Fig. 2.

Inhibition of early production of proinflammatory cytokines by PEDV. (A) through (F), Inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines at early times of infection. LLC-PK1 cells were infected with PEDV at an MOI of 0.01 and cells were harvested at indicated times for expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by RT-qPCR. (G), Inhibition of the induction of TNFα by PEDV in Vero and MARC-145 cells. Cells were infected with PEDV at an MOI of 1 for indicated times and the production of TNFα was determined by RT-qPCR. PRRSV as a known inhibitor of TNFα and VSV as a known stimulator were included as controls. Asterisks indicate statistical significance calculated by the Student's t-test. *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01; ***, P<0.001.