Abstract
Iron overload is known to increase complications of hematopoietic SCT (HSCT). We investigated the association of pre-transplant ferritin level with complications and survival after allogeneic HSCT, and evaluated the efficacy of iron-chelating therapy before HSCT. We retrospectively reviewed 101 patients who underwent allogeneic HSCT and divided these patients into three groups: F>1000, patients with ferritin level above 1000 ng/ml at the time of HSCT; F<1000, patients whose ferritin levels were maintained below 1000 ng/ml before HSCT without iron-chelating therapy; IC, patients with ferritin level decreased to less than 1000 ng/ml after iron-chelating therapy before HSCT. In the comparison between the F>1000 group and the F<1000 group, hyperbilirubinemia and treatment-related mortality (TRM) were significantly higher in the F>1000 group. The F>1000 group also showed decreased OS and EFS. In the comparison of the F<1000 and IC groups, there was no significant difference in complications and survival. When compared with the F>1000 group, the IC group showed lower TRM and higher survival. Elevated serum ferritin level was associated with increased TRM and decreased survival, and the analysis of the IC group suggested the benefit of iron-chelating therapy to improve the outcome of HSCT.
Keywords: iron overload, hematopoietic SCT, iron-chelating therapy
Introduction
Patients who undergo hematopoietic SCT (HSCT) are at increased risk of iron overload due to previous transfusions. Also, cellular destruction occurs during the conditioning chemotherapy, and it probably liberates considerable amounts of intracellular iron from ferritin and iron-containing enzymes.1 These mechanisms result in an increase of free iron in HSCT patients. Free iron catalyzes the conversion of reactive oxygen species intermediates to highly toxic-free radicals, which may mediate tissue injury.2 Recent studies have shown that iron overload is related to hepatic complications,3 infectious complications4, 5, 6 and survival7, 8 in HSCT.
In this study we investigated the association of iron overload with complications and survival after allogeneic HSCT using ferritin as a surrogate marker of iron overload. We also evaluated the efficacy of iron-chelating therapy in patients whose ferritin levels were decreased to less than 1000 ng/ml after iron-chelating therapy before allogeneic HSCT.
Patients and methods
This study was conducted in patients who underwent allogeneic HSCT at Seoul National University Children's Hospital from September 2003 to December 2007. During the chemotherapy or supportive care period before HSCT, ferritin level was measured monthly, and an iron-chelating agent was started when the serum ferritin level was over 1000 ng/ml. Until December 2006, we used deferoxamine (Desferrioxamine mesylate, Mayne Pharma Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Australia) as an iron-chelating agent with 30–50 mg/kg, which was infused for 8 h subcutaneously, 5–7 times a week. Deferoxamine was stopped when patient developed neutropenic fever, but was maintained during the time chemotherapy was given. From January 2007, we started to use deferasirox (Exjade, Novartis, Bern, Switzerland) 30 mg/kg/day in some patients. Ferritin level obtained within 1 month before HSCT was used for the analysis.
Patients received various conditioning regimens according to disease status. GVHD prophylaxis consisted of CYA plus MTX, prednisolone, or mycophenolate, or tacrolimus plus MTX. Patients received low-MW heparin (nadroparine; fraxiparine, Sanofi-synthelabo, Paris, France) with lipo-PGE1 (eglandin; alprostadil, Welfide, Osaka, Japan) or defibrotide (Crinos SpA, Como, Italy) for the prophylaxis of veno-occlusive disease (VOD). We used the Jones et al.9 criteria for the diagnosis of VOD. Other supportive care was provided according to the guidelines for SCT of our center.10, 11
The patients were divided into three groups. Patients with ferritin level above 1000 ng/ml at the time of HSCT were classified into the first group (F>1000). The second group (F<1000) consisted of patients whose ferritin levels were maintained below 1000 ng/ml from diagnosis to HSCT without iron-chelating therapy. The iron-chelating group (IC) consisted of patients whose ferritin levels decreased to less than 1000 ng/ml after iron-chelating therapy before HSCT.
We retrospectively reviewed medical records related to complications of allogeneic HSCT, including abnormality in liver function test, VOD, bacteremia, septic shock, CMV antigenemia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, GVHD and treatment-related mortality (TRM). The National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (NCI-CTC) version 2.0 for BMT was used to grade complications. TRM was defined as any death directly related to the complications of the allogeneic HSCT, and event was defined as death or relapse.
Statistical analysis
Eight independent variables were recorded for a multivariate analysis of complications: age, sex, diagnosis, time from diagnosis to HSCT, type of transplants, conditioning regimen, history of earlier transplantation and the patient group according to ferritin level. Differences between categorical variables were measured by χ2-test or Fisher's exact test, and differences between means in continuous variables were calculated with Student's t-test or one-way analysis of variance. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate variables related to complications. Bivariate correlation analysis and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used to evaluate the association between continuous variables. Kaplan–Meier and log-rank univariate comparisons were used to evaluate OS, EFS and TRM rate. Results were considered statistically significant when P-values were less than 0.05.
Results
Patient characteristics
A total of 101 patients were evaluated. The clinical characteristics of the patients are summarized in Table 1. The mean age was 8.8 years (range: 1–19 years), and 65 patients (64.4%) were male. Mean ferritin levels of the F>1000, F<1000 and IC groups were 2156 (1020–6790) ng/ml, 347 (8–990) ng/ml and 561 (39–980) ng/ml, respectively. Time from diagnosis to HSCT was longest in the F>1000 group without statistical significance (P=0.13). The frequency of second transplantation, which was performed after relapse or engraftment failure was significantly high in the F>1000 group (P=0.00).
Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| Total | F>1000 | F<1000 | IC a | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N=101) | (N=26) | (N=50) | (N=25) | ||
| Ferritin (ng/ml), mean (range) | 866 (8–6790) | 2156 (1020–6790) | 347 (8–990) | 561 (39–980) | 0.00 |
| Age (year), mean (range) | 8.8 (1–19) | 10.9 (2–19) | 7.9 (1–17) | 8.4 (1–18) | 0.03 |
| Gender, no. (%) | 0.89 | ||||
| Male | 65 (64.4) | 16 (61.5) | 32 (64.0) | 17 (68.0) | |
| Female | 36 (35.6) | 10 (38.5) | 18 (36.0) | 8 (32.0) | |
| Diagnosis, no. (%) | 0.32 | ||||
| ALL | 43 (42.6) | 11 (42.3) | 18 (36.0) | 14 (56.0) | |
| AML | 30 (29.7) | 7 (26.9) | 14 (28.0) | 9 (36.0) | |
| JMML/MDS | 6 (5.9) | 2 (7.7) | 3 (6.0) | 1 (4.0) | |
| AA | 14 (13.9) | 4 (15.4) | 9 (18.0) | 1 (4.0) | |
| Neuroblastoma | 1 (1.0) | 1 (3.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Others | 7 (6.9) | 1 (3.8) | 6 (12.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Transplant type, no. (%) | 0.07 | ||||
| Related BMT | 19 (18.8) | 8 (30.8) | 7 (14.0) | 4 (16.0) | |
| Unrelated BMT | 25 (24.8) | 1 (3.8) | 18 (36.0) | 6 (24.0) | |
| Unrelated PBSCT | 7 (6.9) | 1 (3.8) | 4 (8.0) | 2 (8.0) | |
| Cord blood transplantation | 50 (49.5) | 16 (61.5) | 21 (42.0) | 13 (52.0) | |
| Conditioning regimen, no. (%) | 0.11 | ||||
| BU based | 64 (63.4) | 14 (53.8) | 34 (68.0) | 16 (64.0) | |
| TBI based | 22 (21.8) | 7 (26.9) | 8 (16.0) | 7 (28.0) | |
| BU/TBI based | 6 (5.9) | 4 (15.4) | 1 (2.0) | 1 (4.0) | |
| Others | 9 (8.9) | 1 (3.8) | 7 (14.0) | 1 (4.0) | |
| Time from diagnosis to HSCT (in months), mean (range) | 22 (3–104) | 30 (3–104) | 20 (3–84) | 18 (4–68) | 0.13 |
| History of earlier transplantation, no. (%) | 16 (15.8) | 10 (38.5) | 2 (4.0) | 4 (16.0) | 0.00 |
Abbreviations: AA=aplastic anemia; HSCT=hematopoietic SCT; JMML=juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia; MDS=myelodysplastic syndrome. aIC group is consisted of patients whose ferritin levels decreased to less than 1000 ng/ml after iron-chelating therapy before HSCT.
Ferritin level and complications of HSCT
In the univariate analysis between the F>1000 and the F<1000 groups (Table 2), hyperbilirubinemia (grade ⩾3) was significantly more common in the F>1000 group than the F<1000 group (P=0.013). No significant differences were observed between the two groups in VOD (P=0.295) and infectious complications such as bacteremia (P=0.760), septic shock (P=0.268) and detection of CMV antigenemia (P=0.239). The proportion of patients who developed acute respiratory distress syndrome was higher in F>1000 group (23.1%) than in the F<1000 group (6.0%) (P=0.055). Ferritin level above 1000 ng/ml was associated with increased TRM (P=0.008). We performed multiple logistic regression analysis for each complication using age, sex, diagnosis, conditioning regimen, time from diagnosis to HSCT, type of transplants and history of earlier transplantation as covariates. In the analysis of hyperbilirubinemia (grade⩾3) and TRM, the statistic significances remained in the patient groups according to ferritin level (P=0.018 and 0.033, respectively).
Table 2.
Complications after HSCT according to the ferritin group
| No. of patients (%) | F>1000 vs F<1000 | F<1000 vs ICa | F>1000 vs ICa | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F>1000 | F<1000 | IC a | P-valueb | P-valuec | P-valueb | P-valuec | P-valueb | P-valuec | |
| Total no. | 26 (100) | 50 (100) | 25 (100) | ||||||
| AST/ALT ⩾grade 3 | 6 (23.1) | 19 (38.0) | 7 (28.0) | 0.189 | 0.345 | 0.391 | 0.858 | 0.687 | 0.216 |
| Total bilirubin ⩾grade 3 | 9 (34.6) | 5 (10.0) | 2 (8.0) | 0.013 | 0.018 | 1.000 | 0.331 | 0.038 | 0.231 |
| Veno-occlusive disease | 8 (30.8) | 10 (20.0) | 4 (16.0) | 0.295 | 0.167 | 0.763 | 0.863 | 0.324 | 0.568 |
| Bacteremia | 4 (15.4) | 10 (20.0) | 1 (4.0) | 0.760 | 0.172 | 0.088 | 0.067 | 0.350 | 0.152 |
| Septic shock | 2 (7.7) | 1 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.268 | 0.986 | 1.000 | NA | 0.490 | NA |
| Detection of CMV antigenemia | 13 (50.0) | 18 (36.0) | 9 (36.0) | 0.239 | 0.301 | 1.000 | 0.682 | 0.313 | 0.558 |
| ARDS | 6 (23.1) | 3 (6.0) | 3 (12.0) | 0.055 | 0.182 | 0.394 | 0.084 | 0.465 | 0.193 |
| GVHD ⩾grade 2 | 7 (26.9) | 19 (38.0) | 6 (24.0) | 0.334 | 0.726 | 0.225 | 0.096 | 0.811 | 0.144 |
| TRM | 9 (34.6) | 4 (8.0) | 2 (8.0) | 0.008 | 0.033 | 1.000 | 0.872 | 0.038 | 0.098 |
Abbreviations: ARDS=acute respiratory distress syndrome; NA, not assessable; TRM=treatment-related mortality.
aIC group is consisted of patients whose ferritin levels decreased to less than 1000 ng/ml after iron-chelating therapy before HSCT.
bUnivariate analysis using χ2-test or Fisher's exact test.
cMultiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, diagnosis, time from diagnosis to HSCT, type of transplants, conditioning regimen, history of earlier transplantation.
In the comparison of complications between the patients of F<1000 and the IC group, there were no significant difference of complications and TRM in both univariate and multivariate analysis. In the comparison between the F>1000 and IC groups, the results were similar to those of analysis between the F>1000 and F<1000 groups in the univariate analysis. The incidence of hyperbilirubinemia (grade ⩾3) was significantly higher in the F>1000 group than the IC group (P=0.038), and TRM was also higher in the F>1000 group (P=0.038).
Ferritin level and survival after HSCT
A total of 15 patients, 9 in the F>1000 group, 4 in the F<1000 group and 2 in the IC group, died from treatment-related complications after allogeneic HSCT. The causes of death of the patients in the F>1000 group were respiratory failure in four cases, septic shock in two cases, pulmonary edema of unknown cause in one case, gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation following grade 4 GVHD in one case and severe VOD in one case. Among the four patients in the F<1000 group, two died of respiratory failure (one CMV pneumonia and one idiopathic pneumonia syndrome), one died of severe VOD and one died of fulminant hepatitis after hepatitis C virus infection. The two patients of the IC group died of respiratory failure associated with CMV pneumonia.
Compared with the F<1000 and IC groups, the F>1000 group showed lower OS and EFS (P=0.001 and 0.000, respectively), and the rate of TRM was significantly higher in the F>1000 group (P=0.003) (Figure 1). We performed the survival analysis excluding the patients with history of earlier transplantation. The analysis with only the patients who did not have history of earlier transplantation also showed lower OS and EFS in the F>1000 group compared with the F<1000 group and the IC group (P=0.004 and 0.004, respectively) (Figure 2). The rate of TRM was also higher in the F>1000 group without significant difference (P=0.086).
Figure 1.
The patients with ferritin level more than 1000 ng/ml before HSCT (F>1000) showed lower OS and EFS, and higher TRM rate than those with ferritin level less than 1000 ng/ml with (IC) or without (F<1000) iron-chelating therapy.
Figure 2.
This is the analysis of the patients without history of earlier transplantation. The lower OS and EFS of the F>1000 group were maintained after excluding the patients with the history of earlier transplantation.
Efficacy of iron-chelating agent
A total of 43 patients received iron-chelating therapy before HSCT. Changes of the ferritin level after iron-chelating therapy are summarized in Table 3. Twenty-five of the 43 patients were in the IC group, whose ferritin levels decreased to less than 1000 ng/ml after iron-chelating therapy. The mean decrease of ferritin level was 1298 (range: 240–3173) ng/ml in the IC group. Among the 26 patients of the F>1000 group, 8 patients could not receive iron-chelating therapy because their ferritin levels were over 1000 ng/ml for the first time just before the HSCT. Eighteen patients in the F>1000 group received iron-chelating agent, and 12 of them showed decreased ferritin level although the ferritin levels before HSCT were still over 1000 ng/ml. Ferritin levels increased in six patients of the F>1000 group despite of the iron-chelating therapy.
Table 3.
Change of ferritin level after iron-chelating therapy
| F>1000 | IC a | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No treatment | Ferritin decrease after treatment | Ferritin increase after treatment | ||
| No. of patients | 8 | 12 | 6 | 25 |
| Highest ferritin level (ng/ml) | 2564 (1040–6790) | 3950 (1450–8340) | 1970 (1090–3460) | 1859 (1060–3690) |
| Pre-HSCT ferritin level (ng/ml) | 2564 (1040–6790) | 1978 (1020–3840) | 1970 (1090–3460) | 561 (39–980) |
| Difference of ferritin level (ng/ml) | — | 1264 (230–3410) | — | 1298 (240–3173) |
| Deferoxamine dosage (mg/kg)b | — | 45 (38–57) | 38 (29–50) | 43 (30–51) |
| No. of administrationsb | — | 46 (5–148) | 25 (22–30) | 46 (5–122) |
Abbreviation: HSCT=hematopoietic SCT.
aIC group is consisted of patients whose ferritin levels decreased to less than 1000 ng/ml after iron-chelating therapy before HSCT.
bThese analyses involved patients who received deferoxamine as an iron-chelating agent.
Among the 43 patients who received iron-chelating therapy, 37 patients received deferoxamine. Patients whose ferritin levels decreased, in the F>1000 and IC groups, received more deferoxamine (mean: 46 times, range: 5–148) than the patients showing increased ferritin level (mean: 25 times, range: 22–30) (P=0.004). In the correlation analysis, the number of deferoxamine administration showed positive correlation with the decrease of ferritin level (r=0.329, P=0.050). The time interval from the initiation of deferoxamine to HSCT was not different significantly between the F>1000 group (3.07 months) and IC group (4.18 months) (P=0.293).
Discussion
Our results indicated that elevated serum ferritin level was associated with increased TRM. In the group with high ferritin level, OS and EFS were remarkably lower compared with the group with low ferritin level. These results were in concert with earlier studies that reported the clinical relevance of iron overload with TRM and survival.7, 8 A recent study reported a strong association of elevated serum ferritin level with lower OS and disease-free survival in HSCT patients, and this association was restricted to patients with acute leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome.8 We did subgroup analysis with the patients other than acute leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome and found that TRM of the F>1000 group (50%) was higher than those of F<1000 group (6.7%) and IC group (0%), but this was not statistically significant (P=0.060). There were only 22 patients whose diagnoses were other than acute leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome, and it was too premature to make any conclusion.
In our study, patients whose ferritin levels decreased to less than 1000 ng/ml after iron-chelating therapy (IC group) showed no differences in complications and survival compared with patients whose ferritin levels were always below 1000 ng/ml without iron-chelating therapy. Also, the IC group showed higher survival rate compared with the F>1000 group, similar to the results of analysis between the F>1000 and F<1000 groups. We used deferoxamine mostly as an iron-chelating agent when serum ferritin level was over 1000 ng/ml. Deferoxamine has been proved effective and safe with many experiences.12, 13, 14 In our study, we found the correlation between the number of administration and the decrease of ferritin level. Also, the patients with increased ferritin level despite of the iron-chelating therapy received less deferoxamine. These suggest a potential of more intensive use of iron-chelating agent to reduce the iron overload and to improve the outcome of HSCT.
With the fact that earlier transplantation history could affect the outcome of HSCT and that the F>1000 group had higher proportion of patients with earlier transplantation, this variable could be considered as a confounding factor. When we performed a multivariate analysis using this variable as one of the covariates, the TRM still showed significant difference in comparison between the F>1000 group and the F<1000 group. Also we did an analysis after excluding the patients with history of earlier transplantation. In the survival analysis, with only the patients who did not have earlier transplantations, the F>1000 group showed significantly lower OS and EFS compared with the F<1000 and IC groups. These results indicate that the ferritin level itself could be an independent risk factor of poor outcome after allogeneic HSCT.
In earlier studies, iron overload appeared to be a risk factor of VOD3 and abnormal liver function test15 after HSCT, and we could find the association between the ferritin level and bilirubin. In our study, respiratory failure consisted substantial portion of the cause of TRM after allogeneic HSCT, and acute respiratory distress syndrome showed the tendency to increase with elevated ferritin level. This suggests that acute respiratory distress syndrome occurred more frequently in the F>1000 group could contribute to the increased TRM.
Until now, there were many reports indicating the association of iron overload and increased complications of HSCT, but there is no available data evaluating the role of pre-transplant iron-chelating therapy to reduce the complications. Our study has its limitations inherent in a retrospective study, but these results suggest the benefit of iron-chelating therapy in reducing complications of HSCT. Further prospective studies to evaluate the role of iron-chelating therapy are needed.
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by the grants of the Korea Healthcare Technology R&D Project, Ministry of Health, Welfare and Family affairs, Republic of Korea (A070001) and (A080588).
Footnotes
J W Lee and H J Kang: These authors contributed equally to this work.
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