Characteristics of all participants that passed quality control in the UK Biobank (UKBB) discovery and replication cohort, the UK Digital heart cohort (UKDH) used as a second replication cohort and the dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) patients used for disease association. Measurements are depicted in mean ± standard deviation. End-systolic volume, end-diastolic volume and mass from CMR are indexed to body surface area. BP, Blood pressure; FD, fractal dimension. *: FD measurements on the subset of 307 DCM patients with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (Fig. 4b).