Abstract
Background and Purpose
More and more evidence suggests that cognitive impairment (CI) after stroke is closely related to the quality of life of stroke patients. The primary aim of this study is to investigate the occurrence and longitudinal changes of CI at different stages after acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in Chinese patients.
Methods
The data of this study come from the impairment of cognition and Sleep after acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack in Chinese patients study (ICONS), a nationwide multicenter prospective registry that recruited consecutive AIS or transient ischemic attack in-hospital patients within 7 days after onset. Patients were followed for Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scale at 2-week (2w), 3 months (3m) and 12 months (12m). CI was defined as MoCA score≦22. No cognitive impairment (NCI) was defined as MoCA score>22.
Results
A total of 2432 AIS patients were enrolled in this study. Overall, 72.94% of patients were male and the average age was 60.95 years. Median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 3. The occurrence rate of CI was 52.38%, 35.55% and 34.16% at 2w, 3m and 12m. Among patients with CI at 2w and 3m, 39.9% and 27.9% of patients returned to NCI at next follow-up point. At 3m and 12m follow-up, there were also 9.6% and 12.7% new CI patients. The two cognitive items with the highest abnormal rate were “Delayed recall” (89.35%, 83.33% and 82.80%) and “Visuospatial/executive” (78.91%, 73.42% and 70.08%). The cognitive item with the highest percentage of improved patients was “Orientation” (60.91–76.68%), and the cognitive item with the lowest percentage of improved patients was “Language” (35.85–44.50%).
Conclusion
CI had a relatively high occurrence at 2w to 12m after AIS. CI at 3m and 12m was significantly lower than that at 2w after stroke. The occurrence of abnormalities and recovery probability for different cognitive items also differed greatly.
Keywords: cognitive impairment, ischemic stroke, longitudinal cohort study, occurrence
Introduction
Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide and the leading cause of mortality and disability in China.1,2 Research and interventions have historically mainly focused on physical disabilities, but more and more evidence suggests that cognitive impairment (CI) is closely related to the prognosis of stroke patients.3–5 Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) may reduce the quality of life, and increase the risk of stroke recurrence.6 It cast a heavy economic burden to families and the society. PSCI has gained more attention in current stroke research and intervention internationally. In American Heart Association (AHA)/American Stroke Association (ASA) 2016 guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery, screening for cognitive deficits is recommended for all stroke patients before discharge.7
Stroke burden in China has increased over the past 30 years. There are 7 million stroke patients in China. The age-standardized occurrence is 246.8/100 000 person-years.8,9 However, the public awareness of CI after stroke is low in China. There is currently no nationwide multi-center survey of CI in acute stroke patients in China, except data from local cities.
The primary aim of this study is to investigate the occurrence and longitudinal changes of CI at different stages after acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in Chinese patients.
Methods
Overview of the Study
The data of this study come from the Impairment of CognitiON and Sleep after acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack in Chinese patients (ICONS) study. In this manuscript, we analyzed the occurrence and longitudinal changes of CI after AIS. ICONS is one of the research subgroups of China National Stroke Registry-III (CNSR-III).10 CNSR-III is a nationwide prospective registry for consecutive patients presented to hospitals within 7 days after AIS or transient ischemic attack (TIA) between August 2015 and March 2018 in China. The protocol of the CNSR-III study was approved by ethics committee at Beijing Tiantan Hospital. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients or his/her representatives before being entered into the study.
The study sites with the experience of cognition and sleep research among CNSR-III were selected to participate in the ICONS study. Among the patients of CNSR-III who met the sub-group inclusion criteria were selected and included in ICONS. The main aims of ICONS are to investigate the occurrence and the influencing factors of CI and sleep disorder at 2-week (2w), 3-month (3m), and 12-month (12m) after AIS/TIA in Chinese patients. The protocol of the ICONS study was also approved by ethics committee at Beijing Tiantan Hospital and all participating centers. Separate written informed consent was also obtained. Both studies were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Site Selection
The project of ICONS was carried out in multiple hospitals and medical centers. The steering committee hospitals nationwide to represent the population from each region of East, West, South, North, Center of Mainland China. 52 hospitals were invited initially, 46 agreed, and 40 were ultimately selected by the ICONS steering committee based on their research capability and commitment to the study. Figure 1 presents the geographical locations of these 40 participating hospitals.
Figure 1.
The geographical locations of participating hospitals in the ICONS.
Patient Enrollment and Definition of CI
The ICONS study recruited consecutive patients from August 2015 to January 2018 who met the following criteria:
Inclusion Criteria
Age ≥18 years old;
Diagnosis of AIS/TIA;
Admission within 7 days after onset of AIS/TIA.
Ability to understand, confirm and sign the informed consent.
Exclusion Criteria
Silent cerebral infarction diagnosed by MRI or CT without symptoms and signs.
Illiterate patients.
History of cognitive impairment, psychosis or schizophrenia disease (documented in medical records).
Other factors that interfere with cognitive or sleep evaluation, e.g. severe aphasia defined as National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) item 9(Best Language)>2, consciousness disorders defined as NIHSS item 1a (Level of Consciousness)>1 or 1b (LOC Questions)>1, hearing loss, visual impairment, hard to cooperate, severe unilateral neglect or dyslexia.
Unable to complete the baseline Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and other tests.
Acute ischaemic stroke and TIA were diagnosed according to the WHO criteria (acute onset of neurological deficit, persisting for >24hours in case of stroke, or for <24hours in case of TIA) and confirmed by MRI or brain CT (If with evidence of associated acute focal infarction on imaging, the patient will be diagnosed as a stroke rather than a TIA, even if neurological deficit persisting for <24hours).11,12 Considering the difference in duration of symptoms and infarction between TIA and AIS patients, the cognitive abnormalities of them will be different. In this study, we only choose the AIS population for analysis.
In this study, CI was defined as MoCA≦22. No cognitive impairment (NCI) was defined as MoCA score>22. Regarding the identification of PSCI, the best cut-off point was still be controversial.13–16 The meta-analysis by Lees et al showed that the conventional cut-off point (<26/30) had excellent sensitivity (0.95) but suboptimal specificity (0.45). By comparison, the adapted MoCA cut-off point (<22/30) improved specificity (0.78) while maintaining good sensitivity (0.84).15 Previous research by our team also found that MoCA cut-off score of 22/23 was optimally sensitive (0.85) and specific (0.88) for detecting CI after mild stroke and TIA in Chinese patients.16 The overall patients enrolled in our study may be relatively mild. So in this study, we also define CI as MoCA≦22.
Baseline/Follow-Up Data Collection and Data Management
The ICONS study baseline data and follow-up collection and processing methods were the same as the CNSR-III study.10 Patients were interviewed face-to-face at 2w, 3m and 12m and contacted over the telephone by trained research coordinators at 6m and 2–5 years annually.
Based on the follow-up content of CNSR-III study. For all patients included in the ICONS study, at 2w or discharge, 3m and 12m, MoCA,13,17 Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI),18 Epworth Sleeping Scale (ESS),19 Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9),20 General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7),21 10-meter walking speed test and stroke impact scale (SIS-16) were evaluated face to face.22,23 All tests were administered with same version by trained examiners. The medications for cognitive impairment, sleep disorder and depression were also recorded.
The MoCA scale is the most commonly used cognitive instrument for screening for CI in patients with mild stroke or TIA. It is a one-page 30-point test for cognition administered in about 10 mins, including Visuospatial/executive abnormal (5 points), Naming (3 points), Attention (2 points), Language (2 points), Delayed recall (5 points) Orientation (6 points).13,17 The same version of MoCA were used at all follow-up point.
Statistical Analysis
Means with standard deviation or median with the interquartile range were used for continuous variables. Proportions were used to describe the categorical variables. t-test or Mann–Whitney test was performed to compare continuous variables, while as chi-square test or fisher’s exact test was performed to compare the categorical variables. A two-sided p value <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. All analyses were conducted with SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC).
Results
Patient recruitment and 12m follow-up had been completed. There were 2704 patients who were screened and consented from 40 participating sites between August 2015 and January 2018. Finally, a total of 2625 patients were eligible for ICONS study. 2432 AIS patients were included for this study. The detailed patient enrollment flow chart is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Flow chart of patient enrollment in the study. There were 2704 patients who were screened and consented from 40 participating sites. Finally, a total of 2432 acute ischemic stroke patients were included for this study.
Baseline characteristics of the included AIS patients are presented in Table 1. Overall, 72.94% of patients were male and the average age was 60.95 years. The median time from disease onset to enrollment was 1 day. Median NIHSS score was 3.
Table 1.
Baseline Demographic Characteristics, Medical History and Stroke Subtype
| Baseline Variables | AIS n(%) N=2432 |
|---|---|
| Gender male | 1774(72.94) |
| Average age (years) | 60.95±10.78 |
| Race (Han) | 2351(96.67) |
| Education level | |
| Elementary or below | 638(26.23) |
| Middle school | 867(35.65) |
| High school or above | 809(33.26) |
| Unknown | 118(4.85) |
| Current smoker | 890(36.60) |
| Secondhand smoking | 385(15.83) |
| Heavy drinker (>60g/d) | 154(6.33) |
| Medical History | |
| Diabetes | 562(23.11) |
| Hypertension | 1530(62.91) |
| Lipid metabolism disorders | 234(9.62) |
| Cerebral infarction | 509(20.93) |
| ICH | 32(1.32) |
| Subarachnoid hemorrhage | 4(0.16) |
| TIA | 64(2.63) |
| Heart failure | 9(0.37) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 72(2.96) |
| Carotid artery stenosis | 15(0.62) |
| Epilepsy | 7(0.29) |
| Sleep Apnea | 29(1.19) |
| Median NIHSS score (IQR) | 3(1–5) |
| Stroke subtype for TOAST | |
| Large artery atherosclerosis | 1407(57.85) |
| Cardiogenic embolism | 99(4.07) |
| Small artery occlusion | 768(31.58) |
| Other/Unknown | 158(6.50) |
| Median Stroke onset to enrollment time (day) | 1(0–2) |
Abbreviations: ICH, Intracranial Cerebral Hemorrhage; TIA, Transient Ischemic Attack; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; IQR, interquartile range; TOAST, the Trial of Org 10,172 in Acute Stroke Treatment.
Number of completed people for face-to-face evaluation of MoCA and the occurrence rate of CI at each follow-up point is shown in Table 2. The occurrence rate of CI (defined as MoCA≦22) was 52.38%,35.55% and 34.16% at 2w, 3m and 12m. At the three follow-up time points (2w,3m and 12m), the two cognitive items with the highest abnormal rate were “Delayed recall” (89.35%, 83.33% and 82.80%) and “Visuospatial/executive” (78.91%, 73.42% and 70.08%).
Table 2.
Cognitive Impairment at Different Stages After AIS
| At 2 Weeks n/N (%) | At 3 Months n/N (%) | At 12 Months n/N (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| MoCA&≦22 | 1274/2432(52.38) | 749/2107(35.55) | 456/1335(34.16) |
| MoCA&< 26 | 1841/2432(75.70) | 1230/2107(58.38) | 753/1335(56.40) |
| Visuospatial/executive abnormal# | 1905/2414(78.91) | 1525/2077(73.42) | 918/1310(70.08) |
| Naming abnormal# | 744/2428(30.64) | 444/2103(21.11) | 248/1327(18.69) |
| Attention abnormal# | 1098/2428(45.22) | 773/2106(36.70) | 445/1332(33.41) |
| Language abnormal# | 1433/2425(59.09) | 1173/2092(56.07) | 740/1324(55.89) |
| Abstraction abnormal# | 1359/2416(56.25) | 915/2048(44.68) | 562/1302(43.16) |
| Delayed recall abnormal# | 2156/2413(89.35) | 1714/2057(83.33) | 1083/1308(82.80) |
| Orientation abnormal# | 912/2426(37.59) | 491/2104(23.34) | 302/1334(22.64) |
Notes: &MoCA indicates Montreal Cognitive Assessment. #“abnormal” is defined as the total score of this cognitive item in MoCA scale is deducted by 1 point and above.
Figure 3 details the longitudinal changes of CI (defined as MoCA≦22) at each follow-up point. Among patients with CI at 2w and completed MoCA follow-up at 3m, 39.9% (433/1084) of patients returned to NCI at 3m follow-up. And among patients with CI at 3m and completed MoCA follow-up at 12m, 27.9% (127/456) patients returned to NCI at 12m follow-up. At 3m and 12m follow-up, there were also 9.6% (98/1023) and 12.7% (105/828) new CI patients.
Figure 3.
The longitudinal changes of cognitive impairment at each follow-up point. The figure showed the longitudinal changes of cognitive impairment at each follow-up point. This included the number of patients who actually completed the follow-up evaluation of the scale and their proportion. The number of unfinished follow-ups was not shown in the figure.
Abbreviations: CI, cognitive impairment; NCI, no cognitive impairment.
Table 3 shows the percentage of improved patients for each abnormal cognitive item in MoCA scale at 3m and 12m follow-up compared with those at 2w or 3m. The cognitive item with the highest percentage of improved patients was “Orientation” (60.91–76.68%), and the cognitive item with the lowest percentage of improved patients was “Language” (35.85–44.50%).
Table 3.
The Percentage of Improved Patients for Each Abnormal Cognitive Item in MoCA Scale at 3-Month (3m) and 12-Month (12m) Follow-Up
| Improved& n/N# (%) (at 3m vs at 2w) | Improved& n/N# (%) (at 12m vs at 2w) | Improved& n/N# (%) (at 12m vs at 3m) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Visuospatial/executive | 735/1609(45.68) | 500/1010(49.50) | 308/908(33.92) |
| Naming | 387/643(60.19) | 270/406(66.50) | 127/266(47.24) |
| Attention | 559/941(59.40) | 414/600(69.00) | 251/452(55.53) |
| Language | 461/1204(38.29) | 340/764(44.50) | 252/703(35.85) |
| Abstraction | 519/1125(46.13) | 393/714(55.04) | 172/519(33.14) |
| Delayed recall | 954/1814(52.59) | 691/1166(59.26) | 387/1028(37.65) |
| Orientation | 573/775(73.94) | 388/506(76.68) | 187/307(60.91) |
Notes: &“Improved” is defined as “the total score of this cognitive item is abnormal at 2w or 3m, but increased by 1 point and above at a later time point (3m or 12m)”. #N= the total number of patients who were abnormal at an earlier time point (2w or 3m) and completed follow-up at a later time point (3m or 12m). #n=Among N, the number of patients who were improved at a later time point (3m or 12m).
Discussion
ICONS is the first prospective national registry study for cognitive impairment and sleep disorders on AIS and TIA in an inpatient population in China. In this manuscript, we mainly introduced the overall protocol of ICONS and analyzed the occurrence and longitudinal changes of CI after AIS.
The occurrence of CI after stroke in previous studies varies greatly depending on the region, ethnicity, diagnostic criteria, stroke severity, assessing time after stroke, and the method of assessment. The MoCA and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were commonly recommended tools for screening for CI. They include relatively good global cognitive assessment and the operation is relatively simple.
In European countries, using the MMSE or MoCA, the occurrence of CI at 3 months after stroke was 24% to 47%.24,25 However, using comprehensive neuropsychological tests which is more comprehensive and accurate for cognitive function evaluation, the occurrence of CI in the same population may be higher (96% vs 39%).25 In Asia, a multicenter, cohort study in Korea that enrolled 620 patients with ischemic stroke and used MMSE assessment showed that the occurrence of CI was as high as 69.8% at 3 months after stroke.26 In China, a study of ischemic stroke patients in Chongqing city, using MMSE assessment, the occurrence of CI after 3 months of stroke was 32.2%.27
Most of the reported PSCI studies only followed patients up to 3 months after stroke. Since cognitive decline is usually a long-term process, a longer follow-up period is warranted. The ICONS study was the first prospective national registry study for CI after AIS and TIA in an inpatient population in China. Compared with previous studies, ICONS study has more frequent and longer follow-ups. According to the inclusion criteria of this study, some of more severe populations were not selected in this study because of the difficulty in accurately evaluating MoCA. Therefore, the selected population in this study was actually younger and milder than the typical stroke population, but the results showed that there was still a relatively high occurrence of CI. This suggests that we really should give enough attention to CI after AIS. Baseline data showed that the overall patients enrolled in our study were mild. The median NIHSS score for AIS population was only 3 points. It showed that even in mild stroke, CI was a frequent consequence. And it may often masked and does not fully manifest until after acute hospitalization. So we should recommend standardized cognitive screening even in patients with mild stroke.
The study also showed that the occurrence of CI at 3m and 12m after stroke was significantly lower than that at 2w after stroke, suggesting that CI after stroke, especially early CI was partially recoverable.
Yet, indeed, for the identification of CI, the best cut-off point is still controversial. Nevertheless, MoCA or MMSE score below a cut-point is not the only accepted criteria for the Diagnosis of CI or even dementia. In this study, we defined CI as MoCA≦22. This is a relatively strict definition. If calculated in terms of cognitive decline (eg MoCA<26), the proportion of abnormalities will be much higher. Cognitive decline that not severe enough to diagnose CI should also cause our attention.28,29
This study further confirmed that CI could occur both immediately after stroke and after a delay. The CI at different periods may have different pathogenesis, clinical features and prognosis.30 PSCI is a complex syndrome, suggesting that our future research direction should be more accurately classify people with CI after stroke in order to find a better therapeutic target. This study also analyzed the occurrence of abnormalities and recovery probability for different cognitive items. The results showed that the most easily improved cognitive item was “Orientation”, and the most difficultly improved cognitive item was “Language”. This also helps us to more accurately understand the prognosis of different CI symptoms, and guide the subsequent evaluation focus and rehabilitation direction.
There are several limitations of our study. First, limited by the financial and human resources, we did not use a full neuropsychological battery which is more comprehensive and accurate for cognitive function evaluation. In addition to the MoCA scale, if additional assessments could be supplemented, it may offer further insight into problem areas. Second, although the overall sample size of the study was relatively large, the follow-up completion rate for 12m was not very high. This will cause a sampling bias and have an impact on the relevant conclusions at this follow-up point. Third, as a national registry study, although we had selected 40 centers from different regions, we did not cover all provinces of China.
Conclusion
CI had a relatively high occurrence at 2w to 12m after AIS. CI at 3m and 12m was significantly lower than that at 2w after stroke. The occurrence of abnormalities and recovery probability for different cognitive items also differed greatly.
Acknowledgments
This study is supported by grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (2016YFC0901001/2016YFC0901002) and grants from Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission (D151100002015003).
Data Sharing Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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