Abstract
Objectives
To estimate the prevalence of polypharmacy in community-dwelling, older Kuwaiti patients, describe the number and types of drugs used, and identify risk factors associated with polypharmacy.
Subjects and Methods
This was a descriptive cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey in which we interviewed 500 community-dwelling Kuwaiti adults over 65 years of age. The data collection occurred during a 4-month period from March to July 2017.
Results
Fifty-two percent (n = 260) of the patients were males, with a mean age of 71.73 ± 5.32 years. The prevalence of polypharmacy (5–8 drugs) and excessive polypharmacy (>8 drugs) was 58.4% (n = 292) and 10.2% (n = 51), respectively. The risk factors associated with an increased number of medicines used were: female gender (p = 0.019), a lower level of education (p = 0.003), a high number of hospital admissions (p = 0.000), clinics visited by the patient (p =0.000), and number of comorbidities (p = 0.000). The most commonly used medications (82.6% of the study population) were blood glucose-lowering agents, excluding insulin. Other commonly used medications were antihypertensive drugs and lipid-modifying agents.
Conclusion
A significant sector of the older Kuwaiti patient population has a high prevalence of polypharmacy and is thus exposed to its potential hazards. The current study highlights the need to revise the drug-dispensing policy among community-dwelling, older Kuwaiti people, as well as to initiate educational programs among healthcare practitioners concerning prescribing issues in older individuals.
Keywords: Polypharmacy, Comorbidity, Elderly
Highlights of the Study
This research is potentially the first work in Kuwait to estimate the prevalence of polypharmacy among elderly Kuwaiti patients.
The current study revealed that a significant sector of the older Kuwaiti patient population has a high incidence of polypharmacy and thus is exposed to its potential hazards.
This work highlights the need to revise the drug-dispensing policy among the older Kuwaiti population.
Introduction
The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs reported that the population older than 60 years is expected to grow by 56% globally between 2015 and 2030, and those over the age of 65 years will account for more than half of the world's population by the year 2030 [1].
The use of drugs in older adults has been the subject of much consideration in recent years. Several studies have shown an increasing prevalence of multiple drug use in the frail, older population. In a study by Carmona-Torres et al. [2], they concluded that the prevalence rates of polypharmacy (PP) and self-medication in Spain were considerable, and these rates increased significantly from 2006 to 2014. Older people often suffer from multiple chronic diseases that can accumulate with age, and physicians must follow evidence-based guidelines for chronic disease management [3]. Multiple drug use refers to PP, which is a particular public health concern in older people [4]. Agreement on the definition of PP is still lacking. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines PP as “the administration of many drugs at the same time or the administration of an excessive number of drugs” [5]. A simple definition of PP is “taking 5 or more medicines concomitantly” [6]. Another definition of PP is the “consumption of more medicines than clinically indicated or by the consumption of medicines that are not clinically indicated” [7]. The use of multiple drug treatments can be clinically appropriate for individuals with different diseases if it improves their health and quality of life. However, PP is also a well-known risk factor in older people because their vulnerability to pharmaceutical products is increased and due to drug-drug interactions, adverse drug reactions, and a low adherence to drug therapy.
PP poses unique challenges for clinicians because it exposes many older adults to risks beyond the point where drug therapy is useful [8]. Additionally, it is assumed to cause needless health expenditures, directly due to redundant drug sales and indirectly due to the increased level of hospitalization caused by a drug-related adverse effect [7]. Accordingly, there have been many efforts to reduce the number of prescribed drugs to individuals with PP, especially for older people [9].
Physicians, pharmacists, and patients are all responsible. Suboptimal and inappropriate prescribing usually ends in PP. Suboptimal prescribing associated with PP includes the prescription of >1 medicine with the same effect or prescribing medications that interact with each other. A prescribing cascade occurs when physicians prescribe additional drugs to treat the side effects of other drugs [10]. Patients are also responsible for the problem by self-medicating, failing to follow the instructions of physicians, or not reporting all over-the-counter (OTC) medications used.
Kuwaiti researchers have still not identified the magnitude of PP or its associated risk factors in older Kuwaiti patients. To optimize the use of medications, we must identify an equilibrium between the adequate treatment of diseases and avoiding the side effects of drugs. It is imperative to identify both modifiable factors influencing the occurrence of PP and inappropriate practices. Accordingly, we can develop programs to modify these factors and promote safer care for older patients.
Our hypothesis was that the problem of PP and its worrisome consequences may exist in many older Kuwaiti patients.
This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of PP in community-dwelling, older Kuwaiti patients, describe the number and types of drugs used, and identify risk factors associated with PP.
Subjects and Methods
Study Design
A descriptive cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was used.
Inclusion Criteria
Community-dwelling, older Kuwaiti patients over 65 years of age who could communicate coherently and relevantly and agreed to participate in the study were included.
Study Sample
We used the nonprobability convenient sampling method. Potential participants were recruited from geriatric clinics and chronic disease follow-up clinics at primary health centers in the 6 Kuwaiti governorates. The sample size was 500 elderly patients, and the number of recruited cases from each governorate was according to the ratio of its population to the total Kuwaiti population.
Data Collection
The data were collected over a 4-month period from March to July 2017 using a questionnaire employed previously in similar studies. A trained nurse administered the questionnaire during an interview with the patient at their respective health care center. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Standing Committee Coordinating Medical and Health Research, Ministry of Health of Kuwait. All of the participants answered the questionnaire after signing informed consent documents to participate in this study.
Survey Development
The questionnaire included 3 sections. The first section included the following demographic data: age, sex, level of education, marital status, residency, monthly income, and BMI. The second section included questions about current health problems, a list of the medications in use, and whether these were prescription or OTC medications. We classified medications according to the WHO Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification system [11]. The third section encompassed questions revealing the pattern of drug use and awareness of proper use, as well as identification of any side effects related to the utilization of these medications. Overcoming information bias occurred by avoiding leading questions in the questionnaire and offering categorized values for subjects to select instead of requesting specific values.
Data Analysis
The collected questionnaires were checked for completeness before data entry. SPSS for Windows (release 22; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analysis. Analysis of the demographic variables was performed using Pearson's χ2 test for categorical data. The calculation of p values was achieved using ANOVA for continuous variables and a χ2 test for categorical variables. For all significant differences, we calculates the OR and CI. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. We performed multivariate ordinal logistic regression to estimate OR and their 95% CI to investigate the possible risk factors for PP.
Study Definitions
The nonpolypharmacy (NP) subgroup included patients using 4 or fewer drugs concomitantly. The use of 5–8 drugs during the last 3-month period was the cut-off indicating the existence of PP, while the use of >8 drugs indicated excessive polypharmacy (EPP) [7]. The counted medications included prescribed and OTC medications, including dietary supplements such as herbs, minerals, and vitamins. We counted combined formulations as separate medications.
Results
Five hundred patients were enrolled into this study. Table 1 indicates the number of persons who were approached from each governorate. Ninety-six percent of the patients agreed to participate, and data were missing in <3% of the cases.
Table 1.
Demographic data of the patients
| Variable | n | % |
|---|---|---|
| Governorate | ||
| Ahmadi | 105 | 21.0 |
| Farwaniya | 99 | 19.8 |
| Hawalli | 88 | 17.7 |
| Jahra | 71 | 14.0 |
| Moubark Al Kabeer | 71 | 14.0 |
| Capital | 67 | 13.5 |
| Age (years) | ||
| 65–70 | 250 | 50.0 |
| 71–75 | 110 | 22.0 |
| 76–80 | 114 | 22.8 |
| >80 | 26 | 5.2 |
| Sex | ||
| Female | 240 | 48.0 |
| Male | 260 | 52.0 |
| Level of education | ||
| Lower than secondary school | 278 | 55.6 |
| Higher than secondary school | 222 | 44.4 |
| Social status | ||
| Married | 371 | 74.2 |
| Widow | 109 | 21.8 |
| Single | 14 | 2.8 |
| Divorced | 6 | 1.2 |
| Residency | ||
| With the family | 480 | 96.0 |
| Alone | 20 | 4.0 |
| Monthly income (KD) | ||
| 1,000–2,000 | 217 | 43.4 |
| 600–1,000 | 186 | 37.2 |
| <600 | 50 | 10.0 |
| >2,000 | 47 | 9.4 |
| BMI | ||
| 18.5–24.9 | 344 | 68.8 |
| 25–29.9 | 119 | 23.8 |
| <18.5 | 23 | 4.6 |
| Over 30 | 13 | 2.6 |
| 25–29.5 | 1 | 0.2 |
The age of the patients ranged from 65 to 87 years, with a mean age of 71.73 ± 5.32 years. Fifty percent (n = 250) of the studied patients were between 65 and 70 years of age, 22% (n = 110) were aged between 71 and 75 years, 22.8% (n = 114) were aged between 76 and 80 years, and only 5.2% (n = 26) were aged over 80 years. Males made up 52% (n = 260) of the sample. Fifty-six percent of the patients had an education level below secondary school, and 44% had finished secondary school or higher. Table 1 provides information about the demographic data of the patients.
Our study showed a PP prevalence of 58.4% (n = 292), while those of NP and EPP were 31.4% (n = 157) and 10.2% (n = 51), respectively.
The drugs most commonly used by our patients were blood glucose-lowering agents; 82.6% (n = 413) of the patients used blood glucose-lowering agents excluding insulin, and 37.2% (n = 186) used insulin and analogs. Other commonly used medications were antihypertensive drugs and lipid-modifying agents. Table 2 shows a detailed description of the various medications used by the studied cases.
Table 2.
Medications used by the patients
| Medications | n | % |
|---|---|---|
| Blood glucose-lowering agents excluding insulin | 413 | 82.6 |
| Insulin and analogs | 186 | 37.2 |
| Antihypertensive medications | ||
| Calcium channel blockers | 217 | 43.4 |
| Agents acting on the angiotensin system | ||
| Angiotensin II antagonists | 100 | 20 |
| Plain ACE inhibitors used by | 97 | 19.4 |
| Agents acting on the angiotensin system and | 63 | 12.6 |
| Selective β-blocking agents | 96 | 19 |
| Lipid-modifying agents, statins | 333 | 66.6 |
| Acetylsalicylic acid preparations | 303 | 60.6 |
| Supplements | 297 | 59.4 |
| Proton pump inhibitors | 126 | 25 |
| Bronchodilators | 89 | 18 |
| Thyroid hormones | 70 | 14 |
| Benzodiazepines | 18 | 3.6 |
| Antidepressants | 12 | 2.4 |
The χ2 test of independence showed a statistically significant relationship between PP and several potential risk factors. Table 3 indicates that the percentage of females in the EPP subgroup was significantly higher than that of males in the EPP subgroup (14.2 vs. 6.5%, respectively; χ2[2] = 7.97; p = 0.019). Patients with less than a secondary school education showed a higher percentage of EP with a statistically significant difference than those with a level of education higher than secondary school (14.7 vs. 4.5%, respectively; χ2[10] = 26.92; p = 0.003). According to the number of hospital admissions in the last 2 years, we divided the patients into 3 subgroups. The first subgroup had no history of hospital admissions, the second subgroup had 1–2 admissions, and the third had >2 admissions. This study showed a statistically significant incremental increase in the percentage of PP from the first to the third subgroup, i.e., 39, 66.8, and 80%, respectively. Additionally, the percentage of EPP increased from 6.4% in the first group to 11.6 and 17.5% in the second and third groups, respectively (χ2[8] = 81.76; p < 0.001). A significant relationship existed between the number of drugs taken by the patient and a positive history of falls and unbalance. Thus, in patients with NP, only 15.3% reported a history of falls or unbalance compared with 45.5 and 60.8% in patients with PP and EPP, respectively (χ2[2] = 52.86; p < 0.001). Considering the relationship between the number of clinics attended by the patient and PP, patients who visited only 1 clinic had a higher percentage of NP than those who visited 2 or >2 clinics (62.4 vs. 22.5 vs. 3.8%, respectively; p< 0.001). In contrast, patients who visited >2 clinics had a higher percentage of EPP than those who visited 2 or 1 clinic (38.5 vs. 9.8 vs. 5.6%, respectively; p< 0.001). The results showed a statistically significant incremental increase in the percentage of PP and EPP as the number of comorbidities increased (p< 0.001; Fig. 1).
Table 3.
Relationship between PP and potential risk factors (significant relations)
| Studied factor | Drugs, n |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–4 | 5–8 | >8 | χ2 | d.f. | p value | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female (n = 240) | 71 (29.6) | 135 (56.3) | 34 (14.2) | 7.97 | 2 | 0.019 |
| Male (n = 260) | 86 (33.l) | 157 (60.4) | 17 (6.5) | |||
| Level of education | ||||||
| Lower than secondary school | 76 (27.3) | 161 (57.9) | 41 (14.7) | 26.92 | 10 | 0.003 |
| Higher than secondary school | 81 (36.5) | 131 (59.0) | 10 (4.5) | |||
| Hospital admissions (n) | ||||||
| None (n = 174) | 95 (54.6) | 68 (39.0) | 11 (6.4) | |||
| 1–2 (n = 286) | 61 (21.3) | 191 (66.8) | 34 (11.6) | |||
| >2 (n = 40) | 1 (2.5) | 32 (80.0) | 7 (17.5) | 81.76 | 8 | <0.001 |
| History of falls | ||||||
| No (n = 312) | 133 (84.7) | 159 (54.5) | 20 (39.2) | |||
| Yes (n = 188) | 24 (15.3) | 133 (45.5) | 31 (60.8) | 52.86 | 2 | <0.001 |
| Visited clinics (n) | ||||||
| 1 (n = 125) | 78 (62.4) | 40 (32.0) | 7 (5.6) | |||
| 1 (n = 346) | 78 (22.5) | 234 (67.6) | 34 (9.8) | |||
| >2 (n = 26) | 1 (3.8) | 15 (57.7) | 10 (38.5) | 95.77 | 4 | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities (n) | ||||||
| 1–2 (n = 104) | 76 (73.0) | 27 (26.0) | 1 (1.0) | 120.93 | 4 | <0.001 |
| 3–4 (n = 272) | 70 (25.7) | 174 (64.0) | 28 (10.3) | |||
| >4 (n = 124) | 11 (8.9) | 91 (73.4) | 22 (17.7) | |||
Values are presented as numbers (%) unless otherwise stated.
Fig. 1.
Relation between the prevalence of NP, PP, and EPP and the number of comorbidities.
A multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted for each independent variable and OR were computed to shows the extent that each independent variable affects the probability that a case is a member of 1 group versus a reference group.
The results of the multinomial logistic regression model were significant, i.e., χ2(18) = 227.38 (p < 0.001), suggesting that sex, level of education, number of hospital admissions, falls and unbalance, and number of comorbidities all had a significant effect on the odds of observing at least 1 response category considering PP or EPP relative to NPP.
Table 4 indicates the results of examining the effects of these variables. The regression coefficient for female sex considering PP was not significant, while it was significant for EPP (B = 2.60, χ2 = 5.57, p = 0.009, OR 6.82), indicating that being female had a significant effect on the odds of observing EPP relative to NPP. The regression coefficients for level of education lower than secondary school, number of hospital admissions >2, history of falls and unbalance, and number of comorbidities >4 was significant, indicating that these variables have a significant effect on the odds of observing PP and EPP relative to NPP.
Table 4.
Multinomial logistic regression with the number of medicines taken predicted by sex, level of education, hospital admissions, falls and unbalance, number of comorbidities, and number of clinics visited by the patient
| Variable | Response, n | B | SE | χ2 | p value | OR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 5–8 | 2.33 | 0.34 | 46.22 | <0.001 | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 5–8 | −0.20 | 0.26 | 0.57 | 0.449 | 0.82 |
| Female | 5–8 | −0.65 | 0.39 | 0.51 | 0.549 | 0.62 |
| Level of education | ||||||
| Higher than secondary school | 5–8 | −0.15 | 0.27 | 0.32 | 0.572 | 0.86 |
| Lower than secondary school | 5–8 | 2.15 | 1.27 | 4.32 | <0.001 | 6.86 |
| Hospital visits (n) | ||||||
| None | 5–8 | −0.99 | 0.26 | 14.74 | <0.001 | 0.37 |
| >2 | 5–8 | 2.44 | 1.09 | 5.01 | 0.025 | 11.49 |
| Falls and unbalance | 5–8 | 1.28 | 0.29 | 9.17 | 0.002 | 3.42 |
| Comorbidities (n) | ||||||
| >4 | 5–8 | 0.75 | 0.37 | 4.10 | 0.043 | 2.13 |
| 1–2 | 5–8 | −1.59 | 0.30 | 28.39 | <0.001 | 0.20 |
| Clinics visited by the patient (n) | ||||||
| 1 | 5–8 | −1.08 | 0.28 | 15.15 | <0.001 | 0.34 |
| 3 | 5–8 | 0.75 | 1.07 | 0.49 | 0.483 | 2.12 |
| Intercept | >8 | 0.99 | 0.44 | 5.08 | 0.024 | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | >8 | −0.78 | 0.42 | 3.47 | 0.063 | 0.46 |
| Female | >8 | 2.60 | 1.76 | 5.57 | 0.009 | 6.82 |
| Level of education | ||||||
| Higher than secondary school | >8 | −1.09 | 0.46 | 5.69 | 0.017 | 0.34 |
| Lower than secondary school | >8 | 1.15 | 1.27 | 6.32 | <0.001 | 7.90 |
| Hospitals (n) | ||||||
| None | >8 | −0.68 | 0.45 | 2.34 | 0.126 | 0.51 |
| >2 | >8 | 2.59 | 1.18 | 4.78 | 0.029 | 13.30 |
| Falls and unbalance | >8 | 1.26 | 0.41 | 9.33 | 0.002 | 2.28 |
| Comorbidities (n) | ||||||
| >4 | >8 | 1.07 | 0.47 | 5.23 | 0.022 | 2.92 |
| 1–2 | >8 | −3.00 | 1.05 | 8.14 | 0.004 | 0.05 |
| Clinics visited by the patient (n) | ||||||
| 1 | >8 | −0.82 | 0.50 | 2.62 | 0.105 | 0.44 |
| 3 | >8 | 1.96 | 1.12 | 3.05 | 0.081 | 7.09 |
Discussion
Despite increasing awareness of adverse reactions related to multidrug exposure, the prevalence of PP remains high in older adults. The most worrying concern of PP is not only the occurrence of adverse drug reactions but also the effects on the patients' quality of life and increased drug costs [12]. Currently, no data are available concerning the prevalence of PP in community-dwelling, older Kuwaiti patients. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, commonly used drugs, and risk factors associated with PP among older adults taking chronic medications in the community setting in Kuwait.
All of the studied patients were aged older than 65 years. The prevalence rates of PP and EPP were 58.4% (n = 292) and 10.2% (n = 51), respectively. Previous studies have shown a similarly high prevalence of PP in other countries such as Sweden and China [13, 14]. A study of the Korean elderly population showed a higher PP prevalence of 86.4% [15].
Several previous studies have shown the association between endocrine or cardiovascular disease and a significant increase in medication use compared to other disease conditions [16]. In the current study, blood glucose-lowering agents were the most commonly used drugs: 82.6% (n = 413) of the patients used blood glucose-lowering agents excluding insulin, and 37.2% (n = 186) of the patients used insulin and/or its analogs. Other commonly used medications were antihypertensive drugs and lipid-modifying agents. In Kuwait, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes is 25.4%, which increases to 56.3% in the age group >55 years, and that of hypertension is 28%. The prevalence of the cooccurrence of diabetes and hypertension is 17% among older adults [17]. Previous reports have found that older patients with hypertension and diabetes might be overly treated to reach predetermined treatment targets. This aggressive treatment may expose patients to attacks of hypoglycemia and hypotension, which, in turn, may lead to falls, head injuries, or fractures. These events are likely to have a negative impact on the patient's physical function and quality of life [18]. Therefore, many treatment strategies recommend a less intense approach in managing elderly patients with diabetes mellitus or hypertension, although this may not widely be practiced [19]. Although prescribing multiple drugs to patients with comorbid conditions can improve their health status and clinical condition, PP also can increase the risk of adverse drug interactions, e.g., hyponatremia or postural hypotension with diuretics or antihypertensive agents. These side effects can sometimes be sufficiently severe to necessitate hospital admission and occasionally even result in death.
Linking PP to gender is variable in the literature. In a study by Jyrkkä et al. [20], polypharmacy was higher in males than in females. Conversely, many other studies have reported a correlation between PP and female gender [18]. In the current study, 14.2% of females had EPP compared to 6.5% of males, and this difference was statistically significant (p = 0.019). Payne et al. [12] conducted a Scottish study that showed a similar finding. Such differences in the literature could be due to dissimilarities in physicians' prescription attitude toward males and females who may also have differences in educational and socioeconomic characteristics. The association between gender and PP may need more elaboration in future research.
Our results suggested a significant relationship between PP and some other potential risk factors. The level of education was a significant risk factor for PP. The results showed that patients with less than a secondary school education had a high percentage of EPP with a statistically significant difference compared to those with a level of education higher than secondary school (14.7 vs. 4.5%, respectively; p = 0.003). Charlesworth et al. [21] documented the same findings; subjects with a low education in their study had a higher probability of PP and EPP. A cross-European study by Gallagher et al. [22] reported hospital admission as an important driving factor behind PP. In the current study, the effect of hospital admissions on the number of drugs taken was evident. The results showed a statistically significant incremental increase in the percentage of PP and EPP in relations to the number of hospital admissions (χ2(8) = 81.76; p < 0.001). The study of Kim et al. [15] showed that PP was more frequent with an increasing number of visits to different healthcare organizations. Our results showed a statistically significant correlation between the number of drugs taken and the number of clinics visited by the patient (p < 0.001). Previous reports indicated that overlapping medications with the switching of healthcare providers is a severe problem [23]. Multiclinic visits encourage overprescription, which invariably leads to PP because more than 1 doctor is responsible for the treatment of the same patient. Kuwaiti patients have a fully covered health insurance system with free health services. In many instances, the patient visits clinics for only minor complaints. Another issue in Kuwait is that most physicians in the outpatient clinics are non-Kuwaiti, making it difficult for them to refuse the demands of Kuwaiti patients. Richardson et al. [24] showed in a univariate analysis that the incidence of PP in individuals paying for health insurance or health services is less than that in those receiving free or subsidized healthcare services. A literature review showed that an increasing number of comorbidities is one of the predictors of PP in the older patient population [26].
Our results showed a statistically significant incremental increase in the percentage of PP and EPP as the number of comorbidities increases. Patients with comorbid medical conditions always require several drugs to treat each condition. It is rational for those patients to be on 6–8 medications to reduce their long-term risk for those conditions [21]. The increase in the prevalence of PP with comorbidities may be due to several reasons, including changes in evidence-based recommendations. Additionally, the introduction of new specific drugs for the management of certain conditions or diseases may play a role. Finally, physicians are now prescribing more drugs for preventive use. Altogether, these factors may have resulted in a change in the prescription patterns. There is a strong association between PP in older individuals and multiple negative health outcomes, including increased costs of health care [25], functional disabilities, falls [26], and harmful drug-drug interactions [27]. Our results showed a significant correlation between the number of drugs taken by the patient and a positive history of falls and unbalance. In patients with NPP, only 15.3% reported a history of falls or unbalance. This result is in comparison to 45.5 and 60.8% in patients with PP and EPP, respectively (p < 0.001). In lieu of pharmacologic measures, nurses should use patient-centered, evidence-based nonpharmacologic strategies to treat common symptoms [28].
One limitation of this study was that we related the incidence of falls not to the use of specific medications but rather to the total number of drugs used. Other limitations may be related to inaccuracy in recording dietary supplements, thus resulting in the underestimation of the true prevalence of PP. We used the nonprobability convenient sampling method, which may negatively impact the applicability of the results to the general population. Additionally, it was not possible to establish causal relationships due to the cross-sectional study design.
Conclusion
A significant sector of the older Kuwaiti patient population has a high prevalence of polypharmacy and thus are exposed to its potential hazards. The findings of the current study highlight the need to revise the drug-dispensing policy among the community-dwelling, older Kuwaiti population and to initiate educational programs among healthcare practitioners concerning prescribing issues in regard to older individuals. Individuals diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases are more susceptible to polypharmacy; thus, physicians and pharmacists should be cautious to prevent any adverse effects of drug-drug interactions. There is a need to establish innovative clinical strategies in which the health professionals and patients are involved to improve the personal reliability with medicines and reduce the risks and costs of polypharmacy and self-medication. Nurses should refer to Beers criteria and Screening Tool of Older Person's potentially inappropriate Prescriptions (STOPP) criteria when questioning the appropriateness of an elderly patient's medications.
In the future, it is suggested that the Ministry of Health in Kuwait should investigate an approach for medication management, such as a clinical decision support system to guide evidence-based prescribing and the involvement of clinical pharmacists in collaborative care.
Funding Sources
We acknowledge the Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, Kuwait, for funding and making this research project possible (funded grant number No. CN-16-02).
Acknowledgment
We thank Dr. Ahmed Al Saber for the design and development of the study database.
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