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. 2003 Apr 1;28(3):249–264. doi: 10.1007/BF02970145

Viral mimicry of the complement system

John Bernet 1,✉, Jayati Mullick 1, Akhilesh K Singh 1, Arvind Sahu 1
PMCID: PMC7090525  PMID: 12734404

Abstract

The complement system is a potent innate immune mechanism consisting of cascades of proteins which are designed to fight against and annul intrusion of all the foreign pathogens. Although viruses are smaller in size and have relatively simple structure, they are not immune to complement attack. Thus, activation of the complement system can lead to neutralization of cell-free viruses, phagocytosis of C3b-coated viral particles, lysis of virus-infected cells, and generation of inflammatory and specific immune responses. However, to combat host responses and succeed as pathogens, viruses not only have developed/adopted mechanisms to control complement, but also have turned these interactions to their own advantage. Important examples include poxviruses, herpesviruses, retroviruses, paramyxoviruses and picornaviruses. In this review, we provide information on the various complement evasion strategies that viruses have developed to thwart the complement attack of the host. A special emphasis is given on the interactions between the viral proteins that are involved in molecular mimicry and the complement system.

Keywords: Complement system, herpesviruses, paramyxoviruses, picornaviruses, poxviruses, retroviruses, viral mimicry

Abbreviations used

CCP

Complement control protein

CCPH

complement control protein homolog

CV

coxsackieviruses;

DAF

decay-accelerating factor

EBV

Epstein-Barr virus

EEV

extracellular enveloped virus

gC-2

glycoprotein C-2

HCMV

human cytomegalovirus

HSV-1

herpes simplex virus-1

HTLV-1

human T-cell leukemia virus type-1

MAC

membrane attack complex

MBL

mannose-binding lectin

MCP

membrane cofactor protein

MV

measles virus

ORF

open reading frame

RCA

regulators of complement activation

HVS

herpesvirus saimiri

SCR

short consensus repeat

VCP

vaccinia virus complement control protein

VV

vaccinia virus

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