DJ-1 promotes cell proliferation and tumor metastasis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

Abstract

DJ-1, an oncogene, has been reported to be an independent prognostic indicator of poor survival in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of DJ-1 in tumor cell proliferation and invasion in ESCC and its underlying mechanisms. It was observed that the expression level of DJ-1 was upregulated and positively associated with EMT biomarkers in 84 human ESCC tissue specimens. Overexpression and knockdown experiments demonstrated that DJ-1 was involved in proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT in ECA-109 cells in vitro and extensive peritoneal seeding in a peritoneal dissemination mice model. Furthermore, the present data revealed that DJ-1 could activate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which mediates the EMT and metastasis in ESCC. In conclusions, DJ-1 promoted proliferation, invasion, metastasis and the EMT in ESCC via activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway. The present results suggested DJ-1 could represent a promising therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of ESCC-related metastasis.

Introduction

Esophageal carcinoma is a commonly occurring tumor, with no effective therapy, which threatens human health, causing >400,000 mortalities worldwide annually in 2016 (1,2). The most prevalent type of esophageal carcinoma is esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), which mainly occurs in Eastern Asia, as well as Eastern and Southern Africa (3). In China, ~477,900 patients were diagnosed with esophageal cancer and ~375,00 patients succumbed to the disease in 2015 (4). The prognosis of ESCC is very poor, with a 5-year survival rate following surgery, chemotherapy or radiotherapy treatment of only 15-25%. As metastases are often present prior to diagnosis (5), it is crucial to understand the molecular mechanisms of metastasis in ESCC.

Tumor metastasis is the movement of tumor cells from a primary site to colonize distant organs progressively (6). The process of tumor metastasis is complicated and is associated with tumor microenvironment (7), changes in the cytoskeleton (8), activation or inactivation of signaling pathways (9), angiogenesis (10), epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process (11), cell proliferation, as well as the mobilization of oncogenes and the restrain of tumor suppressors (12). In the course of tumor progression, epithelial cells can exhibit plasticity and transition into a mesenchymal state by activating the EMT process, while cells in the mesenchymal state have a greater ability to migrate and invade (11). The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays an important role in the process of cell proliferation and differentiation, while abnormal activation of this pathway can lead to tumor (13). A previous study reported that EMT could be regulated by Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway (14), and revealed a new mechanism of tumor metastasis.

DJ-1 is an oncogene that is highly expressed in numerous cancer types compared with corresponding normal tissue, such as in lung cancer, breast cancer and endometrial cancer (15-17). The effects of DJ-1 in cancer are possibly through its ability to transform normal cells, prevent oxidative damage, and inhibit apoptosis and promote metastasis (18). DJ-1 has been reported to be an independent prognostic indicator of poor survival in ESCC (19). However, the mechanisms of DJ-1 that promote ESCC metastasis remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the role of DJ-1 in ESCC tumor cell proliferation and invasion, and its underlying mechanisms.

Materials and methods

Patient information and tissue specimens

The samples for the present study were collected from 84 patients diagnosed with ESCC who underwent surgical treatment at the Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University (Yangzhou, China) between January 2015 to December 2016. The age range was 49-81 years (median, 64.46 years), and 58 male and 26 females were included. None of the patients received radiotherapy or chemotherapy prior to surgery. The ESCC specimens obtained from thora-coscopic surgery were stored at -80˚C, fixed in 10% formalin at room temperature for 24 h and embedded in paraffin. The study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University (Yangzhou, China). All patients signed informed consent forms.

Reagents and antibodies

UltraVision Quanto Detection system HRP DAB was obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. Roswell Park Memorial Institute-1640 (RPMI-1640) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were purchased from Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc. Recombinant transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) was acquired from R&D Systems. Matrigel was obtained from BD Biosciences. Anti-DJ-1 antibody was obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc (catalog no. sc-55572; 1:1,000 for western blotting; 1:200 for immunohistochemistry). Anti-E-Cadherin antibody was acquired from Abcam (catalog no. ab231303; 1:1,000 for western blotting; 1:1,000 for immunohistochemistry). Antibodies against vimentin (catalog no. 5741; 1:1,000 for western blotting; 1:200 for immunohistochemistry), N-Cadherin (catalog no. 13116S; 1:1,000 for western blotting), β-actin (catalog no. 4970S; 1:1,000 for western blotting), low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) (catalog no. 2560S; 1:1,000 for western blotting), phosphorylation-LRP6 (p-LRP6) (catalog no. 2568S; 1:1,000 for western blotting), axin1 (catalog no. 2087S; 1:1,000 for western blotting) and β-catenin (catalog no. 8480S; 1:1,000 for western blotting; 1:100 for immunohistochemistry) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. HRP-conjugated goat anti mouse IgG (catalog no. G1006-1; 1:2,000 for western blotting) and HRP-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (catalog no. HA1001; 1:2,000 for western blotting) were from Hangzhou Hua-an Medical & Health Instruments Co., Ltd. Other chemicals of analytical grade were obtained from commercial sources.

Immunohistochemistry

Immunohistochemical staining of human paraffin-embedded ESCC was performed using UltraVision Quanto Detection system HRP DAB, according to the manufacturer's protocol. Briefly, slides were cut to a 5-µm thickness. Following deparaffinization and rehydration with gradient alcohol ranging between 100 and 70%, the tissues were incubated in digestive enzyme for pretreatment. Sections were washed with PBS at room temperature, and then incubated in Hydrogen Peroxide Block for 10 min and Ultra V Block for 5 min at 37˚C to reduce non-specific background staining. Following washing with PBS, the sections were incubated with primary antibodies against E-cadherin, vimentin, DJ-1 and b-catenin for 20 min at 37˚C. Following washing, the sections were then incubated with Applied HRP Polymer Quanto for 10 min at 37˚C. DAB Quanto Chromogen (30 µl) was added to 1 ml DAB Quanto Substrate, mixed by swirling and applied to tissue for 5 min, followed by washing with distilled water at room temperature. Finally, the sections were counterstained with hematoxylin for 1 min at room temperature followed by dehydration and coverslip mounting. Negative controls were treated with PBS in place of primary antibodies. The stained slides were observed with a light microscope (magnification, x100 and x200) and evaluated using Image Pro Plus (version 6.0; Media Cybernetics) as previously described (20).

Cell lines and cell culture

The human ESCC cell line ECA-109 was purchased from the Type Culture Collection of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and cultured in RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% FBS and 1% penicillin-streptomycin mixture. Cells were maintained at 37˚C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO₂. Prior to experiments, ECA-109 cells in the log phase of growth were cultured in six-well plates in media containing only 1% FBS for 24 h.

EMT model

ECA-109 cells (1x10⁵) were plated in six-well plates 12 h before the experiment, and RPMI-1640 containing 10 µg/l TGF-β1 was subsequently added to each well for 24 h under normal culture conditions (21). The cell morphology and distribution were captured under a light microscope (magnification, x200; Olympus Corporation). Subsequently, the protein expression levels of EMT-associated proteins E-cadherin, N-cadherin, vimentin and DJ-1 were detected by western blotting.

Lentivirus-mediated DJ-1 overexpression and knockdown

A lentiviral vector carrying green fluorescent protein (GFP) for DJ-1 overexpression (LV-DJ-1) was applied to mediate DJ-1 overexpression and an empty lentiviral vector was applied as the negative control (LV-con). A lentiviral vector carrying GFP and encoding short interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting DJ-1 was applied to mediate DJ-1 knockdown (LV-siRNA-DJ-1) and an empty lentiviral vector was used as the negative control (LV-siRNA-con). All lentivirus vectors were constructed by Shanghai Genechem Co., Ltd. GV358 lentiviral vector was used to upregulate the expression of DJ-1 and GV248 lentiviral vector was used to knockdown the expression of DJ-1. The negative controls were also generated using GV248 and GV358, respectively. The primer sequence of DJ-1 was as follow: Forward, 5'-GAG GAT CCC CGG GTA CCG GTC GCC ACC ATG GCT TCC AAA AGA GCT CTG G-3' and reverse, 5'-TCC TTG TAG TCC ATA CCG TCT TTA AGA ACA AGT GGA G-3'. The siRNA sequence was 5'-TTA GAG AAA CAG GCC GTT A-3'. ECA-109 cells (1.0x10⁶) were seeded in six-well plates, and lentivirus (MOI, 10) with viral-plus transduction enhancer and polybrene (Shanghai Genechem Co., Ltd.) at a final concentration of 8 µg/ml were added and incubated at 37˚C for 48 h. Subsequently, the cells were treated with 10 g/ml puromycin to eliminate the uninfected cells for 72 h. The GFP positive cells were evaluated using a fluorescence microscope (Olympus Corporation) and transfection was further confirmed by western blotting.

Western blot analyses

Total proteins of each cell group were prepared using RIPA buffer containing 1 mmol/l PMSF and a protease inhibitor cocktail (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). Proteins were quantified using the BCA assay kit (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). Total proteins (30 µg/lane) from each lysate were separated by 10% SDS-PAGE and then transferred onto PVDF membranes. Membranes were blocked in blocking buffer (5% non-fat dry milk and 1% Tween-20 in PBS) for 2 h at room temperature. The membranes were incubated with the primary antibodies against DJ-1, E-cadherin, vimentin, N-cadherin, β-actin, LRP6, p-LRP6, Axin1 and β-catenin overnight at 4˚C, and then incubated with HRP-conjugated rabbit or anti-mouse antibody at room temperature for 2 h. Immunoreactive signals were visualized using ECL detection reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) with the Molecular Imager Chemi Doc XRS system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.). The bands were quantified using Quantity One analysis software version 4.62 (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.). The value of each protein was normalized to the β-actin level in the same sample.

Cell proliferation assay

Thymidine analog 5-ethynyl-2'-de-oxyuridine (EdU) (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was used to detect cell proliferation. According to the manufacturer's protocol, 2.0x10⁴ cells/well were seeded into 96-well plates and incubated at 37˚C in a 5% CO₂ incubator for 24 h. Then, 25 µM EdU was added for 2 h at 37˚C. Following washing with PBS, cells were fixed with 4% para-formaldehyde for 30 min at room temperature and terminated with 2 mg/ml glycine. The Apollo staining reaction liquid (catalog no. C10310; Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd.) was then added to the wells and incubated in dark at room temperature for 30 min. Subsequently, 100 µl 0.5% TritonX-100 was applied to reduce the dye background. DAPI was diluted and used to dye the nucleus in dark at room temperature for 30 min. The results were observed and photographed using a fluorescence inversion microscope system (magnification, x100; Olympus Corporation).

Cell clone assay

To examine clonogenic ability, 500 cells were seeded in six-well plates and cultured with complete medium for 2 weeks in a 5% CO₂ incubator at 37˚C (22). Then, the cells were fixed with 99% methanol for 10 min at room temperature, and stained with 0.1% crystal violet (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) for 15 min at room temperature. Clones with ≥50 cells were scored under a light microscope (Olympus Corporation) and five random views were evaluated (magnification, x100).

Cell adhesion assay

The 96-well plates were coated with 0.04 µg/µl Matrigel (BD Biosciences) prior to the experiments. Cells (5x10⁴) were seeded in the plates for 2 h and then washed with PBS to remove non-adherent cells. MTT (5 mg/ml; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) was added to each well in the dark for 4 h in a 5% CO₂ incubator at 37˚C. The optical density (OD) value was measured at 490 nm. The adhesion rate was calculated as: OD of objective cells/OD of negative control cells x100%.

Transwell assay

A Corning Matrigel invasion chamber (Corning, Inc.) was used for the Transwell assay. In the invasion assay, Matrigel gel diluted with serum-free RPMI-1640 (1:8) was added to the upper chamber. A single cell suspension in serum-free RPMI-1640 was added to the upper chamber at a density of 2x10⁴ cells/well and incubated for 24 h (23). The non-invading cells on the upper side of the chamber were removed using cotton swabs. The membrane containing the invaded cells was fixed with 99% methanol for 10 min at room temperature and stained with 0.1% crystal violet for 10 min at room temperature. Migration assays were performed using the same procedure, except that the polycarbonate membrane was not coated with Matrigel. Each experiment was repeated three times. The number of invading and migrating cells was detected by light microscopy (magnification, x200). The invasion and migration capacity of cells was calculated as follows: Cell number of the treatment group/cell number of the control group x100%.

Inhibitor treatment

To evaluate the exact mechanism, the present study investigated the effect of β-catenin inhibition on the role of DJ-1 in ESCC malignant behaviors using XAV939 (MedChemExpress), a small molecule inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin. LV-DJ-1 cells were cultured in 6-well plates in advance, then 10 mM XAV939 was added for 24 h in a 5% CO₂ incubator at 37˚C and the same concentration of DMSO was used as a negative control. The treated cells were then subjected to a cell proliferation assay, cell clone assay, cell adhesion assay, Transwell assay and western blotting.

Nude mice intraperitoneal xenograft model

A total of 20 4-week-old female athymic nude BALB/c mice were obtained from the Comparative Medicine Laboratory Animal Center of Yangzhou University (Jiangsu, China). All mice were raised in a specific pathogen-free atmosphere environment at 25˚C with a 12 h light/dark cycle and allowed free access to food and water. All animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Yangzhou University and performed in accordance with internationally accepted guidelines on the use of laboratory animals. Nude mice were randomly assigned to four groups; each group contained 5 mice. ECA-109/LV-con, ECA-109/LV-DJ-1, ECA-109/LV-siRNA-DJ-1 and ECA-109/LV-siRNA-con cells (1x10⁶) were separately inoculated into the peritoneal cavity of nude mice (24). Because the intraperitoneal nodules could not be measured directly for tumor progression, we referred to relevant literature and chose 28 days as the total time of the experiment (24). In the 28 days, tumor progression was assessed by abdominal palpation and in vivo imaging of the small animals using IVIS^® Lumina Series III (PerkinElmer, Inc.) every 2 days. Isoflurane (3%) was used for induction and 1.5% isoflurane was used for maintenance of anesthesia in the process of imaging small animals in vivo. However, due to the poor imaging effect of GFP in cells and the high background fluorescence in the picture, tumor progress was roughly evaluated according to the intensity of the strongest fluorescence. During the process, all the mice were alive, and almost all of them showed wasting, but they were able to eat and drink normally; therefore, the experiment was continued until the end of the experiment period. A total of 28 days following injection, all the mice were anesthetized with 3% isoflurane gas inhalation and sacrificed by cervical dislocation, then a laparotomy was performed. Peritoneal dissemination and organ metastasis were examined. The peritoneal nodules and liver were fixed in 10% formalin and embedded in paraffin for pathological analysis.

Statistical analyses

All the experiments were repeated three times. Protein expression levels and clinicopathological features were compared using the χ² test. Correlations between DJ-1, E-cadherin and vimentin in clinical samples were analyzed using Pearson's correlation analysis. Other data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation, and groups were compared using Student's t-test. One-way ANOVA followed by Fisher's least significant difference post hoc test was used for multiple comparisons. All statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 16.0 software (SPSS, Inc.). P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

DJ-1 is associated with metastasis and EMT in clinical human esophageal squamous cancer patients

In order to elucidate the association between DJ-1 and EMT in ESCC, immunohistochemistry analyses were first performed to detect the expression levels of DJ-1, vimentin and E-cadherin in 84 human ESCC tissue specimens (Fig. 1A). The associations between the clinical pathological features of patients with ESCC and the DJ-1, E-cadherin ad vimentin immunohis-tochemical staining scores are summarized in Table I. The data demonstrated that high expression of DJ-1 was significantly associated with the lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis. In addition, high expression of vimentin and low expression of E-cadherin were significantly associated with the tumor cell differentiation, pT status, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis (P<0.05).

Figure 1.

Immunohistochemical staining of DJ-1, vimentin and E-cadherin in ESCC specimens and the correlation between DJ-1 and EMT proteins. (A) Immunohistochemical staining of DJ-1, vimentin and E-cadherin in ESCC. The red arrows indicate positively stained cells. Scale bars, 100 or 50 µm. (B) DJ-1 was positively correlated with vimentin (r=0.739, P<0.001). (C) DJ-1 was negatively correlated with E-cadherin (r=-0.770, P<0.001).

Table I.

Associations between DJ-1, E-cadherin and vimentin expression and the clinicopathological features of 84 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Parameter	DJ-1 expression					Vimentin expression				E-cadherin expression
	n	High	Low	χ2	P-value	High	Low	χ2	P-value	High	Low	χ2	P-value
Age, years				0.350	0.554			0.239	0.625			0.075	0.784
≤60	15	7	8			8	7			6	9
>60	69	38	31			32	37			25	44
Sex				0.257	0.612			0.032	0.857			0.472	0.492
Male	58	30	28			28	30			20	38
Female	26	15	11			12	14			11	15
Tumor size, cm				1.440	0.230			1.925	0.165			0.614	0.433
≤5	48	23	25			26	22			16	32
>5	36	22	14			14	22			15	21
Location				3.127	0.209			1.359	0.507			0.470	0.791
Upper	14	8	6			7	7			6	8
Middle	39	17	22			16	23			13	26
Lower	31	20	11			17	14			12	19
Differentiation				4.503	0.105			7.489	0.024			8.531	0.014
Well	7	8				5	10			10	5
Moderate	25	27				22	30			18	34
Poor	13	4				13	4			3	14
pT status				3.489	0.062			4.587	0.032			4.741	0.029
Tl-2	24	9	15			7	17			13	11
T3-T4	60	36	24			33	27			18	42
Lymph node metastasis				6.489	0.011			7.126	0.008			6.347	0.012
No	29	10	19			8	21			16	13
Yes	55	35	20			32	23			15	40
Metastasis				8.526	0.004			9.185	0.002			10.181	0.001
No	46	18	28			15	31			24	22
Yes	38	27	11			25	13			7	29

Furthermore, the expression levels of EMT biomarkers E-cadherin and vimentin were significantly correlated with DJ-1. As presented in Fig. 1B and C, DJ-1 expression was positively correlated with vimentin expression (r=0.739, P<0.001) and negatively correlated with E-cadherin (r=-0.770, P<0.001). These results collectively suggest that DJ-1 may be closely associated with metastasis and the EMT in ESCC.

DJ-1 is highly expressed during EMT in a ESCC cell model

To study the DJ-1 expression in EMT progress, EMT was induced in ECA-109 cells using 10 ng/ml TGF-β1. Following 24 h, cells were photographed under a light microscope and examined by western blotting. As presented in Fig. 2A, the cell morphology of the TGF-β1 group exhibited spindle-like shapes. The distribution of cells in the TGF-β1 group was more extensive and changes in migration patterns were observed compared with the control group. Furthermore, the expression levels of EMT biomarkers were significantly different following TGF-β1 treatment; E-cadherin was significantly decreased, and N-cadherin and vimentin were significantly increased (P<0.01). In addition, DJ-1 expression was significantly increased following TGF-β1 treatment (P<0.01; Fig. 2B). Thus, DJ-1 was highly expressed during EMT in ECA-109 cells.

Figure 2.

DJ-1 is highly expressed in the EMT model. (A) The morphology of cells in each group (magnification, x200). (B) Expression levels of EMT proteins and DJ-1 in each group. E-cadherin expression was significantly decreased in TGF-β1-treated cells, while N-cadherin, vimentin and DJ-1 expression levels were significantly increased. ^**P<0.01 vs. control. TGF-β1, transforming growth factor-β1.

DJ-1 overexpression promotes cell growth of ESCC cells

To validate the role of DJ-1 in tumor metastasis and EMT, lentivirus vectors were used to overexpress DJ-1 in Eca-109 cells. Successful overexpression of DJ-1 of was verified by fluorescence observation of the GFP signal (Fig. 3A). In addition, western blotting demonstrated that DJ-1 expression was significantly increased in LV-DJ-1 cells compared with control cells (P<0.01; Fig. 3B). As presented in Fig. 3C, cell proliferation was higher following DJ-1 overexpression compared with the control group, as the Edu staining was stronger. In order to further observe the change of cell proliferation ability, a cell clone assay was performed. This revealed that LV-DJ-1 cells had a larger colony size and significantly more colonies (189.33±15.50) compared with the control cells (106±12.77) (P<0.01; Fig. 3D).

Figure 3.

Establishment of the DJ-1-overexpression cell model, and analysis of the proliferation and colony formation in LV-DJ-1 and control cells. (A) The morphological changes of ECA-109 cells after transfection with LV-DJ-1. Scale bars, 50 µm (magnification, x200). (B) DJ-1 expression was significantly higher in LV-DJ-1 cells compared with control cells. (C) DJ-1 overexpression promoted ESCC cell proliferation (magnification, 100X). (D) DJ-1 overexpression promoted colony formation of ESCC cells (magnification, x100). ^**P<0.01 vs. LV-con. LV-DJ-1, lentivirus overexpressing DJ-1; LV-con, lentivirus control.

DJ-1 overexpression promotes migration, invasion, adhesion and EMT via the Wnt/b-catenin signaling pathway of ESCC cells

A Transwell assay was performed to detect the migration and invasion ability of DJ-1 overexpressed cells. As presented in Fig. 4A, LV-DJ-1 cells had a significantly higher migration and invasion ability compared with the LV-con group (P<0.01). Similarly, the adhesion rate was significantly higher in LV-DJ-1 cells compared with the LV-con cells (P<0.05; Fig. 4B). Western blotting results demonstrated that DJ-1 overexpression could significantly reduce the E-cadherin expression, and significantly increase the vimentin and N-cadherin expression (P<0.01; Fig. 4C), which indicates DJ-1 promotes the EMT process. LRP6, p-LRP6, axin1 and β-catenin are key proteins of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway (13). It was identified that in LV-DJ-1 cells, LRP6, p-LRP6 and β-catenin expression levels were significantly upregulated, while axin1 expression was significantly downregulated compared with control cells (P<0.01; Fig. 4D). However, the ratio of p-LRP6 to total LRP6 protein had no significant change between the control group and DJ-1 overexpressed group (P>0.05; Fig. 4D). Therefore, this suggests that a high expression of DJ-1 does not effect the phosphorylation of LPR6.

Figure 4.

DJ-1 promotes EMT via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. (A) LV-DJ-1 cells had a significantly higher migration and invasion ability compared with the control group (magnification, x200). (B) The adhesion ability was significantly increased in LV-DJ-1 cells. (C) DJ-1 overexpression promoted the EMT process by significantly reducing E-cadherin expression and significantly increasing the vimentin and N-cadherin expression. (D) LRP6, p-LRP6 and β-catenin expression were significantly upregulated, while Axin1 expression was significantly downregulated in LV-DJ-1 cells. The ratio of p-LRP6 to total LRP6 protein exhibited no significant change between the control group and DJ-1 overexpression group. ^*P<0.05, ^**P<0.01 vs. LV-con. LV-DJ-1, lentivirus overexpressing DJ-1; LV-con, lentivirus control; LRP-6, lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6; p-. phosphorylated.

DJ-1 knockdown suppresses cell growth of ESCC cells

To further confirm the effects of DJ-1 in tumor metastasis and EMT of ESCC, lentivirus vectors encoding siRNAs targeting DJ-1 were used to knockdown DJ-1 expression in ECA-109 cells. As presented in Fig. 5A, DJ-1 was knocked-down, according to the extent of green fluorescence. Additionally, western blot assay revealed that the protein expression of DJ-1 was significantly reduced in LV-siRNA-con cells (P<0.01; Fig. 5B). These results suggest that the DJ-1 low-expression cell model was successfully constructed. Edu staining assay demonstrated that LV-siRNA-DJ-1 cells had a low proliferative capacity compared with control cells, as the red fluorescence was enhanced. (Fig. 5C). Furthermore, the ability of cells in the LV-siRNA-DJ-1 group to proliferate and form clones was significantly lower compared with the control group (P<0.01; Fig. 5D).

Figure 5.

DJ-1 knockdown restrains cell proliferation and colony formation. (A) The morphological changes of ECA-109 cells after transfection with LV-siRNA-DJ-1. Scale bar, 100 µm (magnification, x100). (B) DJ-1 expression was significantly lower in LV-siRNA-DJ-1 cells compared with the control. (C) DJ-1 knockdown inhibited ESCC cell proliferation (magnification, x100). (D) DJ-1 knockdown inhibited colony formation of ESCC cells (magnification, x100). ^**P<0.01 vs. LV-siRNA-con. LV-siRNA-DJ-1, lentivirus encoding DJ-1 small interfering RNA; LV-siRNA-con, lentivirus encoding control small interfering RNA; GFP, green fluorescent protein; ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

DJ-1 knockdown suppresses migration, invasion, adhesion and EMT via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in ESCC cells

In contrast to DJ-1 overexpressed cells, the LV-siRNA-DJ-1 cells had significantly lower migration, invasion and adhesion abilities compared with LV-siRNA-control cells (P<0.01; Fig. 6A and B). The E-cadherin expression was significantly higher, while N-cadherin and Vimentin expression were significantly lower in LV-siRNA-DJ-1 cells compared with control cells (P<0.01; Fig. 6C). Furthermore, LRP6, p-LRP6 and b-catenin expression were significantly downregulated, while Axin1 expression was significantly upregulated in LV-siRNA-DJ-1 cells (P<0.01; Fig. 6D). Finally, the ratio of phosphorylated LRP6 to total LRP6 protein was significantly increased in LV-siRNA-DJ-1 cells compared with control cells.

Figure 6.

DJ-1 knockdown suppresses the EMT process via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in ESCC. (A) LV-siRNA-DJ-1 cells had a lower migration and invasion ability compared with the control group (magnification, x200). (B) Adhesion ability was significantly decreased in LV-siRNA-DJ-1 cells. (C) DJ-1 knockdown suppressed the EMT process in ESCC cells by increasing the E-cadherin expression and reducing the vimentin and N-cadherin expression. (D) LRP6, p-LRP6 and β-catenin expression were downregulated, while Axin1 expression was upregulated in LV-siRNA-DJ-1 cells compared with control cells. The ratio of p-LRP6 to total LRP6 protein was significantly increased in LV-siRNA-DJ-1 cells compared with control cells. ^**P<0.01 vs. LV-siRNA-con. ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; LV-siRNA-DJ-1, lentivirus encoding DJ-1 small interfering RNA; LV-siRNA-con, lentivirus encoding control small interfering RNA; LRP-6, lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6; p-. phosphorylated.

Inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin reduces tumor malignant behaviors induced by DJ-1

In order to investigate the exact mechanism of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in the regulation of DJ-1 in tumor malignant behaviors, the β-catenin inhibitor XAV939 was used in in vitro studies. LV-DJ-1 cells were treated with XAV939; as presented in Fig. 7A, the proliferation of LV-DJ-1 cells treated with XAV939 was decreased compared with LV-DJ-1 cells. In the colony formation assay, cells treated with XAV939 had a significantly smaller number of colonies compared with the control LV-DJ-1 cells (P<0.01; Fig. 7B). In the Transwell assay, LV-DJ-1 cells treated with XAV939 demonstrated significantly reduced abilities to migrate and invade compared with LV-con group (P<0.01; Fig. 7C). Similarly, the adhesion ability was significantly decreased in the XAV939 group compared with the LV-con group (P<0.01; Fig. 7D). Western blotting results demonstrated that XAV939 treatment could signifi-cantly increase the E-cadherin, while it significantly reduced the vimentin and N-cadherin expression levels compared with the untreated LV-DJ-1 cells (P<0.01; Fig. 7E), which indicates XAV939 inhibited the EMT process promoted by DJ-1. Additionally, LRP6, p-LRP6 and b-catenin expression levels were significantly downregulated, while Axin1 expression was significantly upregulated compared with control cells, and the ratio of phosphorylated LRP6 to total LRP6 protein was significantly increased in XAV939-treated cells compared with the control untreated LV-DJ-1 cells (P<0.05; Fig. 7F), These data suggest XAV939 could reverse tumor malignant behavior induced by overexpression of DJ-1.

Figure 7.

Inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin reduces tumor malignant behaviors caused by DJ-1. (A) The proliferation of LV-DJ-1 cells treated with XAV939 was significantly decreased compared with LV-DJ-1 cells (magnification, x100). (B) In the colony formation assay, cells treated with XAV939 had fewer colonies compared with the control LV-DJ-1 cells (magnification, x100). (C) In the Transwell assay, cells of the LV-DJ-1 + XAV939 group demonstrated a weaker ability to migrate and invade compared with the LV-DJ-1 group (magnification, x200). (D) The adhesion ability was decreased in the LV-DJ-1 + XAV939 group compared with the LV-DJ-1 group. (E) Western blotting results demonstrated XAV939 treatment could increase the E-cadherin expression, while it reduced the vimentin and N-cadherin expression levels. (F) LRP6, p-LRP6 and β-catenin expression were downregulated, while Axin1 expression was upregulated in XAV939-treated compared with control cells. The ratio of p-LRP6 to total LRP6 protein was significantly increased in XAV939-treated cells compared with the control untreated LV-DJ-1 cells. ^*P<0.05, ^**P<0.01 vs. LV-DJ-1 group. LV-DJ-1, lentivirus overexpressing DJ-1; LRP-6, lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6; p-. phosphorylated.

Manipulation on DJ-1 expression influences ESCC xeno- graft metastasis and EMT via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

Since the important roles of DJ-1 in metastasis and EMT have been demonstrated by clinical analysis and in vitro experiments, its biological effect on ESCC metastasis and EMT was further examined in vivo using a nude mice abdominal transplantation model. In vivo imaging of the small animals was also used to observe tumor growth dynamically. However, due to the poor imaging effect of green fluorescent protein in cells and the high background fluorescence in the picture, tumor progress was roughly estimated according to the intensity of the strongest fluorescence. In the late stage of tumor growth, differences were observed between each group. At day 28, the LV-DJ-1 group had a larger area and stronger fluorescence compared with the control, while the LV-siRNA-DJ-1 group had a smaller area of fluorescence (Fig S1). The numbers of peritoneal dissemination nodules were examined and the liver metastases were removed and analyzed. As presented in Fig. 8A and B, the number of peritoneal dissemination nodules in LV-DJ-1 group was significantly increased compared with the LV-con group, while in the LV-siRNA-DJ-1 group, the number of peritoneal dissemination nodules was significantly reduced compared with the LV-siRNA-con group (P<0.01). Notably, liver metastases in the LV-DJ-1 group exhibited a larger volume and contained a larger number of nodules (Fig. 8C). By contrast, in the LV-siRNA-DJ-1 group, liver metastases had a smaller volume and fewer nodules (Fig. 8D). Immunohistochemistry results further explained the mechanism of DJ-1 promoting tumor metastasis. Immunohistochemical staining (Fig. 8E) revealed increased DJ-1, vimentin and β-catenin levels, and decreased E-cadherin levels in the LV-DJ-1 group compared with the control group. In addition, staining demonstrated decreased DJ-1, vimentin and β-catenin levels, and increased E-cadherin levels in the LV-siRNA-DJ-1 group compared with the control group.

Figure 8.

Manipulation of DJ-1 expression influences esophageal squamous cell carcinoma xenograft metastasis and EMT via the Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway. (A) The number of peritoneal dissemination nodules in the LV-DJ-1 group was significantly higher compared with the LV-con group. ^**P<0.01 vs. LV-con. (B) In LV-siRNA-DJ-1 group, the number of peritoneal dissemination nodules was significantly lower compared with the LV-siRNA-con group. ^**P<0.01 vs. LV-siRNA-DJ-1. (C) Liver metastases in the LV-DJ-1 group exhibited a larger volume and more nodules. (D) In the LV-siRNA-DJ-1 group, liver metastases exhibited a smaller volume and fewer nodules. (E) Immunohistochemistry results revealed increased DJ-1, vimentin and β-catenin, and decreased E-cadherin levels in the LV-DJ-1 group, and decreased DJ-1, vimentin and β-catenin, and increased E-cadherin levels in the LV-siRNA-DJ-1 group (magnification, x200). LV-DJ-1, lentivirus overexpressing DJ-1; LV-con, lentivirus control; LV-siRNA-DJ-1, lentivirus encoding DJ-1 small interfering RNA; LV-siRNA-con, lentivirus encoding control small interfering RNA.

Discussion

The role of DJ-1 has been extensively investigated in numerous human cancer types. In the process of tumor progression, DJ-1 activates the AKT/mTOR and MAPK signaling pathway by suppressing the PTEN gene, and promotes proliferation, survival, anti-apoptosis, invasion and metastasis of tumor cells (25,26). In addition, DJ-1 serves as an endogenous antioxidant to protect cells from oxidative stress via oxidizing itself and/or stabilizing the antioxidant transcriptional responses regulator Nrf2 (27). A previous study reported that cytoplasmic DJ-1 expression is significantly higher in ESCC and ESCC lymph node metastases compared with in non-neoplastic esophageal epithelium. ESCC specimens with high distant metastatic potential also had a significantly higher level of nuclear DJ-1 expression (19). However, the mechanisms of DJ-1 promoting esophageal squamous carcinoma metastasis remain unclear.

The present study investigated the role of DJ-1 in regulation of the EMT process and metastasis, and clarified its potential mechanisms in ESCC. To understand the association between DJ-1 and EMT, the current study investigated the expression levels of DJ-1, the mesenchymal cell marker vimentin and the epithelial cell marker E-cadherin in 84 paraffin-embedded ESCC tissue samples by immunohistochemistry. It was identified that DJ-1 was significantly associated with local lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis, while the vimentin and E-cadherin were significantly associated with tumor cell differentiation, depth of tumor invasion, lymph node metastasis and distant metastases. Furthermore, DJ-1 was positively correlated with vimentin and a negatively correlated with E-cadherin (P<0.01). Furthermore, DJ-1 was highly expressed in the TGF-β1-induced EMT model of ECA-109 cells. Altogether, the present data demonstrated that DJ-1 was closely associated with tumor metastasis and EMT. To further investigate the effects of DJ-1 on metastasis and EMT, DJ-1 was upregulated and knocked-down in ECA-109 cells using lentivirus vectors. Cell proliferation is an important process for successful tumor transformation (28). Cells with DJ-1 overexpression had a greater proliferation rate and colony formation ability compared with the control cells, while DJ-1 knockdown resulted in a slower proliferation rate and colony formation compared with the control. Tumor cells gradually migrate to the vicinity of blood vessels and invade blood vessels, travel with the blood for adhesion, and then proliferate to form new metastases (29). The present results demonstrated that overex-pression of DJ-1 could increase the adhesion, migration and invasion. By contrast, the adhesion, migration and invasion were significantly decreased in the DJ-1 low-expression group. Notably, DJ-1 promoted EMT by increasing N-cadherin and vimentin expression levels, and reducing E-cadherin expression.

The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway serves a fundamental role in the cell fate specification during early embryonic development, proliferation, body axis patterning, survival, apoptosis, and in tissue homeostasis in adults (30). A mutated Wnt pathway leads to multiple growth-related pathologies and cancer (31). Zhou et al (32) found that DJ-1 can promote CRC metastasis by activating the PLAGL2-Wnt-BMP4 axis (32). This result suggested that DJ-1 could regulate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in cancer. However, it remains unclear whether DJ-1 can inhibit the invasion and metastasis in ESCC by regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Therefore, the present study further investigated the role and mechanism of DJ-1 and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in the invasion and metastasis of ESCC. Canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling begins with secreted Wnt ligands binding to the Frizzled family receptors, and then the LRP5/LRP6 co-receptor triggers the β-catenin signaling cascade (33). Du et al (34) demonstrated that silencing LRP6 leads to less metastasis and angiogenesis in HCC cells. Tung et al (35) identified that regulation of LRP6 could promote hepato-carcinogenesis and enhance cell invasion. LRP6 phosphorylation is accompanied by receptor internalization in caveolin-containing vesicles and endocytosis, which is essential for Wnt/β-catenin signaling (36). Tang et al (37) reported that β-catenin expression has higher in ESCC tissues compared with corresponding normal mucosa tissues, and exhibited a correlation with histological grade and invasion depth. Axin1 protein negatively regulates the Wnt signaling pathway based on its role as a scaffolding protein and its binding to cytoplasmic β-catenin (38).

The present study detected the expression levels of LRP6, p-LRP6, Axin1 and β-catenin in LV-DJ-1, LV-con, siRNA-DJ-1 and siRNA-con cells. The western blotting results demonstrated DJ-1 upregulation could increase LRP6, p-LRP6 and β-catenin levels, and decrease Axin1. Whereas, DJ-1-knockdown decreased the LRP6, p-LRP6 and β-catenin levels, and increased Axin1. These data revealed that the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway participates in the process of DJ-1-induced regulation of tumor metastasis and EMT. These results were consistent with the data in literature that DJ-1 can promote CRC metastasis by activating the Wnt axis (32). The present study identified that the ratio of p-LRP6 to total LRP6 protein was not significantly different between the control group and DJ-1-overexpressing group. These results suggest that a high expression of DJ-1 did not result in changes in the phosphorylation of LPR6.

β-catenin protein is a core molecule and important regulatory site of the Wnt signaling pathway, and the level of β-catenin has a decisive influence on this pathway (39). It has been reported that β-catenin is one of the differentially expressed proteins between high-metastatic human ovarian cancer and non-metastatic ovarian cancer, and subsequent in vitro and in vivo studies have confirmed that overexpression of β-catenin can promote ovarian cancer metastasis, while knockdown of β-catenin expression can significantly weaken the cell metastasis ability (39). Therefore, the present study speculated that β-catenin plays an important role in the process of DJ-1 inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway. The β-catenin inhibitor XAV939 was used to further clarify the role of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in DJ-1 promoting tumor metastasis. XAV939 is a novel small molecule inhibitor of the Wnt signaling pathway, which may restrain the abnormal activation of Wnt/β-catenin and does not affect CRE, NF-κB or TGF-β (40). Guo et al (41) found that XAV939 could suppress the viability of small cell lung cancer NCI-H446 cells and induce apoptosis. The present results demonstrated that XAV939 treatment could reduce the reverse tumor malignant behavior caused by overexpression of DJ-1. It has been reported that DJ-1-induced β-catenin nuclear translocation stimulates T-cell factor transcription activity, which promotes BMP4 expression for CRC cell migration and invasion, and elevates CCND1 expression for CRC cell proliferation (32). This report was consistent with the present results, which identified that DJ-1 inhibited ESCC cell invasion through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by inhibiting β-catenin. However, the current experiment focused on the relationship between DJ-1 and the invasion and metastasis of ESCC, and the mechanism of DJ-1 inhibiting β-catenin was not further investigated. The present results suggested that when the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was blocked, DJ-1 could not promote tumor metastasis as before. Furthermore, in vivo experiments were conducted using a nude mouse abdominal xenograft model. Data revealed that DJ-1 promoted a stronger metastasis ability and the EMT, and this result may be achieved by DJ-1 regulating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that DJ-1 promoted tumor metastasis and EMT via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in ESCC. These results indicate that DJ-1 may be a candidate therapeutic target for new ESCC drug development.

Funding

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 81573656 and 81773944), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China (grant no. BK20171290) and the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province for Youths (grant no. BK20170516).

Authors' contributions

FJ and HW designed the experimental procedures. FJ, DL, CF and WL jointly performed the experiments. QS, YD, ZD and FW helped in clinical specimen collection and performed statistical analysis. FJ, XD and MS analyzed the data. FJ, LT and YQ helped in designing the in vivo experiments and revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. YL contributed to the conception or design of the work and gave final approval of the version to be published. All authors reviewed the article and approved the final manuscript for publication.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The animal experiments protocol was reviewed and approved by ethics committee of Medical College, Yangzhou University (Yangzhou, China). The human tissues study protocol was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University (Yangzhou, China), and informed consent was obtained from each patient.

Patient consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.