008-8749(76)90057-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 109.Steiner G, Koning F, Elve A, Tschachler E, Yokoyama WM, Shevach EM, Stingl G, Coligan JE. Characterization of T cell receptors on resident murine dendritic epidermal T cells. Eur J Immunol. 1988;18:1323. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830180904. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 110.Suttles J, Schwarting GA, Stout RD. Flow cytometric analysis reveals the presence of asialo GMI on the surface membrane of alloimmune cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Immunol. 1986;136:1586. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 111.Tagliabue A, Luini W, Soldateschi D, Boraschi D. Natural killer activity of gut mocusal lymphoid cells in mice. Eur J Immunol. 1981;11:919. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830111112. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 112.Tagliabue A, Befus AD, Clark DA, Bienenstock J. Characteristics of natural killer cells in the murine intestinal epithelium and lamina propria. J Exp Med. 1982;155:1785. doi: 10.1084/jem.155.6.1785. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 113.Toner PG, Carr KE, Wyburn GM. An ultrastructural atlas and review. London: Butterworth Press; 1971. The digestive system. [Google Scholar]
  • 114.Viney JL, MacDonald TT, Kilshaw PJ (1989) T cell receptor expression in intraepithelial lymphocytes of normal and athymic mice. Immunology (in press) [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  • 115.Weber EH (1847) First description of I.E. lymphocytes. Archiv für Anatomie. Physiologie Wiss Med, p 402
  • 116.Wilson AD, Stokes CR, Bourne FJ. Responses of intraepithelial lymphocytes to T-cell mitogens: a comparison between murine and porcine responses. Immunology. 1986;58:621. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 117.Wilson AD, Stokes CR, Bourne FJ. Morphology and functional characteristics of isolated procine intraepithelial lymphocytes. Immunology. 1986;59:109. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 118.Wolf-Heidegger G. Zur Frage der Lymphocytenwanderung durch das Darmepithel. Z Mikrosk Anat Forsch (Leipz) 1939;45:90. [Google Scholar]
  • 119.Wright SG, Tomkins AM. Quantification of the lymphocytic infiltrate in jejunal epithelium in giardiasis. Clin Exp Immunol. 1977;29:408. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 120.Zeitz M, Quinn TC, Graeff AS, James SP. Mucosal T cells provide helper function but do not proliferate when stimulated by specific antigen in lymphogranuloma venereum proctitis in nonhuman primates. Gastroenterology. 1988;94:353. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(88)90422-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Springer Seminars in Immunopathology are provided here courtesy of Nature Publishing Group

RESOURCES