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. 2020 Feb 28;63(5):686–702. doi: 10.1007/s40843-019-1261-1

Bicontinuous cubic phases in biological and artificial self-assembled systems

生物和人工自组装体系中的双连续立方结构

Congcong Cui 1, Yuru Deng 2,✉, Lu Han 1,✉
PMCID: PMC7094945  PMID: 32219007

Abstract

Nature has created innumerable life forms with miraculous hierarchical structures and morphologies that are optimized for different life events through evolution over billions of years. Bicontinuous cubic structures, which are often described by triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMSs) and their constant mean curvature (CMC)/parallel surface companions, are of special interest to various research fields because of their complex form with unique physical functionalities. This has prompted the scientific community to fully understand the formation, structure, and properties of these materials. In this review, we summarize and discuss the formation mechanism and relationships of the relevant biological structures and the artificial self-assembly systems. These structures can be formed through biological processes with amazing regulation across a great length scales; nevertheless, artificial construction normally produces the structure corresponding to the molecular size and shape. Notably, the block copolymeric system is considered to be an applicable and attractive model system for the study of biological systems due to their versatile design and rich phase behavior. Some of the phenomena found in these two systems are compared and discussed, and this information may provide new ideas for a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between molecular shape and resulting interface curvature and the self-assembly process in living organisms. We argue that the co-polymeric system may serve as a model to understand these biological systems and could encourage additional studies of artificial self-assembly and the creation of new functional materials.

Keywords: triply periodic minimal surface, self-assembly, cubic membrane, lyotropic liquid crystal, block copolymer

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21922304, 21873072 and 31670841), Shanghai Rising-Star Program (17QA1401700) and Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (WIUCASQD2019005).

Author contributions Han L and Deng Y proposed the topic and outline of the manuscript. The manuscript was originally drafted by Cui C, and further enriched by Han L and Deng Y. All the co-authors contributed to the discussion and refinement of the manuscript.

Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Footnotes

Congcong Cui received his Bachelor degree from Henan Normal University and Master degree from Yunnan Normal University. Currently, he is a research assistant in Tongji University. His research interest is focused on mesostructured materials and biomineralizations.

Yuru Deng received her undergraduate degree from Kaohsiung Medical University and PhD degree from State University of New York, USA. She did her postdoctoral training at Wadsworth Centre (NY), investigating Cubic Membrane (CM) nanostructures. She was an assistant professor at National University of Singapore (2002-2013) and is currently a Senior Research Associate at Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences. She is internationally recognized as a pioneer in CM research, an emerging field in biomedicine and nano-technology.

Lu Han received his undergraduate degree from Shanghai Jiao Tong University. He completed his PhD work in 2011 at Shanghai Jiao Tong University and at Stockholm University in 2010. He joined Shanghai Jiao Tong University as an assistant professor in 2011 and became an associate professor in 2013. He moved to Tongji University as a professor in 2017. His current research focuses on synthesis and characterization of mesostructured materials, biomineralizations, and structural analyses by transmission electron microscopy.

Contributor Information

Yuru Deng, Email: dengyr@wibe.ac.cn.

Lu Han, Email: luhan@tongji.edu.cn.

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