Skip to main content
Springer Nature - PMC COVID-19 Collection logoLink to Springer Nature - PMC COVID-19 Collection
. 2006;1(3):153–177. [Article in German] doi: 10.1007/s11812-006-0013-6

Außerhalb des Krankenhauses erworbene Pneumonie (community acquired pneumonia CAP)

Christoph Wenisch 1,✉, Christine M Bonelli 1
PMCID: PMC7104569  PMID: 17674510

The content is available as a PDF (324.9 KB).

Literatur

  1. Statistik Austria (2004) Jahrbuch der Gesundheitsstatistik
  2. Macfarlane J. Community-acquired pneumonia. Br J Dis Chest. 1987;81:116–127. doi: 10.1016/0007-0971(87)90128-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Meyer RD. Legionella Infections: a review of five years of research. Rev Infect Dis. 1983;5:258–278. doi: 10.1093/clinids/5.2.258. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Fine MJ, Smith MA, Carson CA, et al. Prognosis and outcomes of patients with community-acquired pneumonia. A metaanalysis. JAMA. 1996;275:134–141. doi: 10.1001/jama.275.2.134. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. American Thoracic Society Guidelines for the management of adults with community acquired pneumonia: diagnosis, assessment of severity, initial antimicrobial therapy and prevention. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:1730–1754. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.163.7.at1010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Rose RM. The host defense network of the lungs: an overview. In: Niederman MS, Sarosi GA, Glassroth J, editors. Respiratory infections. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1994. pp. 3–16. [Google Scholar]
  7. Stockley RA. Humoral and cellular mechanisms. In: Brewis RA, Corrin B, editors. Respiratory medicine. London: WB Sauders; 1995. pp. 192–218. [Google Scholar]
  8. Flores I, Casaseca T. Phosphatidic acid generation though interleukin 2 (IL-2)- induced alpha-diacylglycerol kinase activation is an essential step in IL-2-mediated lymphocyte proliferation. J Biol Chem. 1996;271:10334–10340. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.17.10334. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Jakab GJ. Immune enhanced phagocytic dysfunction in pulmonary macrophages infected with parainfluenca1 (Sendai) Virus. Am Rev Resp Dis. 1981;124:575–581. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1981.124.5.575. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Bohte R. Aetiology of CAP: a prospective study among adults recquiring admission to hospital. Thorax. 1995;50:543–547. doi: 10.1136/thx.50.5.543. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Vebnkatesan P. A hospital study of CAP in the elderly. Thorax. 1990;45:254–258. doi: 10.1136/thx.45.4.254. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Marrie TJ, Durant H. Community acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization: 5 year prospective Study. Rev Infect Dis. 1989;11:586–599. doi: 10.1093/clinids/11.4.586. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Fang GD, Fine M. New and emerging etiologies for CAP with implications for Therapy. A prospective multicenter study of 359 cases. Medicine. 1990;69:307–316. doi: 10.1097/00005792-199009000-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Woodhead MA. Comparative clinical and laboratory features of legionella with pneumokokkal and Mycoplasmen pneumonias. Br J Dis Chest. 1987;81:133–139. doi: 10.1016/0007-0971(87)90130-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Farr BM, Kaieser DL, Connolly CK. Prediction of microbial aetiology at admission to hospital for pneumonia from the presenting clinical features. British thoratic society Pneumonia Research Sub committee. Thorax. 1989;44:1031–1035. doi: 10.1136/thx.44.12.1031. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Impfplan (2006) Bundesministerium für Gesundheit und Frauen Impfplan 2006, Bundesministerium für Gesundheit und Frauen (www.bmgf.gr.at), Empfehlungen des obersten Sanitätsrates
  17. Whitney CG, et al. Decline in invasive pneumococcal disease after the introduction of protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:17–46. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa022823. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Arancibia F, Ewig S, Martinez JA. Antimicrobial treatment failures in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: causes and prognostic implications. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162:154–160. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.162.1.9907023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Davey P, Rutherford D, Graham B, Lynch B, Malek M. Repeat consultations after antibiotic prescribing for respiratory infection: a study in one general practice. Br J Gen Pract. 1994;44:509–513. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. El-Solh A, Aquilina AT, Gunen H, Ramadan F. Radiographic resolution of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52:224–229. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52059.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Fantin B, Aubert JP, Unger P, Lecoeur H, Carbon C. Clinical evaluation of the management of community-acquired pneumonia by general practitioners in France. Chest. 2001;120:185–192. doi: 10.1378/chest.120.1.185. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Feinsilver SH, Fein AM, Niederman MS, Schultz DE, Faegenburg DH. Utility of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in non-resolving pneumonia. Chest. 1990;98:1322–1326. doi: 10.1378/chest.98.6.1322. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. File TM, Jr, Tan J. International guidelines for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: the role of macrolides. Drugs. 2003;63:181–205. doi: 10.2165/00003495-200363020-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yearly DM, et al. Improving the appropriateness of hospital care in community-acquired pneumonia: a prediction rule to identify patients at low risk for mortality and other adverse outcomes. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:243–250. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199701233360402. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Fine MJ, Hough LJ, Medsger AR. The hospital admission decision for patients with community-acquired pneumonia: results from the Pneumonia Patient Outcomes Research Team cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:36–44. doi: 10.1001/archinte.157.1.36. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Frankl SE, Breeling JL, Goldman L. Preventability of emergent hospital readmission. Am J Med. 1991;90:667–674. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Genne D, Kaiser L, Kinge TN, Lew D (2003) Community-acquired pneumonia: causes of treatment failure in patients enrolled in clinical trials. Clin Microbiol Infect 9: 949–954. http://home.mdconsult.com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/das/journal/view/N/14173062?PAGE=1.html&source=MI&ANCHOR=abs [DOI] [PubMed]
  28. Kuru T, Lynch JP., 3rd Nonresolving or slowly resolving pneumonia. Clin Chest Med. 1999;20:623–651. doi: 10.1016/S0272-5231(05)70241-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. MacFarlane JT, Colville A, Guidon A, Macfarlane RM, Rose DH. Prospective study of aetiology and outcome of adult lower-respiratory-tract infections in the community. Lancet. 1993;341:511–514. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)90275-L. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Malcolm C, Marrie TJ. Antibiotic therapy for ambulatory patients with community-acquired pneumonia in an emergency department setting. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:797–802. doi: 10.1001/archinte.163.7.797. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Mandell LA, Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, File TM, Jr, Musher DM. Update of practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:1405–1433. doi: 10.1086/380488. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Marrie TJ, Durant H, Yates L. Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization: 5 year prospective study. Rev Infect Dis. 1989;11:586–589. doi: 10.1093/clinids/11.4.586. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Massanari RM. Quality improvement: controlling the risks of adverse events. In: Wenzel RP, editor. Assessing quality health care. New York: Williams & Wilkins; 1992. p. 201. [Google Scholar]
  34. Menéndez R, Perpiñá M, Torres A (2003) Evaluation of nonresolving and progressive pneumonia. Semin Respir Infect 18: 103–111. http://home.mdconsult.com.offcampus.lib.washington.edu/das/journal/view/N/8375074?PAGE=1.html&source=MI&ANCHOR=abs [PubMed]
  35. Minogue MF, Coley CM, Fine MJ, Marrie TJ, Kapoor W, Singer DE. Patients hospitalized after initial outpatient treatment for community-acquired pneumonia. Ann Emerg Med. 1998;31:376–380. doi: 10.1016/S0196-0644(98)70350-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Mortensen EM, Coley CM, Singer DE. Causes of death for patients with community-acquired pneumonia: results from the Pneumonia Outcome Research Team Cohort Study. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:1059–1064. doi: 10.1001/archinte.162.9.1059. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Niederman MS, Bass JB, Jr, Campbell GD. Guidelines for the initial management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993;148:1418–1426. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/148.5.1418. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Niederman MS, Mandell LA, Anzueto A. Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia: diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:1730–1754. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.163.7.at1010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Rome L, Murali G, Lippmann M. Nonresolving pneumonia and mimics of pneumonia. Med Clin North Am. 2001;85:1511–1530. doi: 10.1016/S0025-7125(05)70393-X. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Roson B, Carratala J, Fernandez-Sabe N, Tubau F, Manresa F, Gudiol F. Causes and factors associated with early failure in hospitalized patients with commmunity-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:502–508. doi: 10.1001/archinte.164.5.502. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Ruiz M, Ewig S, Marcos MA. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: impact of age, comorbidity, and severity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;160:397–405. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.160.2.9808045. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Tan JS. Nonresponses and treatment failures with conventional empiric regimens in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2004;18(4):883–897. doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2004.07.009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Waterer G, Somes G, Wunderink R. Monotherapy may be suboptimal for severe bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Arch Intern Med. 2001;16:1837–1842. doi: 10.1001/archinte.161.15.1837. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Waterer GW, Wunderink RG. Genetic susceptibility to pneumonia. Clin Chest Med. 2005;26(1):29–38. doi: 10.1016/j.ccm.2004.10.002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Yu VL, Chiou CCC, Feldman C. An international prospective study of pneumococcal bacteremia: correlation with in vitro resistance, antibiotics administered, and clinical outcome. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:230–237. doi: 10.1086/377534. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Macfarlane JT, Miller AC, Roderick Smith WH, Morris AH, Rose DH. Comparative radiographic features of community acquired Legionnaires' disease, pneumococcal pneumonia, mycoplasma pneumonia, and psittacosis. Thorax. 1984;39:28–33. doi: 10.1136/thx.39.1.28. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Macfarlane J. Community-acquired pneumonia. Br J Dis Chest. 1987;81:116–127. doi: 10.1016/0007-0971(87)90128-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Miller J, Sande MA, Gwaltney JM, Jr, Hendley JO. Diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia by antigen detection in sputum. J Clin Microbiol. 1978;7:459–462. doi: 10.1128/jcm.7.5.459-462.1978. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Spencer RC, Savage MA. Use of counter and rocket immunoelectrophoresis in acute respiratory infections due to Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Clin Pathol. 1976;29:187–190. doi: 10.1136/jcp.29.3.187. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Farr BM, Sloman AJ, Fisch MJ. Predictin death in patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia. Ann Intern Med. 1991;115:428–436. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-115-6-428. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. American Thoracic Society Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia: diagnosis, assissment of severity, initial antimicrobial therapy and prevention. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:1730–1754. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.163.7.at1010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Macfarlane JT, Boswell T, Douglas G, et al. BTS Guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Thorax. 2001;56(Suppl 4):1–64. doi: 10.1136/thorax.56.suppl_4.iv1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. NRZ; Nationales Referenzzentrum für Szurveillance vión nosokomialen Infektionen; Referenzdaten KISS, Modul ITS-KISS, Jänner 1997 – Juni 2005
  54. Rüden H, Gastmeier P, et al. Ergebnisse der NIDEP Studie. Bundesgesundheitsblatt. 1997;6:183–203. [Google Scholar]
  55. Surveillance d. Antibiotikaanwendung u. d. bakt. Resistenz auf Intensivstationen (SARI) – Univ. Freiburg, (www.nrz-hygiene.de)
  56. Robert Koch Institut (RKI), Richtlinien für Krankenhaushygiene und Infektionsprävention, 5.1
  57. Hygiene Ordner des Arbeitskreises für Krankenhaushygiene d. Magistrates der Stadt Wien, MA 15, NR. 22
  58. AGES, Inst. f. med. Mikrobiologie u. Hygiene Wien – Kompetenzzentrum Infektionsepidemiologie
  59. Hygieneplan MRSA, KH – HYG – AG Wien, 3. Aufl
  60. Nosokomiale Pneumonie Prävention, Diagnostik und Therapie. Pneumologie. 2003;57:532–545. doi: 10.1055/s-2003-42217. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. Education are provided here courtesy of Nature Publishing Group

RESOURCES