Abstract
Previous studies with calves and other species have provided evidence that blood serum-derived proteins and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) may benefit intestinal health. We assessed the effects of supplementing products containing serum proteins as a component of arrival fluid support or serum proteins plus FOS (in addition to additional solids, minerals, and vitamins) in an early life dietary supplement on performance, morbidity, and mortality of stressed (transport, cold) male calves. Male Holstein calves (n = 93) <1 wk old were stratified by arrival body weight (BW) and plasma protein concentration, and then randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of one-time administration of fluid support [either control electrolyte solution (E) or the serum protein-containing arrival formula (AF)] and 14 d of either no supplementation (NG) or supplementation with Gammulin (G; APC Inc., Ankeny, IA), which contains serum proteins and FOS in addition to other solids, minerals, and vitamins. Upon arrival at the research facility, calves were orally administered either AF or E. At the next feeding, half of the calves from each fluid support treatment received either milk replacer (20% crude protein, 20% fat) or the same milk replacer supplemented with G (50 g/d during the first 14 d). Starter and water were freely available. Feed offered and refused was recorded daily. Calf health was assessed by daily assignment of fecal and respiratory scores. Stature measures and BW were determined weekly. Blood samples were obtained at d 0 (before treatments), 2, 7, 14, and 28. Calves were weaned at d 42 and remained in the experiment until d 56. After 2 wk of treatments, calves previously fed AF had greater body length (66.6 vs. 66.0 cm), intakes of dry matter (38.7 vs. 23.5 g/d) and crude protein (9.2 vs. 5.6 g/d) from starter, and cortisol concentration in blood (17.0 vs. 13.9 ng/mL) than calves fed E. Supplementation with G resulted in greater BW gain during the first 2 wk, increased intakes of dry matter and CP, and decreased respiratory scores. For the 8-wk experiment, G supplementation resulted in lower mean fecal score (1.6 vs. 1.8) and fewer antibiotic treatments per calf (1.5 vs. 2.5) than NG. Survival was greater in G than in NG calves (98 vs. 84%). Despite the marked reduction in morbidity and mortality, blood indicators of acute-phase response, urea N, and total protein were not affected by AF or G in transported cold-stressed male calves.
Key words: calf, serum protein, acute phase response
Introduction
The most challenging period for young calves is from birth through weaning; during this time calves experience remarkable physiological, metabolic, and environmental changes (Davis and Drackley, 1998). Despite advances in calf nutrition and health, morbidity and mortality are greater during this time than at any other point of the animal’s life (Quigley et al., 2005; NAHMS, 2010). The main causes of mortality during the preweaned period are diarrhea and respiratory problems, with most of the deaths occurring during the first 2 to 3 wk of life (NAHMS, 2010). For the dairy enterprise, decreasing morbidity and mortality is important because of the economic losses associated with treating illnesses, decreased calf performance, and death. Factors associated with morbidity and poor performance during the preweaned period are inadequate feeding, poor management, and the presence of stressors such as cold weather and transport (Wells et al., 1996; Svensson et al., 2006b; Vasseur et al., 2010).
Success in calf rearing is a function of excellent nutrition and management practices that start as soon as the calf is born. Adequate colostrum intake and provision of a dry, comfortable, and clean environment to minimize exposure to pathogens are the first steps to provide better adaptation of the newborn calf to its new environment (Quigley et al., 1995; Godden, 2008). Colostrum-deprived calves exposed to unfavorable conditions (e.g., high pathogen loads, environmental stressors) after birth exhibit greater risk for morbidity and mortality (Quigley et al., 2005; Godden, 2008; Gulliksen et al., 2009). Subsequent nutrition is crucially important to provide all nutrients for proper growth and health; however, adequate nutrition is not enough to ensure proper survival, growth, and health in circumstances where the young calf is immunologically disadvantaged, facing unfavorable environmental conditions, or subjected to other stressors. Transport (Johnston and Buckland, 1976; Odore et al., 2004) and cold weather represent stressors for the young calf, affecting its immune system (Odore et al., 2004; Fike and Spire, 2006) and increasing the susceptibility to enteric and respiratory problems (Fike and Spire, 2006; Svensson et al., 2006a), which are the principal causes of high morbidity and mortality during the preweaned period (NAHMS, 2010).
Dietary supplements or additives that would improve nutrition and diminish the negative effects of poor management and unfavorable conditions would be useful for calf managers. Previous research with calves (Arthington et al., 2000b; Quigley et al., 2002) suggested that serum protein products improve health and decrease morbidity and mortality (Quigley and Wolfe, 2003) while maintaining or increasing growth. In addition, studies in humans and other species have shown that fructooligosaccharides (FOS) stimulate growth of beneficial bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract, inhibit colonization by pathogens, and improve mineral absorption (Howard et al., 1995; Sabater-Molina et al., 2009; Grand et al., 2013). Based on these data, our prediction was that products containing serum proteins or serum proteins plus FOS, in addition to milk products (dried whey and dried whey protein concentrate), minerals, and vitamins, would improve performance, morbidity, and mortality of dairy calves subjected to the stressors of winter cold weather and transport, especially during their first 2 to 3 wk of life. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of an arrival fluid support product containing serum proteins or an early life dietary supplement containing serum proteins and FOS among other ingredients on performance, morbidity, and mortality of stressed male calves.
Materials and Methods
Calf Management and Experimental Design
All procedures were approved by the University of Illinois Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Ninety-three male Holstein calves <1 wk old were purchased from dairy farms in western New York State by a buyer in 3 blocks of 30 to 32 calves each and transported to the University of Illinois Nutrition Field Laboratory. Calves were transported in a livestock trailer and subjected to a ~14-h trip. The first group was acquired in February 2009 (32 calves), the second group in November 2009 (31 calves), and the third in January 2010 (30 calves).
Each group of calves was examined by the veterinary staff upon arrival. The evaluation included heart and lung auscultation, hydration status, alertness, mobility, navel status, and body temperature. After receiving an ear tag in the left ear calves were subjected to a standard arrival and postarrival processing scheme. A blood sample was obtained by jugular venipuncture and plasma protein was determined by refractometry. Calf BW was measured.
Calves were stratified by arrival BW and plasma protein concentration, blocked, and assigned randomly within blocks to 1 of 4 treatments. Treatments were in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of type of arrival fluid support (AFS) and early-life dietary supplementation (SUP). The AFS factor comprised one-time administrations of either control electrolyte solution (E) or arrival formula (AF). The SUP factor consisted of either no supplement (NG) or 14 d of supplementation with a commercial product (Gammulin; APC Inc., Ankeny, IA) containing serum proteins and FOS (G). The resulting individual treatments, therefore, were EN (n = 25), AFN (n = 24), EG (n = 22), and AFG (n = 22).
Calves were housed in individual hutches (Calf-tel, Hampel Corp., Germanton, WI) bedded deeply with straw over crushed rock covered with landscape cloth. Straw was added to each hutch daily as needed. All calves were castrated by the veterinary staff via surgical removal of the testicles using local anesthesia 1 wk after arrival. Calves remained in hutches from arrival until the end of the experiment at d 56 when they were sold.
Feeds and Feeding Program
The AF (APC Inc.) fluid support supplement was administrated via nipple feeder or esophageal feeder upon arrival, and was prepared by mixing for each calf 250 g of AF in 2 L of warm (45°C) water. The ingredient composition of AF included spray-dried bovine serum in addition to milk products (dried whey and dried whey protein concentrate), minerals, electrolytes, and vitamins. Administration of AF was compared with administration of a commercial electrolyte solution (Land O’Lakes electrolyte system; Land O’Lakes Animal Milk Products Co., Arden Hills, MN), which was prepared by mixing 77 g in 2 L of warm (45°C) water. Therefore, each calf received one 2-L feeding of either AF (n = 46) or E (n = 47).
At the next feeding, all calves received a nonmedicated milk replacer (Sav-A-Caf; Milk Products LLC, Chilton, WI), containing all milk proteins, 20% CP, and 20% fat. The milk replacer was either not supplemented (NG) or supplemented with G by adding 25 g at each feeding (50 g/d) to the reconstituted milk replacer during the first 14 d after arrival only. Gammulin nutritional supplement contained bovine serum, FOS (inulin), dried whey, maltodextrin, minerals, and vitamins. Milk replacers were reconstituted to 12.5% solids (not including G supplementation) and were fed at a rate of 10% of arrival BW in 2 feedings daily. Beginning on d 3 after arrival, milk replacers were fed at a rate of 12% of arrival BW for 2 wk, followed by 10% of arrival BW during wk 3 to 5. During wk 6, the afternoon milk replacer feeding was eliminated, and calves were weaned at d 42 after arrival. Commercial texturized starter (20% MomentaCalf Starter – RUM; Vita Plus Corporation, Madison, WI) containing 20% CP was provided daily to all calves for ad libitum intake from d 4 until 56. Calves were fed at 0530 and 1630 h each day; milk replacer, starter, and water intakes were recorded daily. Clean, fresh water was provided twice daily, after the morning and evening feedings.
Data Collection
Calf health status was monitored throughout the day and assessed by daily assignment of fecal and respiratory scores, as well as recording all medical treatments and elevated body temperatures. Fecal scores were recorded using a 1 to 4 scale with the following guidelines: 1 = firm, well formed (not hard); 2 = soft, pudding-like; 3 = runny, pancake batter; and 4 = liquid, splatters. Respiratory scores on a 1 to 5 scale were recorded using the following guidelines: 1 = normal; 2 = runny nose; 3 = heavy breathing; 4 = cough, moist; and 5 = cough, dry. Body temperatures were recorded daily until d 7, and at any time when a calf appeared depressed or was off feed.
Calves were measured for BW, withers height, body length, heart girth, hip height, and hip width at arrival and after the morning feeding on the same day each week through wk 8. Individual intakes of milk replacer, starter, and water were measured and recorded daily. For each replicate of calves, milk replacer and starter grain were sampled weekly from wk 1 to 8, whereas G was sampled during the supplementation period (wk 1 and 2). The AF was only offered and sampled on the arrival day for each replicate of calves. All samples were stored at −20°C and then composited by period and replicate. Composited samples were sent to a commercial laboratory (Dairy One Corporative Inc., Ithaca, NY), where they were analyzed for concentrations of DM, CP, fat, and minerals by wet chemistry methods as described (http://dairyone.com/general-resources/publications/).
Water intake was determined as free water, water in reconstituted milk replacer, water in feed, and total water intake. Water freely available after feedings was considered as free water. Water in milk replacer was the water used to reconstitute the milk replacer. Water in feed was the water contained in the as-fed starter and milk replacer powder. Total water was the sum of all sources of water.
Samples of blood were obtained at arrival (d 0) before the initial feeding and on d 2, 7, 14, and 28. Blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture with 20-gauge × 2.5 cm needles (Becton Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ) into 10-mL evacuated tubes for serum (Becton Dickinson and Company) containing clot activator. Samples were allowed to clot at room temperature for at least 30 min and then placed on ice. All tubes were centrifuged within 2 h of collection at 4°C for 15 min at 959 × g. After centrifugation, the serum was removed, placed into 5-mL tubes, and stored at −20°C until analysis.
Serum from d 0, 2, 7, and 14 was analyzed for concentrations of IgG (d 0 only) and acid-soluble protein (ASP), haptoglobin, cortisol, Zn, and albumin to determine evidence of stress and inflammatory responses (Ballou et al., 2011). Serum from d 28 was analyzed for concentrations of urea N and total protein. Concentrations of albumin, urea N, and total protein were determined at the University of Illinois, College of Veterinary Medicine Clinical Pathology Laboratory using commercially available kits (Olympus America Inc., Center Valley, PA). Concentration of IgG was determined by radial immunodiffusion (RID kit, VRMD Inc., Pullman, WA) by APC Inc. Acid-soluble protein, haptoglobin, cortisol, and Zn were analyzed at Texas Tech University. Haptoglobin and Zn were determined as described by Makimura and Suzuki (1982) and Ballou et al. (2011), respectively. Cortisol was quantified using an enzyme immunoassay kit (Arbor Assays, Ann Arbor, MI) as described by the manufacturer (http://www.arborassays.com/documentation/inserts/K003-H.pdf). Acid-soluble protein was determined as follows. Serum samples (50 µL) were incubated with 1 mL of perchloric acid solution (66 mL of 0.6 M perchloric acid diluted in 1 L of distilled water) for 20 min at room temperature. Samples were then centrifuged (1,380 × g, at room temperature for 30 min). Aliquots (25 µL) of distilled water, standards, and unknowns (perchloric acid supernatants after centrifugation) were pipetted in duplicate into a 96-well plate. Then, 200 µL of working reagent [50 parts of bicinchoninic acid solution and 1 part of copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate 4% solution] were pipetted into each well. The plate was covered with film and incubated at 60°C for 15 min before reading at 562 nm using a plate reader.
Statistical Analysis
Daily and weekly statistical analysis was performed using the GLIMMIX, MIXED, LOGISTIC, and LIFETEST procedures of SAS (v9.4, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). A linear mixed model (MIXED procedure) was constructed to analyze data for growth, feed intakes, and blood metabolites. The model contained the fixed effects of AFS (E or AF), SUP (NG or G), the interaction of AFS and SUP, time (day or week), and interactions of time with treatments. Replicate and calf were considered random effects; calf was nested within replicate, AFS, and SUP. Time (day or week) was specified as the repeated factor with calf nested within replicate, AFS, and SUP as subject. Calf was the experimental unit. The covariance structures considered for repeated measures analysis were compound symmetric, autoregressive order one, and unstructured. The covariance structure that yielded the lowest Akaike information criterion-corrected value was autoregressive order one, and therefore it was used in the models (Littell et al., 1998). Initial measurements (before treatment administration) of BW, withers height, body length, heart girth, hip height, hip width, and concentrations of plasma albumin, ASP, cortisol, haptoglobin, and Zn at d 0 were used as covariates when analyzing the respective data. Least squares means were calculated and are presented with respective standard error of the mean. Degrees of freedom were estimated by using the Kenward-Roger method in the model statement (Littell et al., 1998). Residual distribution for each variable was evaluated for normality and homoscedasticity.
Daily health data were analyzed using multivariable logistic mixed models (GLIMMIX procedure) considering the count outcome variables: number of calves having high fecal score (fecal score ≥3 in a 1 to 4 scale), number of days with high fecal score, percentage of calves with high fecal score, number of calves with high respiratory score (respiratory score ≥3 in a 1 to 5 scale), number of days with high respiratory score, and percentage of calves with high respiratory score. The model contained the fixed effects of AFS and SUP, the interaction of AFS and SUP, time (week), and interactions of time with AFS and SUP. When the variance and means of fecal and respiratory scores were evaluated, the data were found to be over-dispersed. To compensate, negative binomial regression analysis was used to establish relationships of the fixed effects AFS, SUP, and the interaction of AFS and SUP. Means for variables are presented with their respective SEM as well as the odds ratio (OR).
Calf survival analysis was assessed using a Cox proportional hazard model (LIFETEST procedure). The fixed effects of AFS, SUP, and the interaction of AFS and SUP were treated as strata and forced into the model. The assumption of the proportionality of hazard of the model was assessed graphically by plotting the logarithm of the hazard function versus the logarithm of time. Residuals were evaluated for homogeneous distribution. Finally, a logistic regression model (LOGISTIC procedure) considering the binary outcome variable mortality was constructed. The OR from main effects and treatments are described. In all statistical procedures significant differences were declared when P ≤ 0.05, and trends toward significant effects were noted when 0.05 < P ≤ 0.10.
Results
Ambient Temperature
Mean low and high ambient temperatures ranged from −4.7 to 16.5, −16.0 to 11.8, and −10.4 to 14.1°C for replicates 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Ambient temperature was below the lower critical temperature of 15°C (NRC, 2001) most of the time throughout the study ( Figure 1), indicating that calves needed to expend energy for thermoregulation.
Figure 1.
Mean high, mean, and mean low ambient temperature during research period by group of calves. The first group was acquired in February 2009 (32 calves), the second group in November 2009 (31 calves), and the third in January 2010 (30 calves). Each group remained in the study for 8 wk. Ambient temperatures were obtained from the Illinois State Water Survey (http://www.isws.illinois.edu/atmos/statecli/cuweather/index.htm).
Nutrient Composition of Diets
Analyzed nutrient composition of milk replacer and starter are listed in Table 1. Commercial milk replacer was declared to contain 20% CP on an as-fed basis and the actual analyzed CP (DM basis) was 21.7%. Similarly, commercial starter declared to contain 20% CP on an as-fed basis had measured CP content (DM basis) of 23.6%. Chemical analysis of AF and G indicated that CP content on a DM basis was 47.5 and 75.3%, respectively (Table 1). Although nutrient composition of milk replacer and starter were similar, G supplementation provided greater DM and CP intake in supplemented calves.
Table 1.
Analyzed chemical composition of milk replacer, starter grain, Gammulin (G), and Arrival Formula (AF)
| Component | Milk replacer1 | Starter grain2 | G3 | AF4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DM, % | 93.8 | 87.9 | 93.5 | 90.6 |
| CP, % of DM | 21.7 | 23.6 | 75.3 | 47.5 |
| Crude fat, % of DM | 18.9 | ND | 1.60 | 4.5 |
| Ash, % of DM | 10.0 | ND | 6.12 | 12.3 |
| Ca, % of DM | 0.74 | 1.19 | 0.87 | 0.81 |
| P, % of DM | 0.72 | 0.62 | 0.26 | 0.17 |
| Mg, % of DM | 0.14 | 0.29 | 0.07 | 0.10 |
| K, % of DM | 2.27 | 1.19 | 0.18 | 0.85 |
| Na, % of DM | 0.99 | 0.27 | 1.11 | 2.32 |
| S, % of DM | 0.32 | ND | 1.11 | 0.67 |
| Fe, mg/kg | 102 | 305 | 131 | 121 |
| Zn, mg/kg | 57 | 136 | 358 | 121 |
| Cu, mg/kg | 7 | 23 | 83 | 5 |
| Mn, mg/kg | 38 | 107 | 160 | 57 |
| Mo, mg/kg | 0.8 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 0.6 |
Commercial nonmedicated milk replacer (Sav-A-Caf; Milk Products LLC, Chilton, WI) containing all milk proteins, 20% CP and 20% fat, fed to all calves.
Commercial starter (20% MomentaCalf Starter – RUM; Vita Plus Corporation, Madison, WI) containing 20% CP provided to all calves for ad libitum intake from d 4 until 56. ND = not determined.
Gammulin (APC Inc., Ankeny, IA) nutritional supplement added to reconstituted milk replacer. Supplemented twice daily by adding 25 g at each feeding (50 g/d) to the reconstituted milk replacer during the first 14 d after arrival only.
Arrival Formula (APC Inc.) nutritional supplement administrated via nipple feeder or esophageal feeder upon arrival. Prepared by mixing 250 g of AF in 2 L of warm (45°C) water.
Initial Plasma Protein and Serum IgG Concentrations
At arrival calves were blocked by plasma protein concentration determined by refractometry, which did not differ among treatments ( Table 2). Initial concentrations of IgG in serum analyzed later also did not differ significantly among treatment groups (Table 2), although we noted a weak tendency (P = 0.13) for greater IgG in calves that subsequently received G. Total plasma protein was analyzed after the experiment to further explore this relationship, but it too did not differ significantly among treatments (Table 2). The number of calves with initial IgG below 1.0 g/dL (10 g/L) was numerically less for calves assigned to G (Table 2).
Table 2.
Initial plasma protein and serum IgG concentrations for calves assigned to electrolyte plus milk replacer without Gammulin (EN; APC Inc., Ankeny, IA), arrival formula plus milk replacer without Gammulin (AFN), electrolyte plus milk replacer with Gammulin (EG), or arrival formula plus milk replacer with Gammulin (AFG)
| Variable | Treatment |
SEM1 |
P-value2 |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EN | AFN | EG | AFG | AFS | SUP | AFS × SUP | ||
| Calves per treatment | 25 | 24 | 22 | 22 | — | — | — | — |
| Plasma protein,3 g/dL | 5.60 | 5.71 | 5.59 | 5.67 | 0.19 | 0.62 | 0.89 | 0.93 |
| Plasma protein,4 g/dL | 5.79 | 5.89 | 5.95 | 5.93 | 0.26 | 0.83 | 0.61 | 0.77 |
| Serum IgG,5 g/dL | 0.98 | 1.42 | 1.38 | 1.35 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.13 | 0.27 |
| Number of calves with IgG <1.0 g/dL | 14 | 11 | 7 | 6 | — | — | — | — |
Greatest SEM.
AFS = arrival fluid support; SUP = early-life dietary supplementation.
Measured on day of arrival (d 0) by refractometry; used to stratify and block calves for treatment assignment.
Measured at completion of the study in samples from day of arrival (d 0) with commercial kit.
Measured at completion of the study in samples from day of arrival (d 0).
Intakes
Calves were fed a limited amount of milk replacer (10 to 12% of arrival BW) as described. Compared with NG calves, calves supplemented with G had 54.5 g/d greater (P < 0.01) DMI from milk replacer during the supplementation period primarily because of the addition of G ( Table 3). Supplementation with G resulted in 36.2 g/d greater (P < 0.01) intake of milk replacer CP in G-supplemented calves than in NG calves (Table 3). Calf starter was offered ad libitum from d 4 to help meet nutrient requirements and support growth. Although the amount of starter intake during the first 2 wk was not large, calves fed AF had greater intakes of DM (15.1 g/d) and CP (3.7 g/d) from starter (P < 0.01) and tended to have greater total DMI (P = 0.09) than calves fed E. As a result of greater intakes of DM and CP, both imposed (G added to milk replacer) and voluntary (starter), calves supplemented with G had greater (P < 0.01) intakes of total DM and total CP during the first 2 wk (Table 3) of 50.1 and 35.1 g/d, respectively. Greater starter intake in AF-fed calves led to greater starter ME intake (P < 0.01; Table 3). Trends toward significance were observed in the interaction AFS and SUP for intakes of milk replacer DM (P = 0.08), CP (P = 0.08), and ME (P = 0.09). As designed, supplementation of the high-CP G supplement resulted in calves fed AFG or EG having greater intakes of milk replacer DM (P < 0.01) and CP (P < 0.01) compared with calves fed AFN or EN. Additionally, calves fed the EG treatment had greater (P = 0.04) intake of ME from milk replacer than calves receiving the EN treatment (Table 3).
Table 3.
Mean daily intakes of DM, CP, and ME from milk replacer and starter, and water intake from wk 1 to 2 for calves fed electrolyte plus milk replacer without Gammulin (EN), arrival formula plus milk replacer without Gammulin (AFN), electrolyte plus milk replacer with Gammulin (EG), or arrival formula plus milk replacer with Gammulin (AFG)
| Variable | Treatment1 |
SEM2 |
P-value3 |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EN | AFN | EG | AFG | AFS | SUP | AFS × SUP | ||
| Total DM, g/d | 544 | 580 | 609 | 615 | 19.1 | 0.09 | <0.01 | 0.21 |
| Milk replacer DM, g/d | 516 | 535 | 587 | 573 | 19.9 | 0.83 | <0.01 | 0.08 |
| Starter DM, g/d | 26 | 38 | 21 | 40 | 4.37 | <0.01 | 0.54 | 0.70 |
| Total CP, g/d | 118 | 127 | 157 | 158 | 5.07 | 0.12 | <0.01 | 0.20 |
| Milk replacer CP, g/d | 112 | 116 | 152 | 148 | 5.32 | 0.95 | <0.01 | 0.08 |
| Starter CP, g/d | 6.0 | 9.0 | 5.0 | 9.4 | 1.67 | <0.01 | 0.52 | 0.71 |
| Total ME, Mcal/d | 2.27 | 2.41 | 2.36 | 2.37 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.61 | 0.19 |
| Milk replacer ME, Mcal/d | 2.18 | 2.26 | 2.29 | 2.23 | 0.08 | 0.78 | 0.32 | 0.09 |
| Starter ME, Mcal/d | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.01 | <0.01 | 0.71 | 0.36 |
| Total water intake, kg/d | 4.48 | 4.74 | 4.57 | 4.43 | 0.19 | 0.54 | 0.30 | 0.05 |
| Free water, kg/d | 0.59 | 0.71 | 0.49 | 0.44 | 0.18 | 0.43 | 0.02 | 0.34 |
| Water in milk replacer, kg/d | 3.85 | 3.99 | 4.04 | 3.94 | 0.13 | 0.78 | 0.32 | 0.09 |
| Water in feed,4 kg/d | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.002 | 0.02 | <0.01 | 0.44 |
Gammulin (APC Inc., Ankeny, IA).
Greatest SEM.
Interactions of treatments with time were nonsignificant (P > 0.15). AFS = arrival fluid support; SUP = early-life dietary supplementation.
Water in starter and milk replacer powder.
Calves supplemented with G had 0.2 kg/d lower (P = 0.02) free water intake than NG-supplemented calves (Table 3). We found no difference in intakes of water in milk replacer or total water; however, water intake from feed was affected by AFS (P = 0.02) and SUP (P < 0.01; Table 3). These differences were small and likely not biologically significant.
Through 8 wk, intakes were not affected by the main effects of AFS or SUP except for milk replacer DM and CP intake ( Table 4). Greater mean intake (P < 0.01) of milk replacer DM and CP through 8 wk was the result of increased intake of milk replacer DM and CP at 2 wk (Table 4), as designed. Through 8 wk, significant interactions of SUP and week (P < 0.01) were observed for milk replacer DM, milk replacer CP, and total CP intake. Milk replacer DM and CP intakes increased from wk 1 to 2 and were greater (P < 0.01) for G-supplemented calves, as designed ( Figure 2A, B). After the second week, intakes of G-supplemented calves decreased and became similar to intakes of NG-supplemented calves because of the removal of G from the diet (Figure 2). Total CP intake through 2 wk was greater (P = 0.01) for calves supplemented with G; from the second week, total CP intake was similar for G- and NG-supplemented calves (Figure 2C).
Table 4.
Mean daily intakes of DM, CP, and ME from milk replacer and starter, and water intake from wk 1 to 8 for calves fed electrolyte plus milk replacer without Gammulin (EN), arrival formula plus milk replacer without Gammulin (AFN), electrolyte plus milk replacer with Gammulin (EG), or arrival formula plus milk replacer with Gammulin (AFG)
| Variable | Treatment1 |
SEM2 |
P-value3 |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EN | AFN | EG | AFG | AFS | SUP | AFS × SUP | ||
| Total DM, g/d | 1,227 | 1,220 | 1,148 | 1,219 | 53.3 | 0.47 | 0.43 | 0.42 |
| Milk replacer DM, g/d | 478 | 477 | 493 | 490 | 19.4 | 0.44 | <0.01 | 0.87 |
| Starter DM, g/d | 865 | 860 | 776 | 851 | 60.2 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.31 |
| Total CP, g/d | 282 | 281 | 270 | 287 | 12.8 | 0.44 | 0.63 | 0.45 |
| Milk replacer CP, g/d | 104 | 103 | 115 | 114 | 5.11 | 0.45 | <0.01 | 0.78 |
| Starter CP, g/d | 204 | 203 | 184 | 201 | 15.0 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.32 |
| Total ME, Mcal/d | 4.48 | 4.45 | 4.17 | 4.41 | 0.17 | 0.48 | 0.18 | 0.44 |
| Milk replacer ME, Mcal/d | 2.02 | 2.01 | 2.02 | 2.01 | 0.08 | 0.44 | 0.73 | 0.91 |
| Starter ME, Mcal/d | 2.95 | 2.93 | 2.65 | 2.90 | 0.20 | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.31 |
| Total water intake, kg/d | 4.84 | 4.64 | 4.97 | 4.80 | 0.20 | 0.28 | 0.16 | 0.88 |
| Free water, kg/d | 2.04 | 2.16 | 1.84 | 2.00 | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.88 |
| Water in milk replacer, kg/d | 3.57 | 3.55 | 3.56 | 3.55 | 0.13 | 0.43 | 0.73 | 0.91 |
| Water in feed,4 kg/d | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.01 | 0.39 | 0.31 | 0.38 |
Gammulin (APC Inc., Ankeny, IA).
Greatest SEM.
Interactions of treatments with time were nonsignificant (P > 0.15). AFS = arrival fluid support; SUP = early-life dietary supplementation.
Water in starter and milk replacer powder.
Figure 2.
Least squares means and associated SEM for daily intakes of milk replacer DM, milk replacer CP, and total CP for calves supplemented or not with Gammulin (APC Inc., Ankeny, IA). (A) Milk replacer DMI from wk 1 to 6 [early-life supplementation (SUP) × wk, P < 0.01]; (B) milk replacer CP intake from wk 1 to 6 (SUP × wk, P < 0.01); (C) total CP intake from wk 1 to 8 (SUP × wk, P < 0.01).
Growth
Initial calf BW ( Table 5) and body conformation measures (data not presented) did not differ among treatment groups. Differences at 2 wk were not pronounced; neither AFS nor SUP had a great effect on most growth parameters at this time. Calves fed AF had greater (P = 0.05) body length and tended to have greater (P = 0.07) heart girth than calves fed E; conversely, calves supplemented with G tended (P = 0.06) to have greater BW than NG calves (data not presented). Through 8 wk, BW and body conformation parameters, except for hip width, were similar for all groups of calves. Calves fed AF exhibited greater (P = 0.03) hip width (Table 5) than those fed E, but differences were numerically small. The interaction AFS and SUP was significant (P = 0.04) for hip height. Calves fed AFG or EN treatments had greater (P = 0.05) hip height than EG-fed calves (Table 5).
Table 5.
Initial, mean, and final BW; mean body conformation measurements; ADG; and feed efficiency from wk 1 to 8 for calves fed electrolyte plus milk replacer without Gammulin (EN), arrival formula plus milk replacer without Gammulin (AFN), electrolyte plus milk replacer with Gammulin (EG), or arrival formula plus milk replacer with Gammulin (AFG)
| Variable | Treatment1 |
SEM2 |
P-value3 |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EN | AFN | EG | AFG | AFS | SUP | AFS × SUP |
AFS × week |
SUP × week |
AFS × SUP × week |
||
| Initial BW, kg | 42.6 | 42.6 | 42.4 | 42.6 | 1.23 | 0.83 | 0.83 | 1.00 | — | — | — |
| Mean BW, kg | 59.7 | 59.7 | 58.6 | 59.9 | 1.14 | 0.42 | 0.84 | 0.79 | 0.60 | 0.07 | 0.89 |
| Final BW, kg | 82.1 | 80.6 | 78.8 | 80.9 | 1.86 | 0.96 | 0.38 | 0.47 | — | — | — |
| Heart girth, cm | 88.6 | 89.1 | 88.2 | 88.7 | 0.45 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.96 | 0.70 | 0.81 | 0.07 |
| Body length, cm | 71.2 | 71.3 | 70.8 | 71.4 | 0.48 | 0.19 | 0.50 | 0.40 | 0.76 | 0.94 | 0.06 |
| Withers height, cm | 83.4 | 83.2 | 82.9 | 83.3 | 0.29 | 0.73 | 0.39 | 0.20 | 0.50 | 0.05 | 0.41 |
| Hip height, cm | 87.5 | 87.1 | 86.9 | 87.5 | 0.26 | 0.65 | 0.63 | 0.04 | 0.67 | 0.25 | 0.21 |
| Hip width, cm | 19.2 | 19.5 | 19.1 | 19.4 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.31 | 0.91 | 0.43 | 0.18 | 0.13 |
| ADG, kg/d | 0.69 | 0.68 | 0.65 | 0.68 | 0.03 | 0.67 | 0.55 | 0.47 | 0.61 | 0.06 | 0.81 |
| Gain:feed, g/g | 0.57 | 0.56 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.03 | 0.76 | 0.57 | 0.78 | 0.77 | <0.01 | 0.99 |
Gammulin (APC Inc., Ankeny, IA).
Greatest SEM.
AFS = arrival fluid support; SUP = early-life dietary supplementation.
The SUP and week interaction was significant for withers height (P = 0.05) and gain-to-feed ratio (P < 0.01), and tended to be significant for ADG (P = 0.06) and mean BW (P = 0.07). Through 8 wk, ADG did not differ among treatments, except in the first week where G-supplemented calves had superior (P = 0.03) ADG compared with nonsupplemented calves ( Figure 3A). Feed efficiency was greater (P < 0.01) for G-supplemented calves in the first week only, then became lower (P < 0.05) until wk 4 for these same calves. After wk 5, no differences were detected in feed efficiency between G- and NG-supplemented calves (Figure 3B).
Figure 3.
Least squares means and associated SEM for ADG and feed efficiency (gain:feed) from wk 1 to 8 for calves supplemented or not with Gammulin (APC Inc., Ankeny, IA). (A) Average daily gain [early-life supplementation (SUP) × wk, P = 0.06); (B) gain: feed (SUP × wk, P < 0.01).
Mortality, Health, and Medical Treatments
Mortality was greater (P = 0.02) for calves that did not receive G ( Table 6, Figure 4). Analysis of plasma IgG revealed that the concentration of IgG was lower (P < 0.01) in calves that died than in those that survived ( Figure 5). Although we found no difference in number of electrolyte administrations among treatments, calves supplemented with G received fewer (P = 0.05) antibiotic treatments than calves without G supplementation (Table 6).
Table 6.
Mean mortality, number of electrolyte and antibiotic administrations, daily fecal score (FS) and respiratory score (RS), days with high FS and RS, number of calves with high FS and RS, and percentage of calves with high FS and RS for calves fed electrolyte plus milk replacer without Gammulin (EN), arrival formula plus milk replacer without Gammulin (AFN), electrolyte plus milk replacer with Gammulin (EG), or arrival formula plus milk replacer with Gammulin (AFG)
| Variable | Treatment1 |
SEM2 |
P-value3 |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EN | AFN | EG | AFG | AFS | SUP | AFS × SUP |
AFS × week |
SUP × week |
AFS × SUP × week |
||
| Calves per treatment | 25 | 24 | 22 | 22 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Calves died per treatment | 4 | 4 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Mean age at death, d | 16 | 7 | 8 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Electrolyte,4 administrations/calf | 9.6 | 7.4 | 6.0 | 4.3 | 2.7 | 0.97 | 0.32 | 0.11 | — | — | — |
| Antibiotic,5 administrations/calf | 2.8 | 2.3 | 1.0 | 2.1 | 0.64 | 0.59 | 0.05 | 0.10 | — | — | — |
| Fecal score, wk 1 to 8 | |||||||||||
| Mean fecal score | 1.8 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 0.10 | 0.88 | 0.01 | 0.63 | 0.01 | 0.13 | 0.19 |
| Days with high FS6 | 8.8 | 8.1 | 7.0 | 7.4 | 0.93 | 0.87 | 0.17 | 0.55 | — | — | — |
| High FS, no. of calves | 2.0 | 1.7 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 0.32 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.43 | 0.12 | 0.44 |
| Calves with high FS, % | 9.3 | 8.4 | 0.9 | 5.2 | 1.21 | 0.97 | 0.95 | 0.97 | 0.53 | 0.01 | 0.19 |
| Respiratory score, wk 1 to 2 | |||||||||||
| Mean RS | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 0.08 | 0.75 | 0.01 | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.79 | 0.79 |
| Days with high RS7 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.01 | 0.16 | — | — | — |
| High RS, no. of calves | 1.4 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.36 | 0.44 | <0.01 | 0.11 | 0.26 | 0.85 | 0.90 |
| Calves with high RS, % | 6.1 | 7.6 | 3.6 | 1.1 | 2.41 | 0.17 | <0.01 | 0.05 | 0.20 | 0.64 | 0.55 |
| Respiratory score, wk 1 to 8 | |||||||||||
| Mean RS | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.03 | 0.87 | 0.04 | 0.47 | 0.65 | 0.02 | 0.79 |
| Days with high RS7 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.33 | 0.30 | 0.01 | 0.22 | — | — | — |
| High RS, no. of calves | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.08 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.99 |
| Calves with high RS, % | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.00 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 0.99 |
Gammulin (APC Inc., Ankeny, IA).
Greatest SEM.
AFS = arrival fluid support; SUP = early-life dietary supplementation.
Electrolyte: 77 g of Land O’Lakes Electrolyte System solution (Land O’Lakes Animal Milk Products Co., Arden Hills, MN) mixed in 2 L of water.
Antibiotics: individual administration of tetracycline, penicillin, ceftiofur, or tulathromycin as recommended by veterinarians blinded to treatments.
High FS: calves with fecal score ≥3 (1–4 scale).
High RS: calves with respiratory score ≥3 (1–5 scale).
Figure 4.
Survival percentage from wk 1 to 8 for calves supplemented or not with Gammulin (APC Inc., Ankeny, IA). Survival was greater for calves that received Gammulin (P = 0.02). Gammulin was supplemented for the first 14 d twice daily by adding 25 g at each feeding (50 g/d) to the reconstituted milk replacer.
Figure 5.
Least squares means and associated SEM for plasma IgG, determined by radial immunodiffusion, at arrival day before treatment assignment for calves that survived (black) or died (gray) during the 56-d experiment. Calves that died had lower initial IgG concentration (P < 0.01).
When data from wk 1 and 2 were analyzed separately, neither SUP nor AFS supplementation affected mean fecal score, days with high fecal score, number of calves with high fecal score, or percentage of calves with high fecal score (data not presented). However, the interaction of the main effect AFS and week was significant (P = 0.01) for fecal score. Mean fecal score decreased from wk 1 to 2 for calves fed AF, whereas the opposite occurred for E-fed calves. Over the 8-wk experiment, calves supplemented with G had lower (P = 0.01) mean fecal scores than NG-supplemented calves (Table 6). During the first 2 wk after arrival, calves supplemented with G had lower (P ≤ 0.01) mean respiratory score, fewer days with high respiratory scores, fewer calves with high respiratory scores, and a smaller percentage of calves with high respiratory scores compared with NG-supplemented calves (Table 6). Over the entire 8 wk, a significant interaction of SUP and week (P = 0.02) was observed for respiratory score (Table 6). Although differences were small, calves supplemented with G had a lower respiratory score (P = 0.04) and fewer days with a high respiratory score (P = 0.01) than NG calves. The small difference in respiratory score in G-supplemented calves was probably due to lower respiratory score during the first 2 wk compared with NG-supplemented calves ( Figure 6).
Figure 6.
Least squares means and associated SEM for respiratory score from wk 1 to 8 for calves supplemented or not with Gammulin (APC Inc., Ankeny, IA; early-life supplementation × wk, P < 0.01).
Odds ratios for effects of treatments on respiratory scores and mortality were determined ( Table 7). Compared with NG-supplemented calves, G-supplemented calves had lower OR for number of calves with high respiratory scores (OR = 0.32, P < 0.01), lower OR for percentage of calves with high respiratory score (OR = 0.30, P < 0.01), lower OR for the number of days with high respiratory scores (OR = 0.33, P = 0.01), and lower OR for mortality (OR = 0.12, P = 0.04). Calves fed treatment AFG also presented smaller OR for percentage of calves with high respiratory score (OR = 0.18, P < 0.01; Table 7). The main effect of AFS administration tended to result in lower OR for mortality (OR = 0.80, P = 0.07). Throughout the study, mortality occurred during the first 3 wk (Table 7 and Figure 4).
Table 7.
Odds ratio (OR) of high respiratory score (RS) from wk 1 to 2 and mortality from wk 1 through 8 for calves fed electrolyte plus milk replacer without Gammulin (EN), arrival formula plus milk replacer without Gammulin (AFN), electrolyte plus milk replacer with Gammulin (EG), or arrival formula plus milk replacer with Gammulin (AFG)1
| Variable | Main effect2 | Treatment | Level | OR | 95% CI3 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High RS,4 no. of calves | SUP | — | G/NG | 0.32 | 0.17, 0.60 | <0.01 |
| Calves with high RS, % | SUP | — | G/NG | 0.30 | 0.15, 0.59 | <0.01 |
| — | EG | EG/EN | 1.24 | 0.50, 3.07 | 0.63 | |
| — | AFN | AFN/EN | 0.59 | 0.23, 1.50 | 0.26 | |
| — | AFG | AFG/EN | 0.18 | 0.06, 0.52 | <0.01 | |
| Days with high RS | SUP | G/NG | 0.33 | 0.14, 0.75 | 0.01 | |
| Mortality | SUP | — | G/NG | 0.12 | 0.01, 1.00 | 0.04 |
| AFS | — | AF/E | 0.80 | 0.20, 3.19 | 0.07 | |
| — | AFN | AFN/EN | 1.05 | 0.23, 0.48 | 0.93 | |
| — | EG | EG/EN | 0.25 | 0.03, 2.43 | 0.96 | |
| — | AFG | AFG/EN | 0.00 | 0.00, 999 | 0.94 |
Gammulin (APC Inc., Ankeny, IA).
AFS = arrival fluid support; SUP = early-life dietary supplementation.
Confidence interval derived from a negative binomial regression.
High RS: calves with respiratory score ≥3 (1–5 scale).
Blood Metabolites
Although blood metabolite concentrations were statistically different (P < 0.01) in time, main effects and interactions of treatments with time were not significant for plasma concentrations of albumin, haptoglobin, Zn, and ASP ( Table 8). Plasma cortisol, on the other hand, was higher (P = 0.04) for calves fed AF than for E-fed calves (17.8 vs 13.3 ng/mL, respectively). Interactions of main effects and time were not significant for plasma cortisol. Urea N and total protein in plasma measured at wk 4 did not differ among main effects and interactions (Table 8).
Table 8.
Blood metabolites for calves fed electrolyte plus milk replacer without Gammulin (EN), arrival formula plus milk replacer without Gammulin (AFN), electrolyte plus milk replacer with Gammulin (EG), or arrival formula plus milk replacer with Gammulin (AFG)
| Variable | Treatment1 |
SEM2 |
P-value3 |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EN | AFN | EG | AFG | AFS | SUP | AFS × SUP |
Day | AFS × day |
SUP × day |
AFS × SUP × day |
||
| Albumin,4 g/dL | 2.69 | 2.58 | 2.56 | 2.55 | 0.07 | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.23 | <0.01 | 0.57 | 0.99 | 0.90 |
| Cortisol,4 ng/mL | 13.3 | 17.8 | 14.5 | 16.2 | 1.41 | 0.04 | 0.80 | 0.80 | <0.01 | 0.41 | 0.85 | 0.59 |
| Haptoglobin,4 optical density × 100 | 2.83 | 2.56 | 2.29 | 2.54 | 0.33 | 0.40 | 0.13 | 0.20 | <0.01 | 0.12 | 0.97 | 0.44 |
| Zn,5 mg/kg | 1.21 | 1.21 | 1.18 | 1.20 | 0.07 | 0.94 | 0.66 | 0.77 | <0.01 | 0.35 | 0.88 | 0.17 |
| Acid-soluble protein,4 μg/mL | 251 | 261 | 238 | 251 | 8.99 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.86 | <0.01 | 0.81 | 0.28 | 0.87 |
| Urea N,5 mg/dL | 7.19 | 7.65 | 7.95 | 7.36 | 0.29 | 0.92 | 0.42 | 0.13 | — | — | — | — |
| Total protein,5 g/dL | 4.78 | 5.00 | 4.82 | 4.91 | 0.15 | 0.33 | 0.90 | 0.74 | — | — | — | — |
Gammulin (APC Inc., Ankeny, IA).
Greatest SEM.
AFS = arrival fluid support; SUP = early-life dietary supplementation.
Means by treatment from samples on day of arrival (d 0) and d 2, 7, and 14.
Measured at d 28 only.
Discussion
The AF and G had only small effects on growth and intakes in our study, but health status, morbidity, and mortality were significantly improved. Fecal score, incidence of scours, and respiratory problems decreased during the supplementation period. Improved health in AF- and G-supplemented calves led to less antibiotic use, decreased morbidity, and less mortality. Whereas some of the differences in mortality and morbidity may have resulted from the random assignment of calves with slightly better IgG status at arrival, apparent effects of G supplementation are consistent with previous research. Arthington et al. (2000a) reported fewer treatments for illness when calves were fed bovine serum as an IgG source at birth and 12 h later. Lower mortality and improved indices of enteric health (improved fecal scores, fewer days with diarrhea, and lower use of electrolytes) were reported by Quigley et al. (2002) when additives containing bovine serum or milk replacer containing spray-dried plasma were fed to calves. Similarly, Arthington et al. (2002) reported improvement in average respiratory rate of calves infected with coronavirus when bovine serum was supplemented. Reduced calf morbidity and mortality also were reported by Quigley and Wolfe (2003) with inclusion of spray-dried bovine or porcine plasma in milk replacer.
Serum protein-based AF contained spray-dried bovine serum, minerals, and vitamins. Gammulin contained the same components as AF plus FOS (Quigley et al., 2002). Bovine serum is a source of immunoglobulins that might provide local intestinal protection against enteric pathogens (Arthington et al., 2000a, 2002; Quigley et al., 2002; Quigley and Wolfe, 2003). Fructooligosaccharides may increase the growth and population of beneficial intestinal microorganisms, thereby improving intestinal health and decreasing incidence or severity of diseases (Grizard and Barthomeuf, 1999; Menne et al., 2000). Because the commercial products tested in our study contained several ingredients that differed from the control treatments, it is not possible to discern whether serum proteins exerted the predominant effects or if the FOS and other ingredients worked additively or synergistically with the serum proteins. Future experiments could examine these component factors individually or in factorial combinations in comparison with appropriate controls.
Improvements in health for calves supplemented with G also might be related in part to greater nutrient intake in those calves, as supplementation with G led to greater intake of milk replacer DM and CP by design during the first 2 wk. These results agree with Quigley et al. (2002) and Quigley and Wolfe (2003), who reported, even though minimal, an increase in milk replacer intake when spray-dried serum or plasma (either from bovine or porcine origin) were fed to calves. Similar results have been described in other species; Pierce et al. (2005) reported enhanced feed intakes when spray-dried plasma was fed to early weaned pigs. Supplementation with serum protein and greater intakes of DM and CP during the first 2 wk improved BW, ADG, and feed efficiency during early serum protein supplementation. In a 56-d experiment, Quigley et al. (2002) found a 12.9% increase in BW gain from d 29 to 56 when serum protein was supplemented to calves. Morrill et al. (1995) also reported greater BW gain when calves were fed milk replacer containing plasma protein of bovine or porcine origin; however, Quigley et al. (2000) did not see a change in calf performance when spray-dried red blood cells were tested in milk replacer.
Although not all measures were significant, the single dose of AF given at arrival resulted in weak tendencies for greater growth during wk 1 to 2, as shown by small increases in final BW (P = 0.17), heart girth (P = 0.07), body length (P = 0.05), hip height (P = 0.19), hip width (P = 0.13), and ADG (P = 0.15). These tendencies may be related to the stimulation of starter intake during the first 2 wk. Greater early starter intake in stressed calves would be a benefit in terms of growth and resistance to disease. The improved early growth is in agreement with Jones et al. (2004), who fed a colostrum replacement derived from bovine serum at 1.5 and 13.5 h of age.
Although concentrations of albumin, haptoglobin, Zn, and ASP were statistically different by day, they remained within the considered normal ranges. Plasma cortisol concentrations in AF-fed calves were greater than those in calves fed E, but concentrations were still very much lower than values of 38.0 and 79.0 ng/mL reported by Khan et al. (1970) and Willett and Erb (1972), respectively. Thus, these increases in our study were small and likely cannot be considered biologically elevated. Increases may be related to the greater protein intake during the first AFS feeding. Together, these results provide no evidence of difference in inflammation or acute phase response between calves supplemented with serum proteins and those not supplemented.
A tendency toward greater plasma protein concentrations was observed by Quigley et al. (2002) and Jones et al. (2004) when feeding milk replacer containing spray-dried bovine plasma. However, in our study, concentrations of urea N and total protein in plasma at wk 4 did not differ among G- and NG-supplemented calves.
Conclusions
Feeding a product containing serum proteins and FOS in addition to milk products, minerals, and vitamins to preweaned dairy calves that were exposed to stressors of transport and cold weather resulted in small differences of early feed intakes and growth but significantly decreased morbidity and mortality. The AF, which contained serum proteins in addition to additional milk solids, minerals, and vitamins, promoted starter intake, growth, and improved fecal score during the first 2 wk. Similarly, G supplementation increased early nutrient intake and stimulated early growth, decreased incidence of respiratory problems at 2 wk, and significantly decreased mortality. Whether these effects may be the result of serum proteins, FOS, and other ingredients working additively or synergistically cannot be discerned in the present study. Indicators of acute-phase response were not affected by AF versus E or G versus NG. Because serum IgG status was somewhat better by random chance in calves assigned to receive G than in calves that were not supplemented, decreases in mortality and morbidity in G-supplemented calves should be confirmed in studies with larger numbers of at-risk calves.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge partial funding of the study by APC Inc. (Ankeny, IA). The authors appreciate the donation of the electrolyte solution by Land O’Lakes Animal Milk Products Co. (Arden Hills, MN). We extend our gratitude to all the graduate and undergraduate students that assisted with this research.
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