Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Springer Nature - PMC COVID-19 Collection logoLink to Springer Nature - PMC COVID-19 Collection
. 2012 Oct 23;17(2):86–107. doi: 10.2165/00007256-199417020-00002

Infection in Athletes

Ingrid K M Brenner 1,2, Pang N Shek 1,2, Roy J Shephard 1,2,✉
PMCID: PMC7100687  PMID: 8171226

The content is available as a PDF (2.6 MB).

References

  1. Allen A, King R. Occlusion, carbon dioxide, and fungal skin infections. Lancet. 1978;1:360–362. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(78)91084-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. American Academy of Pediatrics Policy Statement. HIV and sports. Human immunodeficiency virus [acquired immunodeficiency syndrome virus (AIDS)] in the athletic setting. Physician and Sportsmedicine. 1992;20(5):189–191. [Google Scholar]
  3. Badger GF, Dingle JH, Feller AE, Hodges RG, Jorden WS, et al. A study of illness in a group of Cleveland families. III. Introduction of respiratory infections into families. American Journal of Hygiene. 1953;51:41–46. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119589. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bailey GW. The effect of fatigue upon the susceptibility of rabbits to intratracheal injections of type I pneumococcus. American Journal of Hygiene. 1925;5:175–295. [Google Scholar]
  5. Balarajan R, Raleigh VS, Yuen P, Wheeler D, Machin D, Cartwright R. Health risks associated with bathing in sea water. British Medical Journal. 1991;303:1444–1445. doi: 10.1136/bmj.303.6815.1444. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Baron RC, Hatch MH, Kleeman K, MacCormach NJ. Aseptic meningitis among members of a high school football team. An outbreak associated with echo virus infection 16 infection. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1982;248:1724–1727. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Baron RC, Murphy FD, Greenberg HB, Davis CE, Bregman DJ, et al. Norwalk gastrointestinal illness. An outbreak associated with swimming in a recreational lake and secondary person-to-person transmission. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1982;115:163–172. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113287. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bartlett PC, Martin RJ, Cahill BR. Furunculosis in a high school football team. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1982;10:371–374. doi: 10.1177/036354658201000611. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Basler RSW. Skin lesions related to sports activity. Primary Care. 1983;10:479–497. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Becker TM, Kodis R, Bailey P, Lee F, Levandowski R, et al. Grappling with herpes: herpes gladiatorum. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 1988;16:665–669. doi: 10.1177/036354658801600620. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Belongia EA, Goodman JL, Holland EJ, Andres CW, Homann SR, et al. An outbreak of herpes gladiatorum at a high-school wrestling camp. New England Journal of Medicine. 1991;325:906–910. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199109263251302. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Berg R, Ringertz O, Espmark Australian antigen in hepatitis among Swedish track finders. Acta Pathologica Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica (Section B) 1971;79:423–427. doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1971.tb00083.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Bergfeld WF. Dermatologic problems in athletes. Primary Care. 1984;11:151–160. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Berglund B, Hemmingson P. Infectious disease in elite cross-country skiers: a one-year incidence study. Clinical Sports Medicine. 1990;2:19–23. [Google Scholar]
  15. Berk LS, Nieman DC, Tan A, Lee W. Complement and immunoglobulin levels in athletes vs sedentary controls. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1988;20:S19. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1024887. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Berk LS, Nieman DC, Youngberg WS, Arabatzis K, Simpson-Westerberg M, et al. The effect of long endurance running on natural killer cells in marathoners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1990;22:207–212. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Berk LS, Tan SA, Nieman DC, Eby WC. The suppressive effect of stress from acute exhaustive exercise on T lymphocyte helper/suppressor cell ratio in athletes and non-athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1986;18:706. [Google Scholar]
  18. Billigmann PW. Prophylaxe bronchopulmonaler Infektionen mit Immunoglobulin bei Hochleistungssportlern im Ausdauerbereich. Deutsche Zeitschrift fur Sportmedizin. 1991;42:17–19. [Google Scholar]
  19. Bowman JF. Infectious hepatits in a college football player. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1976;4:101–106. doi: 10.1177/036354657600400302. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Budgett RG, Fuller GN. Illness and injury in international oarsmen. Clinical Sports Medicine. 1989;1:57–61. [Google Scholar]
  21. Cabinian AE, Kiel RJ, Smith F, Ho KL, Khatib R, et al. Modification of exercise-aggravated coxsackievirus B3 murine myocarditis by T lymphocyte suppression in an inbred model. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 1990;115:454–462. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Calabrese LH, LaPerriere A. Human immunodeficiency virus infection, exercise and athletes. Sports Medicine. 1993;15:6–13. doi: 10.2165/00007256-199315010-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Cannon JG. Exercise and resistance to infection. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1993;74:973–981. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1993.74.3.973. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Cannon JG, Kluger MJ. Exercise enhances survival rate in mice infected with Salmonella typhimurium (41830) Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 1984;75:518–521. doi: 10.3181/00379727-175-41830. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Chalmers TC, Eckhardt RD, Reynolds WE, Cigarroa JG, Jr, Deane N, et al. The treatment of acute infectious hepatitis: controlled studies of the effects of diet, rest, and physical reconditioning on the acute course of the disease and on the incidence of relapses and residual abnormalities. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1955;34:1163–1235. doi: 10.1172/JCI103164. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Clarke M. The constructs ‘stress’ and ‘coping’ as a rationale for nursing activities. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 1984;9:267–275. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.1984.tb00370.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Cole G, Silverberg N. The adherence of staphylococcus aureus to human corneocytes. Archives of Dermatology. 1986;122:166–169. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Conklin RJ. Common cutaneous disorders in athletes. Sports Medicine. 1990;9:100–119. doi: 10.2165/00007256-199009020-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Cowles WN. Fatigue as a contributory cause of pneumonias. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. 1918;179:555–556. [Google Scholar]
  30. Crist DM, Mackinnon TL, Thompson RF, Atterbom HA, Egan PA. Physical exercise increases natural cellular-mediated tumor cytotoxicity in elderly women. Gerontology. 1989;35:66–71. doi: 10.1159/000213001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. D’ Alessio DJ, Minor TE, Allen CI, Tsiatis AA, Nelson DB. A study of the proportions of swimmers among well controls and children with enterovirus-like illness shedding or not shedding an enterovirus. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1981;113:533–541. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113129. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. D’ Angelo LJ, Hierholzer JC, Keenlyside RA, Anderson LJ, Martone WJ. Pharyngoconjunctival fever caused by adenovirus type 4: report of a swimming pool-related outbreak with recovery of virus from pool water. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1979;140:42–47. doi: 10.1093/infdis/140.1.42. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Daniels WL, Sharp DS, Wright JE, Vogel JA, Friman G, et al. Effects of virus infection on physical performance in man. Military Medicine. 1985;150:8–14. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Decker MD, Lybarger JA, Vaughn WK, Hutcheson RH, Schaffner W. An outbreak of staphylococcal skin infections among river rafting guides. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1986;124:969–976. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114486. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Diop MI, et al. Infectious diseases in tropical climates. In: Dirix, et al., editors. The Olympic book of sports medicine. Oxford: Black-well Scientific; 1988. pp. 583–588. [Google Scholar]
  36. Dorman JM. Scrum strep. Correspondence. New England Journal of Medicine. 1981;305:467. doi: 10.1056/nejm198108203050824. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Dormer BA, Friedlander J. Physical efficiency and pulmonary tuberculosis. South African Journal of Science. 1942;38:267–277. [Google Scholar]
  38. Douglas DJ, Hanssen PG. Upper respiratory infections in the conditioned athlete. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1978;10:55. [Google Scholar]
  39. Drory Y, Kramer MR, Lev B. Exertional sudden death in soldiers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1991;23:147–151. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Duda M. Herpes gladiatorum pins Wisconsin wrestlers. Physician and Sportsmedicine. 1989;17(3):50. [Google Scholar]
  41. Dufaux B, Order U, Geyer H, Hollmann W. Creactive protein serum concentration in well trained athletes. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1984;5:102–106. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1025889. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Duncan W, McBride M, Knox J. Bacterial flora: the role of environmental factors. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1969;52:479–484. doi: 10.1038/jid.1969.81. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Dyke LM, Merikangas UR, Brunton OC, Trask SG, Hetrick FM. Skin infection in wrestlers due to herpes simplex virus. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1965;194:153–154. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Edlund A. The effect of defined physical exercise in the early convalescence of viral hepatitis. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1971;3:189–196. doi: 10.3109/inf.1971.3.issue-3.02. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Eichner ER. Infection immunity and exercise. What to tell patients. Physician and Sportsmedicine. 1993;21(1):125–135. doi: 10.1080/00913847.1993.11710319. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Eichner R. Infectious mononucleosis: recognition and management in athletes. Physician and Sportsmedicine. 1987;15(12):61–71. [Google Scholar]
  47. Elson SH, Abelmann WH. Effects of muscular activity upon the acute myocarditis of C3H mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. American Heart Journal. 1965;69:629–636. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(65)90245-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Eskola J, Ruuskanen O, Soppi E, Viljanen K, Järvinen M, et al. Effect of sport stress on lymphocyte transformation and antibody formation. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1978;32:339–345. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Espersen GT, Elback A, Ernst E, Toft E, Kaalund S, et al. Effect of physical exercise on cytokines and lymphocyte subpopulation in human peripheral blood. Acta Pathologica Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica. 1990;98:395–400. doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1990.tb01049.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Farber GA, Burks JW, Hegre AM, Brown GR. Football acne — an acneiform eruption. Cutis. 1977;20:356–360. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Field CJ, Gougeon R, Marliss EB. Circulating mononuclear cell numbers and function during intense exercise and recovery. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1991;71:1089–1097. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1991.71.3.1089. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Fitzgerald L. Exercise and the immune system. Immunology Today. 1988;9:337–339. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(88)91332-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Fitzgerald L. Overtraining increases the susceptibility to infection. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1991;12:S5–S8. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1024742. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Fox JP, Hall CE, Cooney MK, Luce RE, Kronmal RA. The Seattle virus watch II. Objectives, study population and its observation, data processing and summary of illnesses. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1972;96:270–285. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121458. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Freeman MJ, Bergfeld WF. Skin diseases of football and wrestling participants. Cutis. 1977;20:333–341. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Friedman LS, O’Brien TF, Morse LJ, Chang LW, Wacker WEC, et al. Revisiting the Holy Cross football team hepatitis outbreak (1969) by serological analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1985;254:774–776. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Friman G. Effect of acute infectious disease on isometric muscle strength. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical Laboratory Investigation. 1977;37:303–308. doi: 10.3109/00365517709092633. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Friman G, Ilback NG, Beisel WR, Crawford DJ. The effects of strenuous exercise in infection with Francisella tularensis in rats. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1982;145:706–714. doi: 10.1093/infdis/145.2.706. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Friman G, Ilbäck NG, Crawford DJ, Neufeld HA. Metabolic responses to swimming exercise in Streptococcus pneumoniae infected rats. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1991;23:415–421. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Friman G, Wright JE, Ilback NG, Beisel WR, White JD, et al. Does fever or myalgia indicate reduced physical performance capacity in viral infections? Acta Medica Scandinavica. 1985;217:353–361. doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1985.tb02709.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Fry RW, Morton AR, Garcia-Webb P, Crawford GPM, Keast D. Biological responses to overload training in endurance sports. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 1992;64:335–344. doi: 10.1007/BF00636221. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Fry RW, Morton AR, Keast D. Acute intensive interval training and T-lymphocyte function. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1991;24:339–345. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Fry RW, Morton AR, Keast D. Overtraining in athletes: an update. Sports Medicine. 1991;12(1):32–65. doi: 10.2165/00007256-199112010-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Gabriel H, Schmitt B, Urhausen A, Kindermann W. Adhäsions-molekül LFA-1 auf der Zelloberfläche von Lymphozytensub-populationen während und nach akuter körperlicher Belastung. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin. 1993;44(10):436–440. [Google Scholar]
  65. Gatmaitan BG, Chason JL, Lerner AM. Augmentation of the virulence of murine coxsackie-virus B-3 myocardiopathy by exercise. Journal of Experimental Medicine. 1970;131:1121–1136. doi: 10.1084/jem.131.6.1121. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Gentles JC, Evans EVG, Jones GR. Control of tinea pedis in a swimming bath. British Medical Journal. 1974;2:577–580. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5919.577. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Gentles JC, Jones GR, Roberts DT. Efficiency of miconazole in the topical treatment of tinea pedis. British Journal of Dermatology. 1975;93:79–84. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.1975.tb06480.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Glezen WP, Dewalt JL, Lindsay RL, Dillon HC. Epidemic pyoderma caused by nephritogenic streptococci in college athletes. Lancet. 1972;1:301–304. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(72)90303-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Green RL, Kaplan SS, Rabin BS, Syanitski CL, Zdziarski U. Immune function in marathon runners. Annals of Allergy. 1981;47:73–75. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Gwaltney JM, Hendley JO, Simon G, Jordan WS. Rhino virus infections in an industrial population. I. The occurrence of illness. New England Journal of Medicine. 1966;275:1262–1268. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196612082752301. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Hack V, Weiss M, Weicker H. Lymphozytensubpopulationen und Immunoglobulinkonzentration in Rune und nach erschöpfender Laufbelastung von hochausdauertrainierten Athleten während zweier Trainingsphasen. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin. 1993;44(10):430–440. [Google Scholar]
  72. Hanssen P. Vaccinia after boxing. Correspondence. Lancet. 1948;255:819. [Google Scholar]
  73. Hargreaves ER. Poliomyelitis. Effect of exertion during the pre-par-alytic stage. British Medical Journal. 1948;2:1021–1022. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.4588.1021. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Harter L, Frost F, Grunenfelder G, Perkins-Jones K, Libby J. Giardiasis in an infant and toddler swim class. American Journal of Public Health. 1984;74:155–156. doi: 10.2105/ajph.74.2.155. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Heath GW, Macera CA, Nieman DC. Exercise and upper respiratory tract infections. Is there a relationship? Sports Medicine. 1992;14:353–365. doi: 10.2165/00007256-199214060-00003. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Heath GW, Ford ES, Craven TE, Macera CA, Jackson KL, et al. Exercise and incidence of upper respiratory tract infections. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1991;23:152–157. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Hedfors E, Holm G, Ohnell B. Variation of blood lymphocytes during work studied by cell surface markers, DNA synthesis and cytotoxicity. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1976;24:328–335. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Hicks JH. Swimming and the skin. Cutis. 1977;19:448–450. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Hoadley AW, Knight OE. External otitis among swimmers and non-swimmers. Archives of Environmental Health. 1975;30:445–448. doi: 10.1080/00039896.1975.10666747. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Horstmann DM. Acute poliomyelitis. Relation of physical activity at the time of onset to the course of the disease. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1950;142:236–239. doi: 10.1001/jama.1950.02910220016004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Houston SD, Knox JM. Skin problems related to sports and recreational activities. Cutis. 1977;19:487–491. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Ilback NG, Fohlman J, Friman G. Exercise in Coxsackie B3 myocarditis: effects on heart lymphocyte subpopulations and the inflammatory reaction. American Heart Journal. 1989;117:298–1302. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(89)90409-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Ilback NG, Friman G, Beisel WR. Biochemical responses of the myocardium and red skeletal muscle to Salmonella typhimurium. Clinical Physiology. 1983;3:551–563. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-097x.1983.tb00864.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Ilback NG, Friman G, Beisel WR, Johnson AJ, Berendt RF. Modifying effects of exercise on clinical course and biochemical response of the myocardium in influenza and tularemia in mice. Infection and Immunity. 1984;45:498–504. doi: 10.1128/iai.45.2.498-504.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Ilback NG, Friman G, Crawford DJ, Neufeld HA. Effects of training on metabolic responses and performance capacity in Streptococcus pneumonia infected rats. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1991;23:422–427. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Jokl E. The immunological status of athletes. Journal of Sports Medicine. 1974;14:165–167. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Joseph SW, Conway JB, Kalichman SG. Aquatic and terretrial bacteria in diving environments: monitoring and significance. Undersea Biomedical Research. 1991;18:187–191. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Kappel M, Tvede N, Galbo H, Haahr PM, Kjaer M, et al. Evidence that the effect of physical exercise on NK activity is mediated by epinephrine. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1991;70:2530–2534. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1991.70.6.2530. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Kappus KD, Marks JS, Holman RC, Bryant JK, Baker C, et al. An outbreak of Norwalk gastroenteritis associated with swimming in a pool and secondary person-to-person transmission. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1982;116:834–839. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113474. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Karper WB, Boschen MB. Effects of exercise on acute respiratory tract infections and related symptoms. Geriatric Nursing. 1993;14:15–18. doi: 10.1016/s0197-4572(06)80071-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Keast D, Cameron K, Morton AR. Exercise and immune response. Sports Medicine. 1988;5:248–267. doi: 10.2165/00007256-198805040-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Keast D, Morton AR. Long term exercise and immune functions. In: Watson, Eisinger, editors. Exercise and disease. Ann Arbor: CRC Press; 1992. pp. 89–120. [Google Scholar]
  93. Kiel RJ, Smith FE, Chason J, Khatib R, Reyes MD. Coxsackievirus B3 myocarditis in C3H/HeJ mice: Description of an inbred model and the effect of exercise on the virulence. European Journal of Epidemiology. 1989;5:348–350. doi: 10.1007/BF00144836. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Klempner MS, Gallin JI. Inhibition of neutrophil Fc receptor function by corticosteroids. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1978;34:137–142. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Krinkler DM, Zilberg B. Activity and hepatitis. Lancet. 1966;2:1046–1047. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(66)92026-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Kumar V, Cotran RS, Robbins SL. Basic pathology. 5th ed. Toronto: WB Saunders; 1992. [Google Scholar]
  97. LaPerriere AR, Antoni MH, Schneiderman N, Ironson G, Klimas N, et al. Exercise intervention attenuates emotional distress and natural killer cell decrements following notification of positive serologic status for HIV-1. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation. 1990;15:229–241. doi: 10.1007/BF01011107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. LaPerriere A, Fletcher MA, Antoni MH, Klimas NG, Schneiderman N. Aerobic exercise training in an AIDS risk group. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1991;12:S53–S57. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1024751. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Lee DJ, Meehan RT, Robinson C, Mabry TR, Smith ML. Immune responsiveness and risk of illness in US Air Force Academy cadets during basic cadet training. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine. 1992;63:517–523. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Legwold G. Cross-country skiers may be susceptible to URIs. Physician and Sportsmedicine. 1982;10(4):42. [Google Scholar]
  101. Lenaway DD, Brockmann R, Dolan GJ, Cruz-Uribe F. An outbreak of an enterovirus-like illness at a community wading pool: implications for public health inspection programs. American Journal of Public Health. 1989;79:889–890. doi: 10.2105/ajph.79.7.889. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Lerner MA, Wilson FM. Virus myocardiopathy. Progress in Medical Virology. 1973;15:63–91. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Levinson SO, Mitzer A, Lewin P. Effect of fatigue, chilling and mechanical trauma on resistance to experimental poliomyelitis. American Journal of Hygiene. 1945;42:204–213. [Google Scholar]
  104. Lewicki R, Tchorzewski H, Denys A, Kowalska M, Golinska A. Effect of physical exercise on some parameters of immunity in conditioned sportsmen. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1987;8:309–314. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1025675. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Lewicki R, Tchorzewski H, Majewska E, Nowak Z, Baj Z. Effect of maximal physical exercise on T-lymphocyte subpopulations and on interleukin (IL 1) and interleukin 2 (IL 2) production in vitro. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1988;9:114–117. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1024990. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Liesen H, Uhlenbruck G. Sports immunology. Sport Science Review. 1992;1:94–116. [Google Scholar]
  107. Linde F. Running and upper respiratory tract infections. Scandinavian Journal of Sport Science. 1987;9:21–23. [Google Scholar]
  108. Linenger JM, Flink S, Thomas B, Johnson CW. Musculoskeletal and medical morbidity associated with rigorous physical training. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine. 1993;3:229–234. [Google Scholar]
  109. Liu YG, Wang SY. The enhancing effect of exercise on the production of antibody to Salmonella typhi in mice. Immunology Letters. 1987;14:117–120. doi: 10.1016/0165-2478(87)90089-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Ludlam H, Cookson B. Scrum kidney: epidemic pyoderma caused by a nephritogenic streptococcus pyogenes in a rugby team. Lancet. 1984;2:331–333. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(86)90015-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Macarthur RD, Levine SD, Birk TJ. Supervised exercise training improves cardiopulmonary fitness in HIV infected persons. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1993;25:684–688. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Mackinnon LT. Exercise and immunology. Champaign: Human Kinetics Books; 1992. pp. 1–113. [Google Scholar]
  113. Mackinnon L, Ginn E, Seymour G. Temporal relationship between exercise-induced decreases in salivary Ig A concentrations and subsequent appearance of upper respiratory illness in elite athletes. Abstract. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1991;23:S45. [Google Scholar]
  114. Mackinnon LT, Ginn E, Seymour G. Decreased salivary immunoglobulin A secretion rate after intense interval exercise in elite kayakers. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 1993;67:180–184. doi: 10.1007/BF00376664. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Mackinnon L, Hooper S, Gordon R, Tunney T. Immune parameters and stress hormones in overtrained swimmers. Abstract. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1992;24:S64. [Google Scholar]
  116. Mackinnon LT, Jenkins DG. Decreased salivary immunoglobulins after intense interval exercise before and after training. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1993;25:678–683. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Mackinnon L, Van Ash CA, Tomasi TB. Decreased levels of secretory immunoglobulins following prolonged exercise. Abstract. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1986;18:S40. [Google Scholar]
  118. Makintubee S, Mallonee J, Istre GR. Shigellosis outbreak associated with swimming. American Journal of Public Health. 1987;77:166–168. doi: 10.2105/ajph.77.2.166. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Maré JB, Keyzer CM, Becker WB. Troumatise Herpesvirus hominis-infeksie tydens rugby (Herpes Venatorum)’n Bespreking van Vier Gevalle. South African Medical Journal. 1978;54:752–754. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. McDowell SL, Hughes RA, Hughes RJ, Housh DJ, Housh TJ, et al. The effect of exhaustive exercise on salivary immunoglobulin A. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 1992;32:412–415. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Midtvedt T, Midtvedt K. Sport and infection. Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine. 1982;29:241–244. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Mills J, Hauer L, Gottlieb A, Dromgoole S, Spruance S. Recurrent herpes labialis in skiers. Clinical observations and effect of sunscreen. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1987;15:76–78. doi: 10.1177/036354658701500111. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Morgan WP. Affective beneficence of vigorous physical activity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1985;17:94–100. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Morse LJ, Bryan JA, Hurley JP, Murphy JF, O’Brien TF, et al. The Holy Cross college football team Hepatitis outbreak. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1972;219:706–708. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Morton AR, Fitch KD. Exercise-induced bronchial obstruction. Current therapy in sports medicine. 1990;2:53–59. [Google Scholar]
  126. Muns G, Liesen H, Riedel H, Bergmann K-Ch. Influence of long distance running on IgA in nasal secretion and saliva. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportsmedizin. 1989;40:63–65. [Google Scholar]
  127. Munschek H. Der plötzliche Tod beim Sport infolge Myocarditis. Sportarzt Sportmedizin. 1976;27:201–210. [Google Scholar]
  128. Nash HL. Can exercise make us immune to disease? Physician and Sportsmedicine. 1986;14(3):251–253. doi: 10.1080/00913847.1986.11709024. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Nefzger MD, Chalmers TC. The treatment of acute infectious hepatitis: ten-year follow-up study of the effects of diet and rest. American Journal of Medicine. 1963;35:299–309. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(63)90173-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Nelson MA. Stopping the spread of herpes simplex. Afocus on Wrestlers. Physician and Sportsmedicine. 1992;20(10):117–127. doi: 10.1080/00913847.1992.11947507. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Nicholls EE, Spaeth RA. The relation between fatigue and the susceptibility of guinea pigs to injections of Type I pneumococcus. American Journal of Hygiene. 1922;2:527–535. [Google Scholar]
  132. Nieman DC, Berk LS, Simpson-Westerberg M, Arabatzis K, Young-berg S, et al. Effects of long-endurance running on immune system parameters and lymphocyte function in experienced marathoners. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1989;10:317–323. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1024921. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Nieman DC, Johanssen LM, Lee JW. Infectious episodes in runners before and after a roadrace. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 1989;29:289–296. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Nieman DC, Johanssen LM, Lee JW, Arabatzis K. Infectious episodes in runners before and after the Los Angeles marathon. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 1990;30:316–328. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Nieman DC, Nehlsen-Cannarella SL. The effects of acute and chronic exercise on immunoglobulins. Sports Medicine. 1991;11:183–201. doi: 10.2165/00007256-199111030-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Nieman DC, Nehlsen-Cannarella SL. Exercise and infection. In: Watson, Eisinger, editors. Exercise and disease. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1992. pp. 121–148. [Google Scholar]
  137. Nieman DC, Nehlsen-Cannarella SL, Markoff PA, Balk-Lamberton AJ, Yang H, et al. The effects of moderate exercise training on natural killer cells and acute upper respiratory tract infections. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1990;11:467–473. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1024839. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Nieman DC, Tan SA, Lee JW, Berk LS. Complement and immunoglobulin levels in athletes and sedentary controls. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1989;10:124–128. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1024887. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Niinimaa V. Figure skating: what do we know about it? Physician and Sportsmedicine. 1982;10(1):51–56. doi: 10.1080/00913847.1982.11947146. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Niinimaa V, Cole P, Mintz S, Shephard RJ. The switching point from nasal to oronasal breathing. Respiration Physiology. 1980;42:61–71. doi: 10.1016/0034-5687(80)90104-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Niizeki K, Kano O, Kondo Y. An epidemic study of molluscum contagiosum: relationship to swimming. Dermatologica. 1984;169:197–198. doi: 10.1159/000249604. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Oppenheimer EH, Spaeth RE. The relation between fatigue and the susceptibility of rats towards a toxin and infection. American Journal of Hygiene. 1922;24:51–66. [Google Scholar]
  143. Order V, Riedel H, Liesen H, Widenmayer W, Hellwig T, et al. Leucocytes and lymphocyte subsets. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sport-medizin. 1989;40:22–29. [Google Scholar]
  144. Österback L, Qvarnberg Y. A prospective study of respiratory infections in 12-year old children. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica. 1987;76:944–949. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1987.tb17269.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  145. Paffenbarger RS, Hyde RT, Wing AL, Lee IM, Jung DL, et al. The association of changes in physical activity level and other lifestyle characteristics with mortality among men. New England Journal of Medicine. 1993;328:538–545. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199302253280804. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Paffenbarger RS, Hyde RT, Wing AL, Steinmetz CH. A natural history of athleticism and cardiovascular health. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1984;252:491–495. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Parry-Billings M, Blomstrand E, McAndrew N, Newsholme E. A communicational link between skeletal muscle, brain and cells of the immune system. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1990;11:S122–128. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1024863. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. Parry-Billings M, Budgett R, Koutedakis Y, Blomstrand E, Brooks S, et al. Plasma amino acid concentrations in the over-training sysdrome: possible effects on the immune system. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1992;24:1353–1358. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. Pedersen BK, Tvede N. Immunsystem og fysisk traening. 1993;155:856–862. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  150. Pedersen BK, Tvede N, Klarlund K, Christensen LC, Hansen FR, et al. Indomethacin in vivo and in vitro abolishes post-exercise suppression of natural killer cell activity in peripheral blood. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1990;11:127–131. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1024776. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  151. Peters EM, Bateman ED. Ultramarathon running and upper respiratory tract infections. South African Medical Journal. 1983;64:582–584. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. Phillips MM, Robinowitz M, Higgins JRM, Boran MKJ, Reed T, et al. Sudden cardiac death in airforce recruits. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1986;256:2696–2699. [Google Scholar]
  153. Porter JD, Ragazzoni HP, Buchanon JD, Waskin HA, Juranek DD, et al. Giardia transmission in a swimming pool. American Journal of Public Health. 1988;78:659–662. doi: 10.2105/ajph.78.6.659. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. Porter PS, Baughmann RD. Epidemiology of herpes simplex among wrestlers. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1965;194:150–152. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  155. Postlewaite R, Watt JA. Features of molluscum contagiosum in the north-east of Scotland and in Fijian village settlements. Journal of Hygiene. 1967;65:281–291. doi: 10.1017/s0022172400045800. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  156. Resnik SS, Lewis LA, Cohen BH. The athlete’s foot. Cutis. 1977;20:351–355. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  157. Reyes MP, Ho KL, Smith F, Lerner AM. A mouse model of dilated-type cardiomyopathy due to Coxsackievirus B3. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1981;144:232–236. doi: 10.1093/infdis/144.3.232. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. Reyes MP, Lerner AM. Interferon and neutralizing antibody in sera of exercised mice with Coxsackie B-3 myocarditis (39204) Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 1976;151:333–338. doi: 10.3181/00379727-151-39204. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  159. Rigsby LW, Dishman RK, Jackson AW, Maclean GS, Raven PB. Effects of exercise training on men seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus-1. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1992;24:6–12. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  160. Roberts JA. Viral illness and sports performance. Sports Medicine. 1986;3:296–303. doi: 10.2165/00007256-198603040-00006. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  161. Roitt I, Brostoff J, Male D. Immunology. Toronto: CV Mosby; 1985. [Google Scholar]
  162. Rosenbaum HE, Harford CG. Effect of fatigue on susceptibility of mice to poliomyelitis. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 1953;83:678–681. doi: 10.3181/00379727-83-20456. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  163. Rosenberg ML, Hazlet KK, Schaefer J, Wells JG, Pruneda RC. Shigellosis from swimming. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1976;236:1849–1852. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  164. Russell RW. Poliomyelitis. The pre-paralytic stage, and the effect of physical activity on the severity of paralysis. British Medical Journal. 1947;2:1023–1028. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.4538.1023. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  165. Russell RW. Paralytic poliomyelitis. The early symptoms and the effect of physical activity on the course of the disease. British Medical Journal. 1949;1:465–471. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.4602.465. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  166. Rylander R. Pulmonary defense mechanisms to airborne bacteria. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 1968;306:6–85. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  167. Schlenzig C, Jäger H, Rieder H. Einfluss von Sporttherapie auf die zelluläre Immunabwehr und die Psych HIV-infizierter Männer. Deutzche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin. 1990;41:156–160. [Google Scholar]
  168. Schouten WJ, Verschuur R, Kemper HCG. Physical activity and upper respiratory tract infections in a population of young men and women: the Amsterdam growth and health study. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1988;9:451–455. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1025050. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  169. Selling B, Kibrick S. An outbreak of herpes simplex among wrestlers (herpes gladiatorum) New England Journal of Medicine. 1964;270:979–982. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196405072701903. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  170. Seyfried PL, Tobin RS, Brown NE, Ness PF. A prospective study of swimming related illness. I. Swimming associated health risk. American Journal of Public Health. 1985;75:1068–1070. doi: 10.2105/ajph.75.9.1068. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  171. Sharp JCM, Girdwood RWA, Watt B, Walker E, Fagan KE, et al. Infections in sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1988;22:117–121. [Google Scholar]
  172. Shephard RJ. Sleep, biorhythms and human performance. Sports Medicine. 1984;1:11–37. [Google Scholar]
  173. Shephard RJ, Shek PN. Athletic competition and susceptibility to infection. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine. 1993;3:75–77. [Google Scholar]
  174. Shephard RJ, Verde TJ, Thomas SG, Shek P. Physical activity and the immune system. Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences. 1991;16:163–185. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  175. Shinkai S, Shore S, Shek PN, Shephard RJ. Acute exercise and immune function. Relationship between lymphocyte activity and changes in subset counts. Correspondence. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1992;13:452–461. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1021297. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  176. Shute P, Jeffries DJ, Maddocks AC. Scrum-pox caused by herpes simplex virus. British Medical Journal. 1979;2:1629. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.6205.1629. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  177. Simon HB. Exercise and infection. Physician and Sportsmedicine. 1987;15(10):135–141. [Google Scholar]
  178. Sklarek HM, Mantovani RP, Erens E, Heisler D, Niederman MS, et al. AIDS in a bodybuilder using anabolic steroids. Correspondence. New England Journal of Medicine. 1984;311:1701. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198412273112615. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  179. Smith AD, Micheli LJ. Injuries in competitive figure skaters. Physician and Sportsmedicine. 1982;10(1):36–47. doi: 10.1080/00913847.1982.11947145. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  180. Smith JA, Telford RD, Mason IB, Weidemann MJ. Exercise training and neutrophil microbicidal activity. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1990;11:179–187. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1024788. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  181. Smith JK, Chi DS, Krish G, Reynolds S, Cambron G. Effects of exercise on complement activity. Annals of Allergy. 1990;65:304–310. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  182. Sosin DM, Gunn RA, Ford WL, Skaggs JW. An outbreak of furunculosis among high school athletes. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1989;17:828–832. doi: 10.1177/036354658901700618. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  183. Spence DW, Galantino MLA, Mossberg KA, Zimmerman SO. Progressive resistance exercise: effect on muscle function and an-thropoimetry of a select AIDS population. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1990;71:644–648. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  184. Spruance SL, Hamill ML, Hoge WS, Davis LG, Mills J. Acyclovir prevents reactivation of herpes simplex labialis in skiers. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1988;260:1597–1599. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  185. Strauss RH, Lanese RR, Leizman DJ. Illness and absence among wrestlers, swimmers and gymnasts at a large university. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 1988;16:653–655. doi: 10.1177/036354658801600617. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  186. Thong YH. Immunomodulation by antimicrobial agents. In: Jeljaszewicz, Pulverer, editors. Antimicrobial agents and immunity. Academic Press: Toronto; 1986. pp. 91–93. [Google Scholar]
  187. Thornton JS. Common concerns about the common cold. Physician and Sportsmedicine. 1990;18(6):120–126. doi: 10.1080/00913847.1990.11710072. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  188. Thorp GD. Basketball exercise and secretary immunoglobulin A. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. 1991;63:312–314. doi: 10.1007/BF00233868. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  189. Tilles JG, Elson SH, Shaka JA, Abelmann WH, Lerner MA, et al. Effect of exercise on Coxsackie A9 myocarditis in adult mice. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 1964;117:777–782. doi: 10.3181/00379727-117-29696. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  190. Tomasi TB, Trudeau FB, Czerwinski D, Erredge S. Immune parameters in athletes before and after strenuous exercise. Journal of Clinical Immunology. 1982;2:173–178. doi: 10.1007/BF00915219. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  191. Tonneson E, Christensen NJ, Brinklov MM. Natural killer cell activity during Cortisol and adrenaline infusion in healthy volunteers. European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1987;17:497–503. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1987.tb01148.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  192. Torre D, Sampietro C, Ferraro G, Zeroli C, Speranza F. Transmission of HIV-1 infection via sports injury. Correspondence. Lancet. 1990;335:1105. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)92684-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  193. Turner M, Istre GR, Beauchamp H, Baum M, Arnold S. Community outbreak of adenovirus type 7a infections associated with a swimming pool. Southern Medical Journal. 1987;80:712–715. doi: 10.1097/00007611-198706000-00012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  194. Verbov J, Lowe NJ. Herpes rugbeiorum. Lancet. 1974;2:1523–1524. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(74)90269-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  195. Verde TJ. Short term exercise and immune function. In: Watson, Eisinger, editors. Exercise and disease. 1992. pp. 71–88. [Google Scholar]
  196. Verde TJ, Thomas S, Shek P, Shephard RJ. Responses of lymphocyte subsets, mitogen-stimulated cell proliferation, and immunoglobulin synthesis to vigorous exercise in well trained athletes. Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine. 1992;2:87–92. [Google Scholar]
  197. Verde TJ, Thomas S, Shephard RJ. Potential markers of heavy training in highly trained distance runners. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1992;26:167–175. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.26.3.167. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  198. Verde TJ, Thomas SG, Shephard RJ, Miles DS, Cox MH. Cumulative proliferative response of the cell-mediated response to exercise. Abstract. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1991;23:S46. [Google Scholar]
  199. Verde TJ, Thomas S, Moore RW, Shek P, Shephard RJ. Immune responses and increased training of the elite athlete. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1992;73:1494–1499. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1992.73.4.1494. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  200. Von Schirnding YER. Sewage to sea — what are the health implications. South African Medical Journal. 1989;76:642–634. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  201. Weinstein L. Poliomyelitis — a persistent problem. New England Journal of Medicine. 1973;288:370–372. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197302152880714. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  202. Weiss M. Infekteprophylaxe mit polyvalenten Immunoglobulin: Diskussion auslässlich der Anwendung vor der Olympiade 1992 bei der deutschen Box-Nationalstaffel. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin. 1993;44:466–471. [Google Scholar]
  203. Welch MJ, Wheeler L. Aerobic capacity after contracting infectious mononucleosis. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 1986;8:199–202. doi: 10.2519/jospt.1986.8.4.199. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  204. Wheeler CE, Cabaniss WH. Epidemic cutaneous herpes simplex in wrestlers (herpes gladiatorum) Journal of the American Medical Association. 1965;194:145–149. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  205. White J. Vigilance vanquishes herpes gladiatorum. Physician and Sportsmedicine. 1992;20(1):56. [Google Scholar]
  206. White WB, Grant-Kels JM. Transmission of herpes simplex type I infection in rugby players. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1984;252:533–535. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.z.) are provided here courtesy of Nature Publishing Group

RESOURCES