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. 2019 Jul 16;191(8):1563–1577. [Article in French] doi: 10.1016/S0001-4079(19)32908-5

Les virus bougent: périls planétaires

Global threats from emerging viral diseases

Claude Chastel ⁎
PMCID: PMC7111162  PMID: 18666456

RÉSUMÉ

L’histoire nous a appris que les émergences virales ne sont pas des phénomènes nouveaux. La variole, venue d’Asie, est probablement apparue en Europe dès le Ve siècle et la fièvre jaune a émergé en Amérique au XVIe siècle, importée d’Afrique par la traite des Noirs. La dengue est apparue au XVIIIe siècle simultanément en Asie du Sud-est, en Afrique et en Amérique du Nord. Quant à la « grippe espagnole », elle a tué, en 1918–1919, entre 25 et 40 millions de personnes dans le monde. La deuxième moitié du XXe siècle a été marquée par de nombreuses émergences virales dont celle du Sida en 1981. Mais, ce qui caractérise l’évolution récente des émergences virales, c’est que non seulement de nouveaux virus émergent de façon répétée, mais qu’ils ont de plus en plus tendance à envahir de nouveaux pays, voire d’autres continents, et de s’y installer de façon plus ou moins durable. Des exemples de cette situation épidémique nouvelle sont donnés avec les infections à virus Nipah, West Nile, de la fièvre de la Vallée du Rift, du SRAS, du monkeypox, de la grippe aviaire H5N1 et Chikungunya. Les causes, multiples et complexes, de ces émergences et réémergences sont brièvement analysées.

Mots-clés: Maladies virales; Virus nipah; Virus wewt nile; Fievre de la vallée du rif; Virus variole, singe; Virus du sras; Virus a de la grippe H5N1; Grippe aviaire; Virus Chikungunya

Key-words (Index medicus): Virus diseases, Nipah virus, West nile virus, Rift valley fever, Monkeypox virus, Sars virus, Influenza a virus H5N1 subtype, Influenza flu, Chikungunhya virus

Footnotes

Tirés à part: Professeur Claude Chastel, 3, rue Rouget de L’Isle, 29200 Brest.

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