Table 1. Herbivory-associated elicitors and effectors.

		Name	Origin	Biofunction	References
Elicitors	Plant-derived	Systemin	Wounded tomato plants	Perceived by SYR1, induce accumulation of proteinase inhibitor and ethylene, and induce oxidative bursts	31, 33
		PEPs	Wounded plants ( Arabidopsis, maize, rice)	Induce defensin and burst of hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2) after perceiving by PEPRs	36, 38, 39
		Inceptin	Degradation of cowpea ATP synthase by Spodoptera frugiperda during herbivory	Increase the concentration of JA and SA by interacting with INR	40, 42
	Derived from insect	Volicitin	Spodoptera exigua	Induce volatiles emission in corn	45
		Caeliferins	Schistocerca americana		49
		GOX	Helicoverpa zea, Ostrinia nubilalis	Specifically promote defense response in tomato	50, 51
		β-glucosidase	Pieris brassicae	Increase volatile emission in cabbage	52
		Lipase	Schistocerca gregaria	Elevate the oxylipins accumulation in Arabidopsis	54
		Phospholipase C	S. frugiperda	Trigger proteinase inhibitors accumulation in corn	55
		Bruchins	Bruchus pisorum	Induce neoplasms formation beneath the insect egg in pea	94, 95
		NlMLP	Nilaparvata lugens	Induce plant defense response in rice	56
		Tetranins	Tetranychus urticae	Cytosolic calcium influx and membrane depolarization induce biosynthesis of JA. SA and ABA in kidney bean	57
		GroEL	Buchnera in Macrosiphum euphorbiae	Induce PTI and ROS accumulation in Arabidopsis	60
		Porin-like proteins	Bacteria in Spodoptera littoralis	Trigger membrane potential changes and cytosolic Ca2 + elevations in Arabidopsis and Vicia faba	61
		Unidentified	Gut-associated bacteria in H. zea	Increase salivary GOX to induce defense in tomato	96, 97
		Unidentified	Honeydew-associated microbes N. lugens	Induce accumulation of phytoalexins and volatile emission in rice	62, 98
Effectors	Insect-derived	GOX	H. zea	Decrease nicotine accumulation in tobacco	64
		HARP1	Helicoverpa armigera	Interact with and stabilize JAZs, depress JA signaling in Arabidopsis	67
		SSGP-71	Mayetiola destructor	Interact with Skp, decrease plant proteasome activity, thus block hormone signaling in wheat	68
		Bt56	Bemisia tabaci	Interact with NTH202 to increase SA biosynthesis, thus decrease JA response in tobacco	69
		Armet	Acyrthosiphon pisum	Help feeding of insect, induce SA accumulation and pathogen response in N. benthamiana and Medicago truncatula	70, 71
		DNase II	Laodelphax striatellus	Erase extracellular DNA released by damaged cell in rice	72
		Catalase	Trichoplusia ni	Reduce H 2O 2 in tomato	73
		C002	A. pisum, Myzus persicae	ApC002 and MpC002 help insect foraging and feeding on fava bean and N. benthamiana, respectively	63, 74
		MIF	A. pisum, M. persicae	Improve aphid performance, inhibit immune response in N. benthamiana	80
		Mp1	M. persicae	Interact with VPS52 to relocalize to vesicle-like structures and enhance insect virulence in Arabidopsis and potato	82
		Me10	M. euphorbiae	Interact with TFT7, enhance the longevity and fecundity on tomato	83
		Mp42, Mp55 Me23	M. persicae, M. euphorbiae	Increase aphid reproduction, suppress N. benthamiana defenses	99, 100
		HaEXPB2	Heterodera avenae	Bind to cellulous and target cell wall when parasitizing N. benthamiana	84
		Phosphatase 2C	M. destructor	Interfere with the wheat signal transduction pathway possibly by phosphatase ability	101
		Endo-beta-1,4- Glucanase (NIEG1)	N. lugens	Degrade celluloses in plant cell wall, enable insect stylet to reach the rice phloem	102
		NcSP75	Nephotettix cincticeps	Help successful ingestion from sieve elements of rice	103
		NcSP84	N. cincticeps	Suppress accumulation of Ca2 + and H 2O 2 and sieve element clogging in rice	104
		NlSEF1	N. lugens	Help successful ingestion from sieve elements of rice	105
	Derived from insect-borne microbe	Unidentified	Gut and oral secretion–associated bacteria in Colorado potato beetle	Suppress tomato defense response Bind and destabilize TCPs, reduce plant defense in Arabidopsis	85, 86
		SAP11	Aster yellows witches’ broom in Macrosteles quadrilineatus		106
		SAP54	Aster yellows witches’ broom in M. quadrilineatus	Degrade MTFs through interacting with RAD23, influence floral development in Arabidopsis	90
		βC1	Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus in B. tabaci	Interact with MYC2 and suppress MYC2-regulated terpene synthesis in Arabidopsis	91
		2b	Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in M. persicae	Interact with and stable JAZ protein, blocking JA signaling in Arabidopsis	92
		C2	Tomato yellow leaf curl virus in B. tabaci	Interact with plant ubiquitin, blocking JA signaling in tobacco	93