Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Elsevier - PMC COVID-19 Collection logoLink to Elsevier - PMC COVID-19 Collection
. 1998 Jan 5;55(1):197–202. doi: 10.1016/S0378-1135(96)01335-1

Molecular characterization of Lelystad virus

JJM Meulenberg 1,∗, A Petersen den Besten 1, E de Kluyver 1, A van Nieuwstadt 1, G Wensvoort 1, RJM Moormann 1
PMCID: PMC7117323  PMID: 9220614

Abstract

Lelystad virus (LV), the prototype of porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome virus, is a small enveloped virus, containing a positive strand RNA genome of 15 kb. LV is tentatively classified in the family Arteriviridae, which consists of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV), equine arteritis virus (EAV) and simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV). These viruses have a similar genome organization and replication strategy as coronaviruses, but the size of the genome is much smaller (12–15 kb) and they have different morphological and physicochemical properties. The genome of LV contains eight open reading frames (ORFs) that encode the replicase genes (ORFs 1a and 1b), envelope proteins (ORFs 2 to 6) and the nucleocapsid protein (ORF7). Genomic comparison of European and North American isolates has shown that the structural proteins encoded by ORFs 2 to 7 vary widely. The amino acid sequences of ORFs 2 to 7 of North American strains share only 55 to 79% identical amino acids with those of European strains. Using polyvalent porcine anti-LV serum, gene-specific anti-peptide sera and monoclonal antibodies, we have identified six structural proteins of LV and their corresponding genes. These are: the 15 kDa unglycosylated nucleocapsid protein (N) encoded by ORF7, an 18 kDa unglycosylated integral membrane protein M encoded by ORF6, a 25 kDa N-glycosylated protein encoded by ORF5, a 31–35 kDa N-glycosylated protein encoded by ORF4, a 45–50 kDa N-glycosylated protein encoded by ORF3 and a 29–30 kDa N-glycosylated protein encoded by ORF2. A nomenclature for these structural proteins is proposed.

Keywords: Lelystad virus, Molecular characterization, Genome organization, Sequence comparisons, Nomenclature

References

  1. Chen Z., Kuo L., Rowland R.R.R., Even C., Faaberg K.S., Plagemann P.G.W. Sequences of 3′ end of genome and of 5′ end of open reading frame 1a of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus and common junction motifs between 5′ leader and bodies of seven sugenomic mRNAs. J. Gen. Virol. 1993;74:643–660. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-74-4-643. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Collins J.E., Benfield D.A., Christianson W.T., Harris L., Hennings J.C., Shaw D.P., Goyal S.M., McCullough S., Morrison R.B., Joo H.S., Gorcyca D.E., Chladek D.W. Isolation of swine infertility and respiratory syndrome virus (Isolate ATCC-VR-2332) in North America and experimental reproduction of the disease in gnotobiotic pigs. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 1992;4:117–126. doi: 10.1177/104063879200400201. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Conzelmann K.K., Visser N., van Woensel P., Tiel H.J. Molecular characterization of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, a member of the Arterivirus group. Virology. 1993;193:329–339. doi: 10.1006/viro.1993.1129. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. den Boon J.A., Snijder E.J., Chirnside E.D., de Vries A.A.F., Horzinek M.C., Spaan W.J.M. Equine arteritis virus is not a togavirus but belongs to the coronavirus superfamily. J. Virol. 1991;65:2910–2920. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.6.2910-2920.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. De Vries A.A.F., chinside E.D., Horzinek M.C., Rottier P.J.M. Structural proteins of equine arteritis virus. J. Virol. 1992;66:6294–6303. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.11.6294-6303.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Drew T.W., Meulenberg J.J.M., Sands J.J., Paton D.J. Production, characterisation and reactivity of monoclonal antibodies to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRSV) J. Gen. Virol. 1995;76:1361–1369. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-76-6-1361. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Faaberg K.S., Even C., Palmer G.A., Plagemann P.G.W. Disulfide bonds between two envelope proteins of lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus are essential for viral infectivity. J. Virol. 1995;69:613–617. doi: 10.1128/jvi.69.1.613-617.1995. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Godeny E.K., Chen L., Kumar S.N., Methven S.L., Koonin E.V., Brinton M.A. Complete genomic sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the lactate-dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV) Virology. 1993;194:585–596. doi: 10.1006/viro.1993.1298. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Mardassi H., Mounir S., Dea S. Identification of major differences in the nucleocapsid protein genes of a Quebec strain and European strains of porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome virus. J. Gen. Virol. 1994;75:681–685. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-75-3-681. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Meng X-J., Paul P.S., Halbur P.G. Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequencing of the 3′-terminal genomic RNA of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J. Gen. Virol. 1994;75:1795–1801. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-75-7-1795. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Meulenberg J.J.M., Hulst M.M., de Meijer E.J., Moonen P.L.J.M., den Besten A., de Kluyver E.P., Wensvoort G., Moormann R.J.M. Lelystad virus, the causative agent of porcine epidemic abortion and respiratory syndrome (PEARS) is related to LDV and EAV. Virology. 1993;192:62–74. doi: 10.1006/viro.1993.1008. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Meulenberg J.J.M., de Meijer, Moormann R.J.M. Subgenomic RNAs of Lelystad virus contain a conserved junction sequence. J. Gen. Virol. 1993;74:1697–1701. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-74-8-1697. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Meulenberg J.J.M., Petersen-den Besten A., de Kluyver E.P., Moormann R.J.M., Wensvoort G. Characterization of proteins encoded by ORFs 2 to 7 of Lelystad virus. Virology. 1995;206:155–163. doi: 10.1016/S0042-6822(95)80030-1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Murtaugh M.P., Elam M., Kakach L. Comparison of the structural protein coding sequences of Lelystad virus and VR2332 strains of the PRRS virus. 9th Int. Congr. Virol. Abstr.; Bros, Norwich; 1993. p. 132. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Nelson E.A., Christopher-Hennings J., Drew T., Wensvoort G., Collins J.E., Benfield D.A. Differentiation of United States and European isolates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by monoclonal antibodies. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1993;31:3184–3189. doi: 10.1128/jcm.31.12.3184-3189.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Ohlinger V.F., Weiland F., Haas B., Visser N., Ahl R., Mettenleiter T.C., Weiland E., Rziha H.J., Saalmuller A., Straub O.C. Der seuchenhafte spätabort beim schwein: Ein beitrag zur ätiologie des porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) Tieraerzl. Umsch. 1991;46:703–708. [Google Scholar]
  17. Plagemann P.G.W., Moennig V. Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus, equine arteritis virus and simian hemorrhagic fever virus: A new group of positive-strand RNA viruses. Adv. Virus Res. 1991;41:99–192. doi: 10.1016/S0065-3527(08)60036-6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. van Nieuwstadt A.P., Meulenberg J.J.M., van Essen-Zandbergen A., Petersen-den Besten A., Bende R.J., Moormann R.J.M., Wensvoort G. Proteins encoded by ORFs 2 and 4 of the genome of Lelystad virus (A teriviridae) are structural proteins of the virion. J. Virol. 1996;70:4767–4772. doi: 10.1128/jvi.70.7.4767-4772.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Wensvoort G., de Kluyver E.P., Luijtze E.A., den Besten A., Harris L., Collins J.E., Christianson W.T., Chladek D. Antigenic comparison of Lelystad virus and swine infertility and respiratory syndrome (SIRS) virus. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 1992;4:134–138. doi: 10.1177/104063879200400203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Wensvoort G., Terpstra C., Pol J.M.A., Ter Laak E.A., Bloemraad M., de Kluyver E.P., Kragten C., van Buiten L., den Besten A., Wagenaar F., Broekhuijsen J.M., Moonen P.L.J.M., Zetstra T., de Boer E.A., Tibben H.J., de Jong M.F., van 't Veld P., Groenland G.J.R., van Gennep J.A., Voets M.Th., Verheijden J.H.M., Braamskamp J. Mystery swine disease in the Netherlands: The isolation of Lelystad virus. Vet. Q. 1991;13:121–130. doi: 10.1080/01652176.1991.9694296. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Veterinary Microbiology are provided here courtesy of Elsevier

RESOURCES