Résumé
Dans les pays industrialisés, l’émergence de virus influenza à potentiel pandémique a suscité des réactions à la mesure de la menace que représentent ces agents infectieux. Cependant, à l’heure de la mondialisation, le contrôle des épidémies repose tout autant sur une coordination mondiale efficace des moyens de lutte que sur une préparation des systèmes de santé nationaux du Nord et du Sud, au centre desquels se trouvent les personnels soignants. Notre étude a pris place dans le principal hôpital nigérien, l’Hôpital national de Niamey. L’objectif était d’évaluer les connaissances des professionnels de soins en matière de pandémie grippale et de contrôle du risque infectieux. Sur la base d’un questionnaire, nous avons interrogé 178 soignants, médicaux et paramédicaux. Cette étude — la première à notre connaissance à explorer ces questions dans le contexte africain — a d’abord mis en lumière une certaine maîtrise des connaissances théoriques sur la grippe aviaire par les soignants. Cependant, au-delà des savoirs théoriques, l’enquête a également permis d’identifier des limites importantes compromettant les capacités de prévention et de lutte contre une pandémie grippale, notamment en termes d’organisation des soins et de contrôle du risque infectieux hospitalier.
Mots clés: Pandémie grippale, Professionnels de santé, Risque infectieux, Connaissances, Évaluation de terrain, Hôpital, Niger, Afrique intertropicale
Abstract
In industrialized countries, the emergence of potentially pandemic influenza virus has invited reactions consistent with the potential threat represented by these infectious agents. However, with globalization, controlling epidemics depends as much on an effective global coordination of control methods as on preparedness of northern and southern national health care systems, at the core of which are health care workers. Our study was conducted in the National Hospital of Niamey, the main Nigerian hospital. Its objective was to evaluate the knowledge of health care professionals regarding flu pandemic and control of infection. We interviewed 178 nursing staff, doctors and paramedics on the basis of a survey. This study — the first to our knowledge to explore these issues in the African context-revealed that caregivers have a rather good mastery of theoretical knowledge. Nevertheless, beyond theoretical knowledge, miscellaneous factors compromise the effectiveness of the health care structure. Some of them seem to occupy a critical position, particularly the absence of shared references among sanitary authorities and health care professionals, and the weaknesses of global coordination of preventive activities and case management.
Keywords: Influenza pandemic, Health care workers, Risk of infection, Knowledge, Field assessment, Hospital, Niger, Sub-Saharan Africa
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