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. 2015 Dec 17;15:1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.epidem.2015.12.001

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© 2015 The Authors

Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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Fig. 2 — Rate of zoonotic case introduction and reproductive ratio in Middle East regions. Baseline value (minimum, light colour) and Spring 2014 value (maximum, dark colour) are shown in blue for the rate of zoonotic transmission in each region, $p_{s p, 1}^{r} = ρ^{- 1} α_{r} q_{s p, 1}$ and $p_{s p, 2}^{r} = ρ^{- 1} α_{r} q_{s p, 2}$ , and in red for the reproductive ratio $R_{1}^{r} = β_{r} R_{1}$ and $R_{3}^{r} = β_{r} R_{3}$ . The dashed red line indicates the threshold value R = 1.