The content is available as a PDF (2.1 MB).
References
- Badger GF, Dingle JH, Feller AE. A study of illness in a group of Cleveland families: II. Incidence of common respiratory diseases. American Journal of Hygiene. 1953;58:41–46. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119588. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Berk LS, Nieman DC, Youngberg WS, Arabatais K, Simpson-Luesterberg M. The effect of long endurance running on natural killer cells in marathoners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1990;22:207–212. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Blalock JE. A molecular basis for bidirectional communication between the immune and neuroendocrine systems. Physiological Reviews. 1989;69:1–32. doi: 10.1152/physrev.1989.69.1.1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Blumenthal JA, Williams RB, Wallace AG. Effects of exercise on the Type A (coronary prone) behaviour pattern. Psychosomatic Medicine. 1980;42:289–296. doi: 10.1097/00006842-198003000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Brimblecombe FSW, Cruickshank R, Masters PL, Reid DD. Family studies of respiratory infections. British Medical Journal. 1958;1:119–128. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5063.119. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cannon JG, Kluger JJ. Exercise enhances survival rate in mice infected with Salmonella typhimurium. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 1984;175:518–521. doi: 10.3181/00379727-175-41830. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cavallo R, Dartori ML, Gatti G, Angeli A. Cortisol and immune interferon can interact in the modulation of human natural killer cell activity. Experientia. 1986;42:177–179. doi: 10.1007/BF01952455. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cohen S, Tyrrell DA, Smith AP. Psychological stress and susceptibility to the common cold. New England Journal of Medicine. 1991;325:606–612. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199108293250903. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Coulehan JJ, Eberhard S, Kapner L, Taylor F, Rogers K, et al. Vitamin C and acute illness in Navajo school children. New England Journal of Medicine. 1976;18:973–977. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197610282951802. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Crary B, Hauser SL, Borysenko M, Kutz L, Hoban C, et al. Epinephrine-induced changes in the distribution of lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood of humans. Journal of Immunology. 1983;131:1178–1181. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Crist DM, Mackinnon LT, Thompson RF, Atterbom HA, Egan PA. Physical exercise increases natural cellular-mediated tumor cytotoxicity in elderly women. Gerontology. 1989;35:66–71. doi: 10.1159/000213001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cupps TR, Fauci AS. Corticosteroid-mediated immunoregulation in man. Immunological Review. 1982;65:133–155. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065X.1982.tb00431.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dingle JH, Badger GF, Jordan WS., Jr . Illness in the home: study of 25 000 illnesses in a group of Cleveland families. Cleveland: Press of Western Reserve University; 1964. pp. 1–3. [Google Scholar]
- Douglas RG, Jr, Lindgren KM, Couch RB. Exposure to cold environment and rhinovirus common cold: failure to demonstrate effect. New England Journal of Medicine. 1968;279:743–747. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196810032791404. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- Dufaux B, Order U. Complement activation after prolonged exercise. Clinical Chimica Acta. 1989;179:45–49. doi: 10.1016/0009-8981(89)90021-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dufaux B, Order U. Plasma elastase-alpha 1-antitrypsin, neopterin, tumor necrosis factor, and soluble interleukin-2 receptor after prolonged exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1989;10:434–438. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1024939. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Eskola J, Ruuskanen O, Soppi E, Viljanen K, Järvinen M, et al. Effect of sport stress on lymphocyte transformation and antibody formation. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1978;32:339–345. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Evans WJ, Cannon JG. The metabolic effects of exercise-induced muscle damage. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews. 1991;19:99–125. doi: 10.1249/00003677-199101000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ferry A, Weill BL, Rieu M. Immunomodulations induced in rats by exercise on a treadmill. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1990;69:1912–1915. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1990.69.5.1912. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Field CJ, Gougeon R, Marliss EB. Circulating mononuclear cell numbers and function during intense exercise and recovery. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1991;71:1089–1097. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1991.71.3.1089. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fox JP, Hall CE, Cooney MK, Luce RE, Kronmal RA. The Seattle virus watch: II. Objectives. Study population and its observation data processing and summary of illnesses. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1972;96:270–285. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a121458. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gmander FK, Lorenzi G, Bechler B, Joller P, Muller J, et al. Effect of long-term physical exercise on lymphocyte reactivity: similarity to spaceflight reactions. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine. 1988;59:146–151. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Graham NMH, Douglas RM, Ryan P. Stress and acute respiratory infection. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1986;124:389–401. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114409. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Green RL, Kaplan SS, Rabin BS, Stanitski CL, Zdziarski U. Immune function in marathon runners. Annals of Allergy. 1981;47:73–75. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gwaltney JM, Jr, Hendley JO. Rhinovirus transmission, one if by air, two if by hand. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1978;107:357–361. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112555. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gwaltney JM., Jr Rhinovirus colds: epidemiology, clinical characteristics and transmission. European Journal of Respiratory Diseases. 1983;64(Suppl.128):336–339. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gwaltney JM, Hendley JO, Simon G, Jordan WS. Rhinovirus infections in an industrial population: I. The occurrence of illness. New England Journal of Medicine. 1966;275:1261–1268. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196612082752301. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gwaltney JM, Jr, Hendley JO, Simon G, Jordan WS., Jr Rhinovirus infections in an industrial population: II. Characteristics of illness and antibody response. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1967;202:494–500. doi: 10.1001/jama.1967.03130190100014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hall CB, McBride JT. Upper respiratory tract infections: the common cold, pharyngitis, croup, bacterial tracheitis and epiglottitis. In: Pennington, editor. Respiratory infections: diagnosis and management. New York: Raven Press; 1989. pp. 97–118. [Google Scholar]
- Heath GW, Ford ES, Craven TE, Macera CA, Jackson KL, et al. Exercise and the incidence of upper respiratory tract infections. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1991;23:152–157. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Heath GW, Hagberg JM, Ehsani AA, Holloszy JO. A physiological comparison of young and older endurance athletes. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1981;51:634–640. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1981.51.3.634. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hendley JO, Wentzel RP, Gwaltney JM., Jr Transmission of rhinovirus colds by self-inoculation. New England Journal of Medicine. 1973;288:1361–1364. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197306282882601. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hughes JR. Psychological effects of habitual aerobic exercise: a critical review. Preventive Medicine. 1984;13:66–78. doi: 10.1016/0091-7435(84)90041-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hoffman-Goetz L, Keir R, Thorne R, Houston ME, Young C. Chronic exercise stress in mice depresses splenic T lymphocyte mitogenesis in vitro. Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 1986;66:551–557. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Israel S, Buhl B, Krause M, Neumann G. Die Konzentration der Immunglobuline A, G und M im Serum bei Trainierten und Untrainierten sowie nach verschiedenen sportlichen Ausdauerleistungen. Medizin und Sport. 1982;22:225–231. [Google Scholar]
- Jemmott JB, Locke SE. Psychosocial factors, immunologic mediation, and human susceptibility to infectious diseases: how much do we know? Psychological Bulletin. 1984;95:78–108. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.95.1.78. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kappel M, Tvede N, Galbo H, Haahr PM, Kjaer M, et al. Evidence that the effect of physical exercise on NK cell activity is mediated by epinephrine. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1991;70:2530–2534. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1991.70.6.2530. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Karlowski TR, Chalmers TC, Frenkel LD, Kapikian AZ, Lewis TL, et al. Ascorbic acid for the common cold: a prophylactic and therapeutic trial. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1975;231:1038–1042. doi: 10.1001/jama.1975.03240220018013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Khansari DN, Murgo AJ, Faith RE. Effects of stress on the immune system. Immunology Today. 1990;11:170–175. doi: 10.1016/0167-5699(90)90069-L. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lewis DE, Gilbert BE, Knight V. Influenza virus infection induces functional alterations in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Journal of Immunology. 1986;137:3777–3781. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Linde F. Running and upper respiratory tract infections. Scandinavian Journal of Sports Sciences. 1987;9:21–23. [Google Scholar]
- Macera CA, Pate RR, Davis DR, Jackson KL, Woods J. Postrace morbidity among runners. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1991;7:1–5. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mackinnon LT, Chick TW, van As A, Tomasi TB. The effect of exercise on secretory and natural immunity. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1987;216A:869–876. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5344-7_102. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- MacNeil B, Hoffman-Goetz L, Kendall A, Houston M, Arumugam Y. Lymphocyte proliferation response after exercise in men: fitness, intensity, and duration effects. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1991;70:179–185. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1991.70.1.179. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mahan MP, Young MR. Immune parameters of untrained or exercise-trained rats after exhaustive exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1989;66:282–287. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1989.66.1.282. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Maisel AS, Harris T, Rearden CA, Michel MC. B-Adrenergic receptors in lymphocyte subsets after exercise: alterations in normal individuals and patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation. 1990;82:2003–2010. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.82.6.2003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Miller JZ, Nance WE, Norton JA, Wolen RL, Griffith RS, et al. Therapeutic effect of vitamin C: a co-twin control study. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1977;237:248–251. doi: 10.1001/jama.1977.03270300052006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Naliboff BD, Benton D, Solomon GF, Morley JE, Fahey JL, et al. Immunological changes in young and old adults during brief laboratory stress. Psychosomatic Medicine. 1991;53:121–132. doi: 10.1097/00006842-199103000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nash HL. Can exercise make use immune to disease? Physician and Sportsmedicine. 1986;14:250–253. doi: 10.1080/00913847.1986.11709024. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nehlsen-Cannarella SL, Nieman DC, Balk-Lamberton AJ, Markoff PA, Chritton DB, et al. The effects of moderate exercise training on immune response. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1991;23:64–70. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nieman DC, Berk LS, Simpson-Westerberg M, Arabatzis K, Youngberg S, et al. Effects of long endurance running on immune system parameters and lymphocyte function in experienced marathoners. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1989;10:317–323. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1024921. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nieman DC, Nehlsen-Cannarella SL. Effects of endurance exercise on immune response. In: Shephard, Astrand, editors. Endurance in sport. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1991. [Google Scholar]
- Nieman DC, Nehlsen-Cannarella SL. The effects of acute and chronic exercise on immunoglobulins. Sports Medicine. 1991;11:183–201. doi: 10.2165/00007256-199111030-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nieman DC, Nehlsen-Cannarella SL. Exercise and infection. In: Eisinger, Watson, editors. Exercise and disease. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Inc.; 1992. [Google Scholar]
- Nieman DC, Nehlsen-Cannarella SL, Donohue KM, Chritton DB, Haddock BL, et al. The effects of acute moderate exercise on leucocyte and lymphocyte subpopulations. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1991;23:578–585. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nieman DC, Nehlsen-Cannarella SL, Markoff PA, Balk-Lamberton AJ, Yang H, et al. The effects of moderate exercise training on natural killer cells and acute upper respiratory tract infections. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1990;11:467–473. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1024839. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nieman DC, Tan SA, Lee JW, Berk LS. Complement and immunoglobulin levels in athletes and sedentary controls. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1989;10:124–128. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1024887. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nieman DC, Johanssen LM, Lee JW. Infectious episodes in runners before and after a roadrace. Journal of Sports Medicine. 1989;29:289–296. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nieman DC, Johanssen LM, Lee JW, Arabatzis K. Infectious episodes in runners before and after the Los Angeles Marathon. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 1990;30:316–328. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Osterback L, Qvarnberg Y. A prospective study of respiratory infections in 12-year-old children actively engaged in sports. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica. 1987;76:944–949. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1987.tb17269.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Paffenbarger RS, Hyde RT, Wing AL, Hsieh CC. Physical activity, all cause mortality, and longevity of college alumni. New England Journal of Medicine. 1986;314:605–613. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198603063141003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pedersen BK, Tvede N, Christensen LD, Christensen LD, Klarlund K, et al. Natural killer cell activity in peripheral blood of highly trained and untrained persons. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1989;10:129–131. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1024888. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pedersen BK, Tvede N, Hansen FR, Anderson V, Bendix T, et al. Modulation of natural killer cell activity in peripheral blood by physical exercise. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. 1988;27:673–678. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1988.tb02400.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pedersen BK, Tvede N, Klarlund K, Christensen LD, Hansen FL, et al. Indomethacin in vitro and in vivo abolishes post-exercise suppression of natural killer cell activity in peripheral blood. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1990;11:127–131. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1024776. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pershin BB, Kuz’min SN, Suzdal’nitskii RS, Levando VA. Reserve potentials of immunity. Zhurnal Mikrobiologii Epidemiologii Immunobiologii. 1985;6:59–64. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Peters EM, Bateman ED. Ultramarathon running and upper respiratory tract infections. South African Medical Journal. 1983;64:582–584. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Petrova IV, Kuz’min SN, Kurshakova TS, Suzdail’nitskii RS, Levando VA. The phenomenon of the formation of universal rosette-forming cells under superextreme loads. Zhurnal Mikrobiologii Epidemiologii Immunobiologii. 1985;2:72–76. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Petrova IV, Kuz’min SN, Kurshakova TS, Suzdail’nitskii RS, Pershin BB. Neutrophil phagocytic activity and the humoral factors of general and local immunity under intensive physical loading. Zhurnal Mikrobiologii Epidemiologii Immunobiologii. 1983;12:53–57. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Powell KE, Thompson PD, Caspersen CJ, Kendrick JS. Physical activity and the incidence of coronary heart disease. Annual Review of Public Health. 1987;8:253–287. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pu.08.050187.001345. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Roberts JA. Viral illnesses and sports performance. Sports Medicine. 1986;3:296–303. doi: 10.2165/00007256-198603040-00006. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schaefer RM, Kokot K, Heidland A, Plass R. Jogger’s leukocytes. New England Journal of Medicine. 1987;316:223–224. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198701223160418. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schouten WJ, Verschuur R, Kemper HCG. Physical activity and upper respiratory tract infections in a normal population of young men and women: the Amsterdam growth and health study. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1988;9:451–455. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1025050. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sharp JCM. Viruses and the athlete. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 1989;23:47–48. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.23.1.47. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Simpson JR, Hoffman-Goetz L. Exercise stress and murine natural killer cell function. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 1990;195:129–135. doi: 10.3181/00379727-195-43131. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Simon B. Exercise and infection. Physician and Sportsmedicine. 1987;15:135–141. [Google Scholar]
- Sinyor D, Schwartz SG, Peronnet F, Brisson G, Serganian P, et al. Aerobic fitness level and reactivity to psychosocial stress: physiological, biochemical, and subjective measures. Psychosomatic Medicine. 1983;45:205–217. doi: 10.1097/00006842-198306000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Slubik VM, Levin MI, Mashneva NI, Pulkov VM. The combined effect of ionizing radiation and physical exercises on some indices of nonspecific protection and immunity. Radiobiologiia. 1987;27:548–550. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Smith JA, Telford RD, Mason IB, Weidemann MJ. Exercise, training and neutrophil microbicidal activity. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 1990;11:179–187. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1024788. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Smith JK, Chi DS, Krish G, Reynolds S, Cambron G. Effect of exercise on complement activity. Annals of Allergy. 1990;65:304–310. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Smith LL. Acute inflammation: the underlying mechanism in delayed onset muscle soreness? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1991;23:542–551. doi: 10.1249/00005768-199105000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tomasi TB, Trudeau FB, Czerwinski D, Erredge S. Immune parameters in athletes before and after strenuous exercise. Journal of Clinical Immunology. 1982;2:173–178. doi: 10.1007/BF00915219. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tvede N, Heilmann C, Halkjaer-Kristensen J, Pedersen BK. Mechanisms of B-lymphocyte suppression induced by acute physical exercise. Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Immunology. 1989;30:169–173. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Van Tits U, Michel MC, Grosse-Wilde H, Happel M, Eigler FW, et al. Catecholamines increase lymphocyte beta 2-adrenergic receptors via a beta 2-adrenergic, spleen-dependent process. American Journal of Physiology. 1990;258:El91–202. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.1990.258.1.E191. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]