Abstract
Background
Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) has never been revealed by preoperative scans. It is necessary to use digital mammography in predicting LVI in patients with breast cancer preoperatively.
Methods
Overall 122 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma diagnosed between May 2017 and September 2018 were enrolled and assigned into the LVI positive group (n = 42) and the LVI negative group (n = 80). Independent t-test and χ2 test were performed.
Results
Difference in Ki-67 between the two groups was statistically significant (P = 0.012). Differences in interstitial edema (P = 0.013) and skin thickening (P = 0.000) were statistically significant between the two groups. Multiple factor analysis showed that there were three independent risk factors for LVI: interstitial edema (odds ratio [OR] = 12.610; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.061–149.922; P = 0.045), blurring of subcutaneous fat (OR = 0.081; 95% CI: 0.012–0.645; P = 0.017) and skin thickening (OR = 9.041; 95% CI: 2.553–32.022; P = 0.001).
Conclusions
Interstitial edema, blurring of subcutaneous fat, and skin thickening are independent risk factors for LVI. The specificity of LVI prediction is as high as 98.8% when the three are used together.
Keywords: Lymphovascular invasion, Breast cancer, Digital mammography
Background
Breast cancer metastasizes through lymphatic and blood vessels, which makes the patients susceptible to distant metastasis, postoperative recurrence and even death. Lymphovascular invasion (LVI) has never been revealed by preoperative scans. Diagnostic histopathology is needed to reveal LVI of cancer cells. Preoperative identification of LVI can help to predict the prognosis of patients with breast cancer, especially those with axillary node-negative breast cancer, and to develop adjuvant treatment plans in clinical settings [1, 2].
Digital mammography is one of the important imaging tools for breast cancer screening and diagnosis. There have been many reports on prediction of axillary lymph node metastasis [3–5] and on digital mammography screening [6–9]. However, there has been no report on predicting LVI of breast cancer based on imaging patterns of digital mammography, except a little literature in which MRI findings were used for prediction [2, 10–12].
It is necessary to use digital mammography, a more readily available imaging tool, in preoperative prediction of LVI in patients with breast cancer, and to evaluate the predictive specificity of the imaging findings and certain biomarkers detected by immunohistochemistry so as to better foresee disease progression and develop targeted treatment plans.
Methods
Clinical data
This single-center retrospective study enrolled 122 cases of invasive ductal carcinoma diagnosed between May 2017 and September 2018. Since the data were obtained from a picture archiving and communication system, patients’ informed consent was not required for this study. The inclusion criteria were: (1) modified radical mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery + axillary lymph node dissection; (2) diagnosis of invasive breast cancer confirmed by routine histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations; (3) no previous history of breast tumors or primary tumors in other locations; and (4) LVI status confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Patients were excluded if they had obscured lesions revealed by digital mammograms, were breastfeeding, had underwent lumbar puncture or radiotherapy prior to diagnosis, and had incomplete clinical data.
Mammographic lesions were confirmed either by core needle biopsies or by surgical pathology. All the patients underwent digital mammography preoperatively. All of them were female and aged between 26 and 77 with a median age of 45. They were assigned into the LVI positive group (n = 42) and the LVI negative group (n = 80).
Digital mammography
GE (Senographe DS) and IMS (GIOTTO IMAGE) systems were used. Four standard body positions were imaged under automatic exposure conditions, and they were the right craniocaudal (RCC) view, left craniocaudal (LCC) view, right mediolateral oblique (RMLO) view and left mediolateral oblique (LMLO) view. When lesions were found in the axillary tail of Spence or near the cleavage, amplified imaging in these locations was done to reveal the lesions fully. The flat-panel detector of internal and external obliques was parallel to the pectoralis major muscle. According to the patients’ body shape, the projecting angle ranged from 40° to 65° and was usually 60°. The glands were fully unfolded, and the skin folds below the breasts and upper abdomen were within the mammographic field.
Image analysis
The imaging characteristics of breast cancer lesions were described according to the 5th edition of ACR BI-RADS® Atlas published in 2013 [13]. The lesions were classified into four types: mass, calcification, architectural distortion, and asymmetry. There could be one or more masses. The masses could be round, lobulated, and irregular. Clear and sharp edges meant well circumscribed margins, clear and sharp edges obscured by glands meant obscured margins, while obscured and spiculated edges meant indistinct margins. Amorphous and fine polymorphic calcifications were included, while typically benign calcifications were excluded. Architectural distortion referred to abnormal deformation of breasts without any mass clearly revealed by imaging. History of trauma and surgery must be ruled out under this circumstance. Focal asymmetry was seen in two images, but lacks the outward border or a mass. There were only few cases of architectural distortion and focal asymmetry (both n < 5). Those cases were excluded to avoid inaccurate statistical results. And the lesion type was classified as mass and calcification only.
Associated features included nipple discharge, interstitial edema, blurring of subcutaneous fat layer, skin thickening, and axillary adenopathy (lymph nodes measuring > 1 cm in the long axis diameter with absence of hilus. If enlarged lymph nodes are new, they need to be clinically combined and further examined). Due to its absence in the LVI negative group (n = 0), nipple discharge was not included as a variable. Thickening of the skin means that the affected breast has localized or diffuse thickening of the skin greater than 2 mm in thickness. Interstitial edema and subcutaneous fat layer blurring are caused by the filling and dilation of lymphatic vessels and blood vessels in the breast, while the performance of the whole breast including subcutaneous fat layer is blurring, and multiple cord shadows are seen.
Pathology
Surgically resected breast cancer specimens were fixed in 10% formaldehyde for 24 h, then were dehydrated and embedded in paraffin wax. Sections were prepared. Standard HE stain and streptavidin-peroxidase-biotin (SP) immunohistochemical method were performed. DAB detection systems were used. A score of 3 and more indicated Her-2 overexpression. Positive FISH result of Her-2 gene amplification also indicated overexpression when the score was 2 and more. Ki67 proliferative index (PI) of <10% indicated low expression level, while that of > 30% indicated high expression level. Ki67 PI of 10 to 30% indicated intermediate expression level [14].
The gold standard of this study was that LVI was defined as the intravenous tumor emboli and lymphatic tumor emboli detected by immunohistochemistry. These two kinds of tumor emboli were clinically referred to as intralymphovascular tumor emboli due to the difficulty of distinguishing them with pathological sections. The specimens were read by a senior pathologist who had been working on breast cancer for 21 years.
Statistical analysis
The data were analyzed using SPSS Version 19.0. The quantitative data were expressed as means ± SDs. The independent t-test was done for intergroup comparisons. The count data were expressed as frequencies or rates, and the χ2 test or Fisher’s method was performed. P < 0.05 indicated statistically significant difference. The count data whose values were 0 were excluded from statistical analysis and listed only in table(s).
Results
General data and biomarkers
Table 1 presents the data about childbearing history, miscarriage history, history of other breast diseases, nipple discharge, CA153, age, ER, PR, HER-2, E-CAD, P53, and Ki-67. Difference in Ki-67 between the LVI positive group and the LVI negative group was statistically significant (P = 0.012), while no statistically significant differences were observed in the other factors mentioned.
Table 1.
Comparison of patient characteristics according to lymphovascular invasion
| Characteristics | Total | LVI = 0 (Negative) | LVI = 1 (Positive) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 122 | 49.99(10.17) | 48.93(9.34) | 0.566 |
| History of giving birth | 122 | 80 | 42 | 0.488 |
| No | 5 | 4(80.00) | 1(20.00) | |
| Yes | 117 | 76(64.96) | 41(35.04) | |
| History of abortion | 122 | 80 | 42 | 0.560 |
| No | 86 | 55(63.95) | 31(36.05) | |
| Yes | 36 | 25(69.44) | 11(30.56) | |
| nipple discharge | 122 | 80 | 42 | |
| No | 120 | 80(66.67) | 40(33.33) | |
| Yes | 2 | 0(0.00) | 2(100.00) | |
| CA153a | 121 | 79 | 42 | 0.514 |
| Negative | 117 | 77(65.81) | 40(34.19) | |
| Positive | 4 | 2(50.00) | 2(50.00) | |
| History of related illness | 122 | 80 | 42 | 0.488 |
| No | 117 | 76(64.96) | 41(35.04) | |
| Yes | 5 | 4(80.00) | 1(20.00) | |
| ER | 122 | 80 | 42 | 0.062 |
| Negative | 39 | 21(53.85) | 18(46.15) | |
| Positive | 83 | 59(71.08) | 24(28.92) | |
| PR | 122 | 80 | 42 | 0.0591 |
| Negative | 47 | 26(55.32) | 21(44.68) | |
| Positive | 75 | 54(72.00) | 21(28.00) | |
| HER-2 | 122 | 80 | 42 | 0.994 |
| Negative | 32 | 21(65.63) | 11(34.38) | |
| Positive | 90 | 59(65.56) | 31(34.44) | |
| E-cada | 87 | 56 | 31 | 0.100 |
| Negative | 6 | 2(33.33) | 4(66.67) | |
| Positive | 81 | 54(66.67) | 27(33.33) | |
| Ki-67 | 122 | 80 | 42 | 0.012 |
| Low | 27 | 20(74.07) | 7(25.93) | |
| Moderate | 36 | 29(80.56) | 7(19.44) | |
| High | 59 | 31(52.54) | 28(47.46) | |
| P53 | 122 | 80 | 42 | 0.126 |
| Negative | 40 | 30(75.00) | 10(25.00) | |
| Positive | 82 | 50(60.98) | 32(39.02) | |
| Amount of fibroglandular tissue | 122 | 80 | 42 | 0.431 |
| Almost entirely fat/Scattered fibroglandular tissue | 49 | 33(67.35) | 16(32.65) | |
| Heterogeneous fibroglandular tissue | 54 | 37(68.52) | 17(31.48) | |
| Extreme fibroglandular tissue | 19 | 10(52.63) | 9(47.37) | |
| Size | 122 | 80 | 42 | 0.094 |
| ≤2cm | 79 | 56(70.89) | 23(29.11) | |
| >2cm | 43 | 24(55.81) | 19(44.19) | |
| Single/multiple | 122 | 80 | 42 | 0.746 |
| Single | 95 | 63(66.32) | 32(33.68) | |
| Multiple | 27 | 17(62.96) | 10(37.04) | |
| Lesions | 122 | 80 | 42 | 0.8855 |
| Mass | 65 | 43(66.15) | 22(33.85) | |
| Mass/calcification | 57 | 37(64.91) | 20(35.09) | |
| Location | 122 | 80 | 42 | 0.879 |
| Outer upper | 73 | 49(67.12) | 24(32.88) | |
| Outer lower | 5 | 4(80.00) | 1(20.00) | |
| Lower inner | 15 | 10(66.67) | 5(33.33) | |
| Upper inner | 15 | 9(60.00) | 6(40.00) | |
| Central area | 14 | 8(57.14) | 6(42.86) | |
| Mass shape | 122 | 80 | 42 | 0.160 |
| Lobulated | 16 | 8(50.00) | 8(50.00) | |
| Irregular | 106 | 72(67.92) | 34(32.08) | |
| Mass Margin | 122 | 80 | 42 | 0.088 |
| Smooth | 6 | 2(33.33) | 4(66.67) | |
| Rough | 116 | 78(67.24) | 38(32.76) | |
| Boundary | 122 | 80 | 42 | 0.714 |
| Clear | 69 | 47(68.12) | 22(31.88) | |
| Obscure | 27 | 16(59.26) | 11(40.74) | |
| Shield | 26 | 17(65.38) | 9(34.62) | |
| Calcificationa | 56 | 36 | 20 | 0.279 |
| Vague and amorphous | 25 | 18(72.00) | 7(28.00) | |
| Fine polymorphous | 31 | 18(58.06) | 13(41.94) | |
| Interstitial edema | 122 | 80 | 42 | 0.013 |
| No | 110 | 76(69.09) | 34(30.91) | |
| Yes | 12 | 4(33.33) | 8(66.67) | |
| Subcutaneous fat | 122 | 80 | 42 | 0.697 |
| Clear | 101 | 67(66.34) | 34(33.66) | |
| Muddy | 21 | 13(61.90) | 8(38.10) | |
| Thicken Skin | 122 | 80 | 42 | < 0.001 |
| No | 86 | 65(75.58) | 21(24.42) | |
| Yes | 36 | 15(41.67) | 21(58.33) | |
| Nipple retraction | 122 | 80 | 42 | 0.073 |
| No | 98 | 68(69.39) | 30(30.61) | |
| Yes | 24 | 12(50.00) | 12(50.00) | |
| Axillary lymph node enlargement | 122 | 80 | 42 | 0.166 |
| No | 77 | 54(70.13) | 23(29.87) | |
| Yes | 45 | 26(57.78) | 19(42.22) |
aMissing value exists
LVI Lymphovascular invasion
Digital mammography findings
Details are shown in Table 1. Differences in interstitial edema (P = 0.013, Figs. 1 and 2) and skin thickening (P = 0.000, Figs. 1 and 2) between the two groups were statistically significant. No statistically significant intergroup differences were seen in other imaging features, such as fibroglandular tissue density (P = 0.431), radiological diameter (P = 0.094), mass number (P = 0.746), lesion number (P = 0.8855), location (P = 0.879), mass shape (P = 0.160), mass margin (P = 0.088), boundary (P = 0.714), calcification (P = 0.279), subcutaneous fat (P = 0.697), nipple retraction (P = 0.073) and axillary adenopathy (P = 0.166).
Fig. 1.
Female, LVI positive. The MLO position (a) and CC position (b) of digital mammography showed an irregular upper mass with blurred boundaries in the upper outer quadrant of the right breast. Interstitial edema (green arrow), blurring of subcutaneous fat layer (yellow arrow), skin thickening (red arrow), and axillary adenopathy (white arrow) were observed in the right breast
Fig. 2.
Female, LVI negative. The MLO position (a) and CC position (b) of the digital mammography showed a circular mass with smooth edges and clear boundaries in the upper outer quadrant of the right breast. No accompanying patterns (such as interstitial edema or skin thickening) were seen
Risk factor analysis results are shown in Table 2. Multiple factor analysis showed that there are three independent risk factors for LVI: interstitial edema (odds ratio [OR] = 12.610; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.061–149.922; P = 0.045), subcutaneous fat (OR = 0.081; 95% CI: 0.012–0.645; P = 0.017) and skin thickening (OR = 9.041; 95% CI: 2.553–32.022; P = 0.001).
Table 2.
Univariate and multivariate analysis
| Factors | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | |
| Interstitial edema | 4.471(1.260,15.864) | 0.020 | 12.610(1.061,149.922) | 0.045 |
| Subcutaneous fat | 1.213(0.458,3.207) | 0.698 | 0.081(0.012,0.645) | 0.017 |
| Thicken Skin | 4.333(1.899,9.891) | 0.000 | 9.041(2.553,32.022) | 0.001 |
| ER | 0.475(0.216,1.044) | 0.064 | 1.595(0.252,10.084) | 0.62 |
| PR | 0.481(0.224,1.034) | 0.061 | 0.508(0.085,3.035) | 0.458 |
| HER-2 | 1.003(0.429,2.345) | 0.994 | 1.436(0.462,4.466) | 0.532 |
| Ki-67 | ||||
| Moderate | 0.690(0.209,2.273) | 0.541 | 0.382(0.094,1.551) | 0.178 |
| High | 2.581(0.948,7.022) | 0.063 | 1.298(0.350,4.809) | 0.696 |
| P53 | 1.920(0.827,4.457) | 0.129 | 2.115(0.739,6.050) | 0.163 |
| Amount of fibroglandular tissue | ||||
| Heterogeneous fibroglandular tissue | 0.948(0.414,2.179) | 0.899 | 1.439(0.491,4.215) | 0.507 |
| Extreme fibroglandular tissue | 1.856(0.630,5.469) | 0.262 | 3.773(0.707,20.154) | 0.12 |
| Size | 1.928(0.890,4176) | 0.096 | 0.921(0.294,2.891) | 0.889 |
| Nipple retraction | 2.267(0.914,5.621) | 0.077 | 1.299(0.281,5.991) | 0.738 |
| Single/multiple | 1.158(0.476,2.819) | 0.746 | 1.183(0.336,4.165) | 0.793 |
| Lesions | 1.057(0.500,2.233) | 0.885 | 0.712(0.256,1.979) | 0.514 |
| Mass shape | 0.472(0.163,1.365) | 0.166 | 0.624(0.128,3.047) | 0.56 |
| Margin | 0.224(0.043,1.389) | 0.112 | 0.424(0.032,5.630) | 0.516 |
| Boundary | ||||
| Obscure | 1.469(0.586,3.684) | 0.413 | 1.483(0.439,5.007) | 0.526 |
| Shield | 1.131(0.436,2.935) | 0.800 | 0.997(0.246,4.043) | 0.997 |
| Axillary lymph node enlargement | 1.716(0.797,3.694) | 0.168 | 0.909(0.295,2.805) | 0.868 |
| E-cad | 0.250(0.043,1.452) | 0.122 | ||
| Location | ||||
| Outer lower | 0.510(0.054,4.819) | 0.557 | ||
| Lower inner | 1.021(0.314,3.320) | 0.973 | ||
| Upper inner | 1.361(0.434,4.267) | 0.597 | ||
| Central area | 1.531(0.477,4.913) | 0.474 | ||
| Calcification | 1.857(0.601,5.734) | 0.166 | ||
| Family history | 1.927(0.117,31.602) | 0.646 | ||
| History of giving birth | 2.158(0.233,19.947) | 0.498 | ||
| History of abortion | 0.781(0.339,1.799) | 0.561 | ||
| CA15–3 | 1.925(0.261,14.179) | 0.52 | ||
| History of related illness | 0.463(0.050,4.284) | 0.498 | ||
Table 3 shows the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the three independent risk factors in LVI prediction. The specificity of LVI prediction was as high as 98.8% when they were applied together.
Table 3.
Diagnostic performance
| Methods | Sensitivity | Specificity | Accuracy | PPV | NPV |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interstitial edema | 19.0(8/42) | 95.0(76/80) | 68.9(84/122) | 66.7(8/12) | 69.1(76/110) |
| Thicken Skin | 50.0(21/42) | 81.3(65/80) | 70.5(86/122) | 58.3(21/36) | 75.6(65/86) |
| Subcutaneous fat | 19.0(8/42) | 83.8(67/80) | 61.2(75/122) | 38.1(8/21) | 66.3(67/101) |
| All factors | 14.3(6/42) | 98.8(79/80) | 69.7(85/122) | 85.7(6/7) | 68.7(79/115) |
Discussion
LVI or intralymphovascular tumor emboli is closely related to the adverse outcome of many malignant tumors [15–17]. As a risk factor for recurrent breast cancer following modified radical mastectomy, lymphovascular tumor emboli, especially lymphatic tumor emboli, has been included in the St Gallen consensus for breast cancer [18]. Karlsson et al. [19] reported that the failure rate of chemotherapy was higher in breast cancer patients with LVI than those without. Shen et al. [20] found that lymphovascular tumor emboli promoted recurrence and distant metastasis of local tumors. Therefore, presence of lymphovascular tumor emboli is a reliable indicator for distant metastasis of breast cancer and an important factor influencing overall survival. This article aimed to predict the risk of LVI of breast cancer using various digital mammography features.
There are no statistically significant differences in age, childbearing history, miscarriage history, family history and other medical history between the LVI positive group and the LVI negative group. Nulliparity, miscarriage, and family history of breast cancer are not associated with increase of LVI occurrence.
CA153 is a tumor marker first discovered in breast cancer cells. Its specificity is relatively high in diagnosis of breast cancer. Diagnostic sensitivity of CA153 increases from 66 to 80% as breast cancer advances [21]. However, in this study, there are only 4 cases of positive CA153 (3.3%). Though there are no statistical significant differences in ER, PR, Her-2, E-cad, and P53 between the two groups, the LVI positive group have more cases of high Ki-67 expression level (> 30%) than the LVI negative group and the difference is statistically significant (P = 0.012). Some literature have confirmed that Ki-67 is associated with tumor differentiation, LVI, metastasis, and recurrence [22–24].
There are no statistically significant differences between the two groups in mammographic density, location, number, radiological diameter, shape, margin, boundary, calcification. Therefore, the above factors cannot be used to predict LVI. However, intergroup differences in interstitial edema and skin thickening are statistically significant (P = 0.013 and 0.000, respectively). In addition, multivariate analysis demonstrates that interstitial edema, blurring of subcutaneous fat, and skin thickening are independent risk factors for LVI (P = 0.045, 0.017 and 0.001, respectively). In clinical work-up, physicians should be highly alerted about LVI occurrence when digital mammography reveals the above three phenomena. Even if lymph node metastasis is negative in sentinel lymph node and axillary lymph node biopsies, there is possibility that breast cancer cells has infiltrated surrounding vessels but not metastasized upwards to the axillary lymph nodes yet. Besides, modification of postoperative adjuvant therapy should be considered to reduce risk of recurrence and distant metastasis, and thus to prolong survival.
We believed that the axillary lymph nodes shown on digital mammography could be used to predict LVI. However, there are no differences between the two groups in axillary lymph nodes (P = 0.166). One possible explanation might be that digital mammography failed to reveal axillary lymph nodes. In addition, an enlarged (> 1 cm) or complete lymph node does not always suggest metastasis. There is possibility of reactive hyperplasia.
Conclusions
There is statistically significant difference in Ki-67 between the LVI positive group and the LVI negative group. Interstitial edema, blurring of subcutaneous fat and skin thickening are independent risk factors for LVI (P = 0.045, 0.017, and 0.001, respectively). When the three imaging features are applied together, the specificity of LVI prediction is as high as 98.8%.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the study teams from Jiangmen Central Hospital and Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine for their continuous support.
Abbreviations
- LVI
Lymphovascular invasion
- DM
Digital mammography
- RCC
Right craniocaudal
- LCC
Left craniocaudal
- RMLO
Right mediolateral oblique
- LMLO
Left mediolateral oblique
Author’s contributions
ZSL and RQL participated in study design, evaluated the results and wrote the first and revised manuscripts. KML, JHC and XMC participated in study design and supplied contrast media. XPL RGL and XZ analyzed the images and revised manuscripts. LLY and WSL participated in study design and redesigned data analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81802918) and the Science and Technology Planning Project of Jiangmen (Grant No. 2017A4016; Grant No. 2015068). These are earmarked funds for cancer research. The funding bodies have no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or manuscript preparation.
Availability of data and materials
Data to replicate findings are in the Figures and Tables of the main paper. Due to patient privacy protection, any additional materials of the study are only available upon individual request directed to the corresponding author.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study was approved by the Jiangmen Central Hospital and the requirement for signed informed consent was waived.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Footnotes
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Zhuangsheng Liu and Ruqiong Li contributed equally to this work.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
Data to replicate findings are in the Figures and Tables of the main paper. Due to patient privacy protection, any additional materials of the study are only available upon individual request directed to the corresponding author.