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. 2017 Nov 29;60(12):1307–1316. doi: 10.1007/s11427-017-9241-3

Human T-cell immunity against the emerging and re-emerging viruses

Min Zhao 1, Hangjie Zhang 2, Kefang Liu 2, George F Gao 1,2,3, William J Liu 2,✉
PMCID: PMC7089170  PMID: 29294219

Abstract

Over the past decade, we have seen an alarming number of high-profile outbreaks of newly emerging and re-emerging viruses. Recent outbreaks of avian influenza viruses, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronaviruses, Zika virus and Ebola virus present great threats to global health. Considering the pivotal role of host T-cell immunity in the alleviation of symptoms and the clearance of viruses in patients, there are three issues to be primarily concerned about T-cell immunity when a new virus emerges: first, does the population possess pre-existing T-cells against the new virus through previous infections of genetically relevant viruses; second, does a proper immune response arise in the patients to provide protection through an immunopathogenic effect; lastly, how long can the virus-specific immune memory persist. Herein, we summarize the current updates on the characteristics of human T-cell immunological responses against recently emerged or re-emerged viruses, and emphasize the necessity for timely investigation on the T-cell features of these viral diseases, which may provide beneficial recommendations for clinical diagnosis and vaccine development.

Keywords: emerging viruses, avian influenza, H7N9, MERS-CoV, Zika, Ebola, human immunity, T-cell, cross-reactivity

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Professor Fuping Zhang, Ms. Huarong Huang, Mr. Kun Xu, and Ms. Yongli Zhang for their kind assistance with the preparation of this manuscript. This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFC1200202), the China Mega-Project on Infectious Disease Prevention (2016ZX10004222-003), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81401312, 81373141). George F. Gao is a leading principal investigator at the National Natural Science Foundation of China Innovative Research Group (81621091).

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