Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Springer Nature - PMC COVID-19 Collection logoLink to Springer Nature - PMC COVID-19 Collection
. 2008:459–479. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-84843-3_19

Gold salts, D-penicillamine and allopurinol

Shiro Ueda 5, George A Porter 2
Editors: Marc E De Broe1, George A Porter2, William M Bennett3, Gilbert Deray4
PMCID: PMC7120729

Abstract

Gold salts have been used in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis since 1927 [1]. After a controlled study, the Empire Rheumatism Council [2], confirmed the effectiveness of gold salts for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Even today, chrysotherapy has remained one of the major therapeutic modalities in the second line treatment of progressive rheumatoid arthritis. Gold salts are also used in the treatment of pemphigus vulgaris [3] and bronchial asthma [4]. Before the introduction of an orally administered gold compound, auranofin (triethylphosphine gold tetra-acetyl glycopyranoside), to clinical use [5-7], parenterally administered gold salts, such as sodium aurothiomalate and gold thioglucose comprised chrysotherapy. The frequency and severity of the side effects for patients treated with parenteral gold versus those given oral gold preparations are significantly different [8-10]. With introduction of newer parental DMARDs, toxicity has been reduced using combination therapy [10a, 10b].

Keywords: Rheumatoid Arthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis Patient, Tumor Lysis Syndrome, Gold Salt, Sodium Aurothiomalate

References

  • 1.Lande K. Die gunstige Beeinflussung schleichender Dauerinfekte durch Solganal. Munchen Med Wochenshr. 1927;74:1132–1134. [Google Scholar]
  • 2.The Research Sub-Committee of the Empire Rheumatism Council Gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Final report of a multi-center controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 1961;20:315–333. doi: 10.1136/ard.20.4.315. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Penneys NS, Eaglestein WH, Frost P. Management of pemphigus with gold compounds. Arch Dermatol. 1976;112:185–187. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Muranaka M, Miyamoto T, Shida T, Kabe J, Makino S, Okumura H, Takeda K, Suzuki S, Horiuchi Y. Gold salt in the treatment of bronchial asthma - a double blind study. Ann Allergu. 1978;40:132–137. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Finkelstein AE, Walz DT, Batista V, Mizrazi M, Roisman F, Misher A. Auranofin - new oral gold compound for treatment of rheu-matoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1976;35:251–257. doi: 10.1136/ard.35.3.251. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Berglof FE, Berglof K, Walz DT. Auranofin: an oral chrysotherapeutic agent for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1978;5:68–74. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Weisman MH, Hannifin DH. Management of rheumatoid arthritis with oral gold. Arthritis Rheum. 1979;22:922–925. doi: 10.1002/art.1780220818. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Davis P, Menard H, Thompson J, Harth M, Beaudet F. One-year comparative study of gold sodium thiomalate and auranofin in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1985;12:60–67. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Ward JR, Williams HJ, Egger MJ, Reading JC, Boyce E, Altz-Smith M, Samuelson CO, Willkens RF, Solsky MA, Hayes SP, Blocka KL, Weinstein A, Meenan RF, Guttadauria M, Kaplan SB, Klippel J. Comparison of auranofin, gold sodium thiomalate and placebo in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A controlled clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum. 1983;26:1303–1315. doi: 10.1002/art.1780261102. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Heuer MA, Pietrusko RG, Morris RW, Scheffler BJ. An analysis of worldwide safety experience with auranofin. J Rheumatol. 1985;12:695–699. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10a.O’Dell JR, Petersen K, Leff R, Palmer W, Schned E, Blakely K, Haire C, Fernandez A. Etanercept in combination with sulfasalaazine, hydroxychloroquine, or gold in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2006;33:213–218. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10b.Rau R, Schleusser B, Herborn G, Karger T. Longterm combination therapy of refractory and destructive rheumatoid arthritis with methotrexate (MTX) and intramuscular gold or other disease modifying antirheumatic drugs compare to MTX monotherapy. J Rheumatol. 1998;25:1485–1492. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Hartfall SJ, Garland HG, Goldie W. Gold treatment of arthritis. A review of 900 cases. Lancet. 1937;9:838–842. [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Gibbons RB. Complication of chrysotherapy. A review of recent studies. Arch Intern Med. 1979;139:343–346. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Penneys NS, Ackerman AB, Gottlieb NL. Gold dermatitis. Arch Dermatol. 1979;109:372–376. doi: 10.1001/archderm.109.3.372. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Benson WG, Moore N, Tugwell P. D, Souza M, Singal DP. HLA antigens and toxic reactions to sodium aurothiomalate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1984;11:358–361. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Adachi JD, Bensen WG, Singal DP, Powers PJ. Gold-induced thrombocytopenia: platelet associated IgG and HLA typing in three patients. J Rheumatol. 1984;11:355–357. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Gottlieb NL, Gray RG. Diagnosis and management of adverse reaction from gold compounds. J Analytic Toxicol. 1978;2:173. [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Baldwin JL, Storb R, Thomas ED, Mannik M. Bone marrow transplantation in patients with gold-induced marrow aplasia. Arthritis Rheum. 1977;20:1043–1048. doi: 10.1002/art.1780200502. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Gibson J, McGirr EE, York J, Kronenberg H. Aplastic anemia in association with gold therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Aust NZ J Med. 1983;13:130–135. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1983.tb02667.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Winterbauer RH, Wilske KR, Wheelis RF. Diffuse pulmonary injury associated with gold treatment. N Engl J Med. 1976;294:919–921. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197604222941703. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Partanen J, van Assendelft AHW, Koskimies S, Forsberg S, Hakala M, Ilonen J. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis and fold-induced pneumonitis express two high-risk major histocompatibility complex patterns. Chest. 1987;92:277–281. doi: 10.1378/chest.92.2.277. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Fam AG, Paton TW, Shamess CJ, Lewis AJ. Fulminant colitis complicating gold therapy. J Rheumatol. 1980;7:479–485. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Silverberg DS, Kidd EG, Shnitka TK, Ulan RA. Gold nephropathy. A clinical and pathological study. Arthritis Rheum. 1970;13:812–825. doi: 10.1002/art.1780130611. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Kean WF, Anastassiades TP. Long-term chrysotherapy. Incidence of toxicity and efficacy during sequential time periods. Arthritis Rheum. 1979;22:495–501. doi: 10.1002/art.1780220509. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Katz WA, Blodgett RC, Jr, Pietrusko RG. Proteinuria in gold treated rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med. 1984;101:176–179. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-101-2-176. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Brock H, Han MT. Gold nephrosis. N Engl J Med. 1966;274:210–211. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196601272740410. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Furst DE, Levine S, Srinivasan R, Metzger L, Bangert R, Paulus E. A double-blind trial of high versus conventional dosages of gold salts for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1977;20:1473–1480. doi: 10.1002/art.1780200805. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Gran JT, Husby G, Thorsby E. HLA DR antigens and gold toxicity. Ann Rheum Dis. 1983;42:63–66. doi: 10.1136/ard.42.1.63. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Bensen WG, Moore N, Tugwell P, D Souza M, Singal DP. HLA antigens and toxic reactions to sodium aurothiomalate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1984;11:358–361. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Barger BO, Acton RT, Koopman WJ, Alarcon GS. DR antigens and gold toxicity in white rheumatoid patients. Arthritis Rheum. 1984;27:601–605. doi: 10.1002/art.1780270601. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Hakala M, van Assendelef AHW, Ilonen J, Jalava S, Tiilikainen A. Association of different HLA antigens with various toxic effects of gold salts in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1986;45:177–182. doi: 10.1136/ard.45.3.177. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31.Vaamaonde CA, Hunt FR. The nephritic syndrome as a complication of gold therapy. Arthritis Rheum. 1970;13:826–834. doi: 10.1002/art.1780130612. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.Francis KL, Jenis EH, Jensen GE, Calcagno PL. God-associated nephropathy. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1984;108:234–238. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33.Hall CL, Fothergill NJ, Blackwell MM, Harrison PR, MacKenzie JC, Maclver AG. The natural course of gold nephropathy: long term study of 21 patients. Br Med J. 1987;295:745–748. doi: 10.1136/bmj.295.6601.745. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34.Tornroth T, Skrifvars B. Gold nephropathy. Prototype of membranous glomerulonephritis. Am J Med. 1974;75:573–590. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34a.Hall CL. Gold nephropathy. Nephron. 1988;50:265–272. doi: 10.1159/000185185. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34b.Hall CL. The natural course of gold and penicillamine nephropathy. A longterm study of 54 patients. Adv. Exp Med Biol. 1989;252:247–256/. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4684-8953-8_23. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34c.Klinkhoff AV, Teufel A. Reinstitution of gold after gold induced proteinuria. J Rheumatol. 1997;24:1277–1279. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35.Lee JC, Dushinkin M, Eyring EJ, Engleman EP, Hopper JR. Renal lesions associated with gold therapy. Light and electron microscopic studies. Arthritis Rheum. 1965;8:1–13. doi: 10.1002/art.1780080102. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 36.Mattson JC. Glomerular diseases as a complication of gold therapy. Lab Invest. 1974;30:383. [Google Scholar]
  • 37.Katz A, Little AH. Gold nephropathy. An immunopathologic study. Arch Pathol. 1973;96:133–136. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 38.Watanabe I, Whitter FC, Moore J, Cuppage FE. Gold nephropathy. Ultrastructural fluorescent and microanalytic study of two human cases. Arch Path Lab Med. 1976;100:632–635. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 39.Davies DJ, Dowling J, Xipell JM. Gold nephropathy. Pathology. 1977;9:281–288. doi: 10.3109/00313027709094448. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 40.Skrifvars BV, Tornroth TS, Tallqvist GN. Gold-induced immune complex nephritis in seronegative rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1977;36:549–556. doi: 10.1136/ard.36.6.549. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 41.Wolters J, Frederik P, van Rie H, Zeppenfeldt E. Minimal change nephropathy during gold treatment. A case with unusual his- topathological and immunopathological features. Netherland J Med. 1987;31:234–240. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 42.Skirfvars B, Tornroth T, Flalck HM. Granulomatous glomerulonephritis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with gold salts. Scand J Rheumatol. 1979;8:234–240. doi: 10.3109/03009747909114629. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 43.Cramer CR, Hagler HK, Silva FG, Eigenbrodt EH, Meltzer JI, Pirani CL. Chronic interstitial nephritis associated with gold nephropathy. Arch Path Lab Med. 1983;107:258–263. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 44.Tubbs RR, Valenzuela R, McGorman LJ, Pohl MA, Barenberg S. Gold nephropathy. New Eng J Med. 1977;296:1413–1414. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 45.Yarom R, Stein H, Peter PD, Slavin S, Hall TA. Nephrotoxic effect of parenteral and intraarticular gold. Ultrastructural and electron microprobe examination of clinical and experimental materials. Arthritis Rheum. 1975;99:36–43. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 46.Iesato K, Mori Y, Ueda S, Wakashin Y, Wakashin M, Matsui N, Inoue S, Okuda K. Renal tubular dysfunction as a complication of gold therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Nephrol. 1982;17:46–52. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 47.Ueda S, Wakashin M, Wakashin Y, Yoshida H, Iesato K, Mori T, Mori Y, Akikusa B, Okuda K. Experimental gold nephropathy in guinea pigs: Detection of autoantibodies to renal tubular antigens. Kidney Int. 1986;29:539–548. doi: 10.1038/ki.1986.32. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 48.Nagi AH, Alexander F, Barabas AZ. Gold nephropathy in rats. Light and electron microscopic studies. Exp Molec Path. 1971;15:354–362. doi: 10.1016/0014-4800(71)90042-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 49.Eiseman JL, Ribas JL, Knight E, Alvares AP. Acute nephropathy induced by gold sodium thiomalate: Alterations in renal heme metabolism and morphology. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1987;91:193–203. doi: 10.1016/0041-008x(87)90100-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 50.Bretza J, Wells I, Novey HS. Association of IgE antibodies to sodium aurothiomalate and adverse reactions to chrysotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med. 1983;74:945–950. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(83)90787-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 51.Davis P, Ezeoke A, Munro J, Hobbs JR, Hughes GRV. Immunological studies on the mechanism of gold hypersensitivity reactions. Br Med J. 1973;3:676–678. doi: 10.1136/bmj.3.5882.676. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 52.Denman EJ, Denman AM. The lymphocyte transformation test and gold hypersensitivity. Ann Rheum Dis. 1968;27:582–588. doi: 10.1136/ard.27.6.582. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 53.Derot M, Kahn J, Mazalton A, Peyrafort J. Fatal anuric nephritis with associated chrysocyanosis following gold therapy. Bull Soc Med Hop Paris. 1954;70:234–239. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 54.Palosuo T, Provast TT, Milgrom F. Gold nephropathy. Serologic data suggesting an immune complex disease. Clin Exp Immunol. 1976;25:311–318. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 55.Skirfvars B. Hypothesis for the pathogenesis of sodium aurothiomalate induced immune complex nephritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 1979;8:113–118. doi: 10.3109/03009747909105348. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 56.Jessop JD, Vernon-Roberts B, Harris J. Effects of gold salts and prednisolone on inflammatory cells. I. Phagocytic activity of macrophages and polymorphs in inflammatory exudates studied by a ‘skin-window’ technique in rheumatoid and control patients. Ann Rheum Dis. 1973;32:294–300. doi: 10.1136/ard.32.4.294. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 57.Vernon-Roberts B, Jessop JD, Dore J. Effects of gold salts and prednisolone on inflammatory cells. II. Suppression of inflammation and phagocytosis in the rat. Ann Rheum Dis. 1973;32:301–307. doi: 10.1136/ard.32.4.301. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 58.Panush RS. Effects of certain antirheumatic drugs on normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Inhibition of mitogen- and antigen- stimulated incorporation of tritiated thymidine. Arthritis Rheum. 1976;19:907–917. doi: 10.1002/art.1780190512. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 59.Harth M, Stiller CR, Sinclair C, Evans J, McGirr D, Zuberi R. Effects of a gold salt on lymphocyte responses. Clin Exp Immunol. 1977;27:357–364. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 60.Measel W. Effects of gold on the immune response of mice. Infect Immunity. 1975;11:350–354. doi: 10.1128/iai.11.2.350-354.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 61.Ueda S, Wakashin M, Wakashin Y, Yoshida H, Azemoto R, Iesato K, Mori T, Mori Y, Ogawa M, Okuda K. Autoimmune interstitial nephritis in inbred mice. Analysis of mouse tubular basement membrane antigen and genetic control of immune response to it. Am J Pathol. 1988;132:304–318. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 62.Ueda S, Wakashin Y, Yoshida H, Mori T, Mori Y, Azemoto R, Ogawa M, Kato I, Wakashin M. Gold nephropathy - effect of gold on immune response to renal tubular basement membrane (TBM) antigen in mice. In: Bach BH, Lock EA, editors. Nephrotoxicity. In vitro to in vivo, animals to man. New York: Plenum; 1989. pp. 139–145. [Google Scholar]
  • 63.Lorber A, Kunishima D, Simon T. Selective inhibition of T suppressor lymphocytes during chrysotherapy [Abstract] Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1983;303:300–302. [Google Scholar]
  • 64.Newton O, Swinburn WR, Swinson DR. Proteinuria with gold nephropathy: When should gold be permanently stopped? Br J Rheumatol. 1983;22:11–17. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/22.1.11. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 65.Howard-Lock HE, Lock CJL, Mewa A, Kean WF. D-penicillamine; Chemistry and clinical use in rheumatic disease. Sem Arthritis Rheum. 1986;15:261–281. doi: 10.1016/0049-0172(86)90022-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 66.Manthorpe R, Bendixen G. Auranofin in rheumatoid arthritis: Use in patients with side-effect or lack of effect to gold sodium thiomalate or gold thioglucose and/or D-penicillamine. Scand J Rheumatol. 1988;17:401–405. doi: 10.3109/03009748809105278. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 67.Panayi GS, Wooley P, Batchelor JR. Genetic basis of R.A. HLA antigen, disease manifestations and toxic reactions to drugs. Br Med J. 1978;11:1326–1328. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.6148.1326. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 68.Wooly PH, Griffen J, Panayi GS, Batchelor JR, Welsh KI, Gibson TJ. HLA-DR antigens and toxic reaction to sodium aurothiomalate and D-penicillamine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 1980;303:300–302. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198008073030602. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 69.Bardin T, Legrand L, Naveau B, Marcelli-Barge A, Debeyre N, Lathrop GM, Poirier JC, Schmid M, Ryckewaert A, Dryll A. HLA antigens and seronegative rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1985;44:50–53. doi: 10.1136/ard.44.1.50. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 70.Dequeker J, Van Wanghe P, Verdickt WA. systematic survey of HLA-A, B, C, and D antigens and drug toxicity in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1984;11:282–286. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 71.Ford PM. HLA antigens and drug toxicity in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1984;11:269–261. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 72.Van Riel PL, Van de Putte LB, Gribnau FW, de Waal RM. Serum IgA and gold induced toxic effects in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Intern Med. 1984;144:1401–1403. doi: 10.1001/archinte.144.7.1401. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 73.Ostuni PA, Simioni M, Marson P, Travaglia P, Volante D, Gambari PF. Serum IgA and gold toxicity in rheumatoid arthritis: lack of predicting value. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1986;4:359–362. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 74.Ayesh R, Mitchell SC, Waring RH, Withrington RH, Seifert MH, Smith RL. Sodium aurothiomalate toxicity and sulphoxidation capacity in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Br J Rheumatol. 1987;26:197–201. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/26.3.197. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 74a.Shah P, Griffith SM, Shadforth MF, Fisher J, Dawes PT, Poulton KV, Thomson W, Ollier WE, Mattey DL. Can gold ltherapy be used more safely in rheumatoid arthritis? Adverse drug reactions are more likely in patients with nodular disease, independent of HLA-DR3 status. J Rheumatol. 2004;31:1903–1905. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 74b.Pissuwan D, Vlaenzuela SM, Cortie MB. Therapeutic possibilities of plasmonicall heated gold nanoparticles. Trends in Biotech. 2006;24:62–67. doi: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2005.12.004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 74c.Zharov VP, Galitovskaya EN, Johnson C, Kelly T. Synergistic enhancement of selective nanophotothermolysis with gold nanoclusters. Potential for cancer therapy. Lasers in Surg Med. 2005;37:219–226. doi: 10.1002/lsm.20223. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 75.Blodgett RC, Jr, Heuer MA, Pietrusko RG. Auranofin: a unique oral chrysotherapeutic agent. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1984;13:255–273. doi: 10.1016/0049-0172(84)90029-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 76.Bandilla K, Gross D, Gross W, Herrlinger J-D, Kriegel W, Muller W, Siegmeth W, Tausch G, Thumb N, Wagenhauser J. Oral gold therapy with auranofin (SK&F39162) J Rheumatol. 1982;9(Suppl 8):154–159. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 77.Katz W, Alexander S, Bland J, Blechman W, Bluhm GB, Bonebrake R, Falbo A, Greenwald RA, Hartman S, Hobbs T, Indenbaum S, Lergier JE, Lanier BG, Lightfoot RW, Phelps P, Sheon RP, Torretti D, Wenger ME, Wilske K. The efficacy and safety of auranofin compared to placebo in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1982;9(Suppl 8):173–178. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 78.Wenger ME, Alexander S, Bland JH, Blechman WJ. Auranofin versus placebo in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med. 1983;75:123–127. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(83)90484-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 79.Menard HA, Beaudet F, Davis O, Harth M, Percy JS, Russell AS, Thompson M. Gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Interim report of the Canadian multicentre prospective trial comparing sodium aurothiomalate and auranofin. J Rheumatol. 1982;9:179–183. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 80.Felix-Davies DD, Stewart AM, Wilkinson BR, Bateman JR, Delamere JP. A 12-month comparative trial of auranofin and D-penicil-lamine in rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med. 1983;75(6A):138–141. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(83)90487-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 81.Manthrope R, Horbov S, Sylvest J, Vinterberg H. Auranofin versus penicillamine in rheumatoid arthritis. One-year results from a prospective clinical investigation. Scand J Rheumatol. 1986;15:13–22. doi: 10.3109/03009748609092663. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 82.Hochberg MC. Auranofin or D-penicillamine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med. 1986;105:528–535. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-105-4-528. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 83.Revach M, Freed RL, Ehrlich GE. Reversible proteinuria as a complication of oral gold therapy [Letter] Arthritis Rheum. 1979;22:1417–1418. doi: 10.1002/art.1780221223. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 84.Plaza JJ, Herrero G, Barat A, Loutaif JJ, Hernando L, Vallado P, Oliva H. Membranous glomerulonephritis as a complication of oral gold therapy [Letter] Ann Intern Med. 1982;97:563–564. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-97-4-563. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 85.Gottlieb NL. Comparative pharmacokinetics of parenteral and oral gold compounds. J Rheumatol. 1982;9(Suppl 8):99–109. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 86.Blocka K. Auranofin versus injectable gold: Comparison of pharmacokinetic properties. Am J Med. 1983;75(6A):114–122. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(83)90483-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 87.Abraham EP, Chain E, Baker W, Robinson R. Penicillamine, a characteristic degradiation product of penicillin. Nature. 1943;151:107. [Google Scholar]
  • 88.Walshe JM. Penicillamine. A new oral therapy for Wilson’s disease. Am J Med. 1956;2:487–495. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(56)90066-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 89.Drawhall JC, Scowen EF, Watts RWE. Effects of penicillamine on cystinuria. Br Med J. 1963;1:588–590. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5330.588. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 90.Jaffe IA. Intra-articular dissociation of the rheumatoid factor. J Lab Clin Med. 1962;60:409–421. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 91.Jaffe IA. The effect of penicillamine in the laboratory parameters in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1965;8:1064–1078. doi: 10.1002/art.1780080606. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 92.Multicenter trial group Controlled trial of D-penicillamine in severe rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet. 1973;1:275–280. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 93.Steen VD, Medsger TA, Rodnan GP. D-penicillamine therapy in progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma). A retrospective analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1982;97:652–659. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-97-5-652. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 94.Jain S, Scherer PJ, Samourian S. A controlled trial of D-penicillamine therapy in primary biliary cirrhosis. Lancet. 1977;1:831–834. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(77)92778-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 95.Goldberg Am Smith JA, Lochhead AC. Treatment of lead poisoning with oral penicillamine. Br Med J. 1963;1:1270–1275. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5340.1270. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 96.Freeman HC, Huq F, Stevens GN: Metal binding by D-penicillamine: Crystal structure of D-penicillamine cadmium (II) hydrate. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 1976; 90-91.
  • 97.Tamir M, Boustein B, Behar M, Chwat M. Mercury poisoning from an unsuspected source. Br J Ind Med. 1968;21:299–303. doi: 10.1136/oem.21.4.299. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 98.Deutsch MF, Morton JI. Dissociation of human serum macroglobulins. Science. 1957;125:600–601. doi: 10.1126/science.125.3248.600. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 99.Kean WF, Dwosh JL, Anastassiades TP, Ford PM, Kelly HG. The toxicity pattern of D-penicillamine therapy. A guide to the use in RA. Arthritis Rheum. 1980;23:158–165. doi: 10.1002/art.1780230205. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 100.Stein HB, Patterson AC, Offer RC, Atkins CJ, Teufel A, Robinson HS. Adverse effects of D-penicillamine in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med. 1980;92:24–29. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-92-1-24. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 101.Kean WF, Lock CJL, Howard-Lock HE, Buchanan WW. Prior gold therapy does not influence the adverse effects of D-penicillamine in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1982;25:917–922. doi: 10.1002/art.1780250802. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 102.Wollheim FA, Lindstrom CG. Liver abnormalities in penicillamine treated patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 1979;28(Suppl):100–107. doi: 10.3109/03009747909108248. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 103.Barzilai D, Dickstein G, Enat R, Bassan H, Lichtig C, Gellei B. Cholestatic jaundice caused by D-penicillamine. Ann Rheum Dis. 1978;37:98–100. doi: 10.1136/ard.37.1.98. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 104.Multz CV. Cholestatic hepatitis caused by penicillamine. JAMA. 1981;246:674–675. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 105.Hickling P, Fuller J. Penicillamine causing acute colitis. Br Med J. 1979;2:367. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.6186.367. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 106.Crawhall JC. Proteinuria in D-penicillamine-treated rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1981;8:161–163. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 107.Davison AM, Day AT, Golding JR, Thomson D. Effect of penicillamine on the kidney. Proc R Soc Med. 1977;70:109–113. doi: 10.1177/00359157770700S334. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 108.Barraclough D, Cunningham TJ, Muirden KD. Microscopic haematuria in patients with rheumatoid arthritis on D-penicillamine. Aust NZ J Med. 1981;11:706–708. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1981.tb03550.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 109.Singh G, Fries JF, Williams CA, Zatarain E, Spitz P, Bloch DA. Toxicity profiles of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs in rheu-matoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1991;18:188–194. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 110.Weiss AS, Markenson JA, Weiss MS, Kammerer WH. Toxicity of D-penicillamine in rheumatoid arthritis. A report of 63 patients including two with aplastic anemia and one with the nephritic syndrome. Am J Med. 1978;64:114–120. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(78)90186-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 111.Chalmers A, Thompson D, Stein HE, Reid G, Patterson HC. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus during penicillamine therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med. 1982;97:659–663. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-97-5-659. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 112.Walshe JM. Penicillamine and the SLE syndrome. J Rheumatol. 1981;8(Suppl 7):155–160. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 113.Sternlieb I, Bennet B, Scheinberg IH. D-penicillamine induced Goodpasture’s syndrome in Wilson’s disease. Ann Intern Med. 1975;82:673. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-82-5-673. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 114.Gibson T, Barry HC, Ogg C. Goodpastures’ syndrome and D-penicillamine. Ann Intern Med. 1976;84:100. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-84-1-100_1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 115.Gavaghan TE, McNaught PJ, Ralston M, Hayes JM. Penicillamine-induced ‘Goodpasture’s syndrome’; successful treatment of a fulminant case. Aust NZ J Med. 1981;11:261–265. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 116.Jaffe IA. The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and necrotizing vasculitis with penicillamine. Arthritis Rheum. 1970;13:436–443. doi: 10.1002/art.1780130412. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 117.Banfi G, Imbasciati E, Guerra L, Mihatsch MJ, Ponticelli C. Extracapillary glomerulonephritis with necrotizing vasculitis in D-peni-cillamine treated patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Nephron. 1983;33:56–60. doi: 10.1159/000182906. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 118.Torres CF, Griggs RC, Baum J, Penn AS. Penicillamine induced myasthenia gravis in progressive sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum. 1980;23:505–508. doi: 10.1002/art.1780230414. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 119.Dawkins RL, Garlepp MJ, McDonald BL, Williamson J. Myasthenia gravis and D-penicillamine. J Rheumatol. 1981;8(Suppl 7):169–174. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 120.Vincent A, Newsom-Davis J. Acetylcholine receptor antibody characteristic in myasthenia gravis. Patients with penicillamine-induced myasthenia or idiopathic myasthenia of recent onset. Clin Exp Immunol. 1982;49:266–272. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 121.Bever CT, Chang HW, Penn AS, Jaffe IA, Bock E. Penicillamine induced myasthenia gravis. Effects of penicillamine on acetylcholine receptor. Neurology. 1982;32:1077–1082. doi: 10.1212/wnl.32.10.1077. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 122.Bocanegra T, Espinoza LR, Vassey FB, Germain BF. Myasthenia gravis in penicillamine treatment of RA. JAMA. 1980;244:1822–1823. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 123.Cucher BG, Goldman AL. D-penicillamine induced polymyositis in RA. Ann Intern Med. 1976;85:615–618. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-85-5-615. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 124.Schreider PL, Peters HA, Dahl DS. Polymyositis and penicillamine. Arch Neurol. 1972;27:456–457. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1972.00490170088013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 125.Wojnarowska F. Dermatomyositis induced by penicillamine. J R Soc Med. 1980;73:884. doi: 10.1177/014107688007301213. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 126.Halverson PB, Kozin F, Bernhard GC, Goldman AL. Toxicity of penicillamine. A serious limitation to therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. JAMA. 1978;240:1870–1871. doi: 10.1001/jama.240.17.1870. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 127.Steen VD, Blair S, Medsger TA. The toxicity of D-penicillamine in systemic sclerosis. Ann Intern Med. 1986;104:699–705. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-104-5-699. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 128.Moens HJB, Ament BJW, Feltkamp BW, Korst JK. Longterm followup of treatment with D-penicillamine to rheumatoid arthritis: effectivity and toxicity in relation to HLA antigens. J Rheumatol. 1987;14:1115–1119. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 129.Shiokawa Y, Horiuchi Y, Honma M, Kageyama T, Okada T, Azuma T. Clinical evaluation of D-penicillamine by multicentric double blind comparative study in chronic rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1977;20:1464–1472. doi: 10.1002/art.1780200804. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 130.Stockman A, Zilko PJ, Major GAC, Tait BD, Property DN, Mathews JD, Hannah MC, McCluskey J, Muirden KD. Genetic markers in rheumatoid arthritis-Relationship of toxicity from D-penicillamine. J Rheumatol. 1986;13:269–273. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 131.Hill HFH, Hill AGS, Day AT, Brown RM, Golding JR, Lyle WH. Maintenance dose of penicillamine in rheumatoid arthritis: A com-parison between standard and a response-related flexible regimen. Ann Rheum Dis. 1979;38:429–433. doi: 10.1136/ard.38.5.429. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 132.Williams HJ, Ward JR, Reading JC, Egger MJ, Grandone JT, Samuelson CO, Furst DE, Sullivan JM, Watson MA, Guttadauria M, Cathcart ES, Kaplan SB, Halla JT, Weinstein A, Plotz PH. Low dose D-penicillamine treatment of R.A. A controlled double blind clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum. 1983;26:581–592. doi: 10.1002/art.1780260502. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 133.Hill H, Hill A, Davison M. Resumption of treatment with penicillamine after proteinuria. Ann Rheum Dis. 1979;38:229–231. doi: 10.1136/ard.38.3.229. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 134.Billingsley LM, Stevens MB. The relationship between D-penicillamine-induced proteinuria and prior gold nephropathy. Johns Hopkins Med J. 1981;148:64–67. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 135.Halla JT, Cassidy J, Hardin JG. Sequential gold and penicillamine therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med. 1982;72:423–426. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(82)90509-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 136.Ross JH, McGinty F, Brewer DG. Penicillamine nephropathy. Nephron. 1980;26:184–186. doi: 10.1159/000181984. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 137.Dische FE, Swinson DR, Hamilton EBD, Parsons V. Immunopathology of penicillamine-induced glomerular disease. J Rheumatol. 1976;3:145–154. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 138.Halla JT, Cassidy J, Hardin JG. Sequential gold and penicillamine therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med. 1982;72:423–426. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(82)90509-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 139.Bacon PA, Tribe CR, MacKenzie JC, Jones JV, Cumming RH, Amer B. Penicillamine nephropathy in rheumatoid arthritis. Q J Med. 1976;45:661–684. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 140.Jaffe IA, Treser G, Suzuki Y, Ehrenreich T. Nephropathy induced by D-penicillamine. Ann Intern Med. 1968;69:549–556. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-69-3-549. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 141.Swinson DR, Hamilton EBD, Dische FE. Penicillamine nephropathy [letter] Ann Rheum Dis. 1975;34:544. doi: 10.1136/ard.34.6.544. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 142.Neild GH, Gartner HV, Bohle A. Penicillamine induced membranous nephritis. Scand J Rheumatol. 1979;28:79–90. doi: 10.3109/03009747909108243. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 143.Sellars L, Siamopoulos K, Wilkinson R, Leohapand T, Morley AR. Renal biopsy appearances in rheumatoid disease. Clin Nephrol. 1983;20:114–120. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 144.Herve JP, Leguy P, Cledes J, Leroy JP. Nephrotic syndrome with minimal glomerular lesions during treatment with D-penicillamine. Nouv Press Med. 2847;1980:9. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 145.Kitazawa K, Ohseto Y, Kawazumi H, Saito K, Shibata T, Uchida J, Yonekura M, Schiwachi S, Ito S, Sugisaki T. D-penicillamine induced lipoid nephrosis in a patient with scleroderma. Ryumachi. 1982;22:397–403. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 146.Hayslett JP, Bensch KG, Kashgarian MZ, Rosenberg LE. Focal glomerulitis due to penicillamine. Lab Invest. 1968;19:376–381. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 147.Rehan A, Johnson K. IgM Nephropathy associated with penicillamine. Am J Nephrol. 1986;6:71–74. doi: 10.1159/000167057. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 148.Liao K, Huang CC, Ho HH, Wu CH, Hsueh S. IgM nephropathy after D-penicillamine therapy: Report of a case. J Formosan Med Assoc. 1987;86:906–909. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 149.Hall CL, Jawad S, Harrison PR, MacKenzie JC, Bacon PA, Klouda PT, Maclver AG. Natural course of penicillamine nephropathy: A long-term study of 33 patients. Br Med J. 1988;296:1083–1086. doi: 10.1136/bmj.296.6629.1083. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 150.Jaffe IA. D-penicillamine. Bull Rheum Dis. 1977-8;28:948–952. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 151.Jaffe IA. Penicillamine in rheumatoid disease with particular reference to the rheumatic factor. Postgrad Med J 1968 (suppl): 34-40. [PubMed]
  • 152.Swainson CP, Thompson D, Short AIK, Winney RJ. Plasma exchange in the successful treatment of drug-induced renal disease. Nephron. 1982;30:244–249. doi: 10.1159/000182475. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 153.Peces R, Rivera JR, Arboleya LR, Lopez-Larrea C, Alvarez J. Goodpasture’s syndrome in a patient receiving penicillamine and carbimazole. Nephron. 1985;45:316–320. doi: 10.1159/000184171. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 154.Matloff DS, Kaplan MM. D-penicillamine-induced Goodpasture’s-like syndrome in primary biliary cirrhosis: successful treatment with plasmapheresis and immunosuppressives. Gastroenterology. 1980;78:1046–1049. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 155.Devogelaer J-P, Pirson Y, Vandenbroucke J-M, Cosyns J-P, Brichard S, Deuxchaisnes CN. D-penicillamine induced crescentic glomerulonephritis: Report and review of the literature. J Rheumatol. 1987;14:1036–1041. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 155a.Derk CT, Jimenez SA. Goodpasture-like syndrome induced by d-penicillamine in a patient with systemic sclerosis: Report and review of the literature. J. Rheumatol. 2003;30:1616–1620. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 155b.Bienaime G, Clerbaux G, Plaisier E, Mougenot B, Ronco P, Rougier JP. D-penicillamine-induced ANCA-associated crescentic glomerulonephritis in Wilson disease. Am J Kid Dis. 2007;50:821–825. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.05.026. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 156.Falck HM, Tornooth T, Kock B, Wegelius O. Fatal renal vasculitis with minimal change glomerulonephritis complicating treatment with penicillamine. Acta Med Scand. 1979;205:133–138. doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1979.tb06018.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 157.Ntoso KA, Tomaszewski JE, Jimenez SA, Neilson DG. Penicillamine-induced rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis: Successful treatment of two patients and review of the literature. Am J Kidney Dis. 1986;8:159–163. doi: 10.1016/s0272-6386(86)80019-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 158.Camus J-P, Homberg JC, Crouzet J, Mery C, Delrieu F, Massias P, Abuaf N. Autoantibody formation in D-penicillamine treated rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1981;7(suppl):80–83. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 159.Mohammed I, Barraclough D, Holborrow EJ, Ansell BM. Effect of D-penicillamine therapy on circulating immune complexes in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1976;35:458–462. doi: 10.1136/ard.35.5.458. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 160.Aarden LA. Pathogencity of immune complexes. In: Feltkamp TEW, editor. Non-articular forms of rheumatoid arthritis. Leyden: Stafleu’s Scientific Publishing Co; 1977. p. 15. [Google Scholar]
  • 161.Kirby JD, Dieppe PA, Huskisson EC, Smith B. D-penicillamine and immune complex deposition. Ann Rheum Dis. 1979;38:344–346. doi: 10.1136/ard.38.4.344. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 162.Nagata N, Hurtenbach U, Gleichmann E. Specific sensitization of Lyt-1+2-stereoisomer. J Immunol. 1986;136:136–142. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 162a.Doyle MK, Cuellar ML. Drug-induced vasculitis. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2003;2:401–409. doi: 10.1517/14740338.2.4.401. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 163.Emery P, Panayi GS, Huston G, Welsh KI, Mitchell SC, Shah RR, Idle JR, Smith RL, Waring RH. E-penicillamine induced toxicity in rheumatoid arthritis: the role of sulphoxidation status and HLA-DR3. J Rheumatol. 1984;11:626–632. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 164.Speerstra F, Reekers P, van de Putte LBA, Vandenbroucke JP, Rasker JJ, de Rooij DJRAM. HLA-DR antigens and proteinuria induced by aurothioglucose and D-penicillamine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1983;10:948–953. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 165.Moutsopoulos HM, Skopouli FN, Sarras AK, Tsampoulas C, Mavridis AK, Constantopoulos SH, Maddison PJ. Anti-Ro(SSA) positive rheumatoid arthritis: a clinicoserological group of patients with high incidence of D-penicillamine side effects. Ann Rheum Dis. 1985;44:215–219. doi: 10.1136/ard.44.4.215. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 166.Moutsopoulos HM, Giotaki H, Maddison PJ, Mavridis AK, Drosos AA, Skopouli FN. Antibodies to cellular antigens in Greek patients with autoimmune diseases: anti-Ro(SSA) antibody a possible marker of D-penicillamine intolerance. Ann Rheum Dis. 1984;43:285–287. doi: 10.1136/ard.43.2.285. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 167.Dodd MJ, Griffiths ID, Thomson M. Adverse reaction to D-penicillamine after gold toxicity. Br Med J. 1980;26:1498–1500. doi: 10.1136/bmj.280.6230.1498. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 168.Webley M, Coomes EN. Is penicillamine therapy in RA. influenced by previous gold ? Br Med J. 1978;2:91. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.6130.91. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 169.Klouda PT, Manos J, Acheson EJ, Dyer PA, Goldby FS, Harris R, Lawler W, Mallick NP, Williams G. Strong association between idiopathic membranous nephropathy and HLA-DRW3. Lancet. 1979;2:770–771. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(79)92118-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 170.Swiss Federal Commission for the rheumatic diseases, Subcommission for Research HLA-DR antigens in rheumatoid arthritis -A Swiss collaborative study; final report. Rheumatol Int. 1986;6:89–92. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 170a.Schiff MH, Whelton A. Renal toxicity associated with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2000;30:196–208. doi: 10.1053/sarh.2000.16641. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 171.Rundles RW, Wyngaarden JB, Hitchings GH, Elison B, Silberman HR. Effects of a xanthine oxidase inhibitor on thiopurine me-tabolism, hyperuricemia, and gout. Trans Assoc Am Physicians. 1963;76:126–140. [Google Scholar]
  • 172.Rundles RW, Metz EN, Silberman HR. Allopurinol in the treatment of gout. Ann Intern Med. 1966;64:229–258. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-64-2-229. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 173.Auerbach R, Orentrich N. Alopecia and ichthyosis secondary to allopurinol. Arch Dermatol. 1968;98:104. doi: 10.1001/archderm.98.1.104b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 174.Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program Allopurinol and cytotoxic drugs. JAMA. 1974;227:1036–1040. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 175.Pinnas G. Possible association between macular lesions and allopurinol. Arch Ophthalmol. 1968;79:786–787. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1968.03850040788027. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 176.Korting HC, Lesch R. Acute cholangitis after allopurinol treatment. Lancet. 1978;1:275–276. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(78)90521-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 117.Boyer TD, Sun N, Reynolds TB. Allopurinol-hypersensitivity. Vasculitis and liver damage. West J Med. 1977;126:143–147. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 178.Raper R, Barnes P, Ibels L, Lunzer M, Lauer C. Fulminant hepatic failure due to allopurinol. Aust NZ J Med. 1984;14:63–65. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1984.tb03591.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 179.Bailey RR, Neale TJ, Lynn KL. Allopurinol-associated arteritis. Lancet. 1976;2:907. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(76)90567-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 180.Greene ML, Fujimoto WY, Seegmiller JE. Urinary xanthine stones, a rare complication of allopurinol therapy. N Eng J Med. 1969;280:426–427. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196902202800806. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 180a.LaRosa C, McMullen L, Bakdash S, Ellis D, Krishnamurti L, Wu HY, Mortiz ML. Acute renal failure from xanthine nephropathy during management of acute leukemia. Pediatr Nephrol. 2007;22:132–135. doi: 10.1007/s00467-006-0287-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 180b.Rebentisch G, Stolz s, Muche J. Xanthinuria with xantine lithiasis in a patient with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome under allopurinol therapy. Aktuelle Urol. 2004;215-221. [DOI] [PubMed]
  • 181.Jarzobski J, Ferry J, Womboldt D, Fitch DM, Egan JD. Vasculitis with allopurinol therapy. Am Heart J. 1970;79:116–121. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(70)90401-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 182.Kantor GC. Toxic epidermal necrolysis, azotemia, and death after allopurinol therapy. JAMA. 1970;212:478–479. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 183.Mills RM. Severe hypersensitivity reactions associated with allopurinol. JAMA. 1971;216:799–802. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 184.Young JC, Boswell RB, Niles AS. Severe allopurinol hypersensitivity. Arch Intern Med. 1974;134:553–558. doi: 10.1001/archinte.134.3.553. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 185.Gelbart DC, Weinstein AB, Fajardo CF. Allopurinol-induced interstitial nephritis. Ann Intern Med. 1977;86:196–198. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-86-2-196. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 186.Lupton GP, Odom RB. The allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1979;1(4):365–374. doi: 10.1016/s0190-9622(79)70031-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 187.Grussendorf M, Andrassy K, Waldherr R, Ritz E. Systemic hypersensitivity to allopurinol with acute interstitial nephritis. Am J Nephrol. 1981;1:195–109. doi: 10.1159/000166504. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 188.Singer JZ, Wallace SL. The allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome. Unnecessary morbidity and mortality. Arthritis Rheum. 1986;29:82–87. doi: 10.1002/art.1780290111. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 188a.Tausche AK, Aringer M, Schroeder HE, Bornstein SR, Wunderlich C, Wozel G. The janus faces of allopurinol - Allopurinol Hyper-sensitivity Syndrome. Am J Med. 2008;121:e3–e4. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.10.028. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 188b.Petersel D, Schlesinger N. Treatment of acute gout in hospitalized patients. J. Rheumatol. 2007;34:1566–1568. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 188c.Raebel MA, McClure DL, Simon SR, Chan KA, Feldstein AC, Gunter MJ, Lafata JE, Harrold L, Nelson WW, Platt R. Frequency of serum creatinine monitoring during allopurinol therapy in ambulatory patients. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40:386–391. doi: 10.1345/aph.1G589. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 189.McMenamie RA, Davies LM, Crasswell OW. Drug induced interstitial nephritis, hepatitis and exfoliative dermatitis. Aust NZ J Med. 1976;6:583–587. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1976.tb04001.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 190.McKendrick MW, Geddes AM. Allopurinol hypersensitivity. Br J Med. 1979;i:988. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.6169.988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 191.Boyer TD, Sun N, Reynolds TB. Allopurinol-hypersensitivity. Vasculitis and liver damage. West J Med. 1977;126:143–147. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 191a.Morel D, Cuez S, Merville P, Deminiere C, Tamisier JM, Potaux L. Recurrent renal failure associated with hypersensitivity to al-lopurinol. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1999;14:780–781. doi: 10.1093/ndt/14.3.780. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 192.Emmerson BT, Hazelton RA, Frazer IH. Some adverse reactions to allopurinol may be mediated by lymphocyte reactivity to oxypurinol. Arthritis Rheum. 1988;31:436–440. doi: 10.1002/art.1780310318. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 193.Elion GB, Kovensky A, Hitchings GH. Metabolic studies of allopurinol, an inhibitory of xanthine oxidase. Biochem Pharmacol. 1965;15:863–880. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(66)90163-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 194.Elion GB, Yu TF, Gutman AB, Hitchings GH. Renal clearance of oxypurinol, the chief metabolite of allopurinol. Am J Med. 1968;45:69–77. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(68)90008-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 195.Hande KR, Noone RM, Stone WJ. Severe allopurinol toxicity. Description and guidelines for prevention in patients with renal insufficiency. Am J Med. 1984;76:47–56. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(84)90743-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 196.Simmonds HA, Cameron JS, Morris GS, Davies PM. Allopurinol in renal failure and the tumor lysis syndrome. Clin Chim Acta. 1986;31:189–195. doi: 10.1016/0009-8981(86)90141-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 197.Puig JP, Casas EA, Ramos TH, Michan AA, Mateos FA. Plasma oxypurinol concentration in a patient with allopurinol hypersensitiv-ity. J Rheumatol. 1989;16:842–844. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 198.Suzuki Y, Inagi R, Aono T, Yamanishi K, Shihara T. Human herpesvirus 6 infrction a risk factor for the development of severe drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome. Arch Dermatol. 1998;134:1108–1112. doi: 10.1001/archderm.134.9.1108. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 198a.Tiu RV, Mountantonakis SE, Dunbar AJ, Schreiber MJ., Jr Tumor lysis syndrome. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2007;33:397–407. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-976175. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 198b.Becker MA, Schumacher R, Jr., Wortmann RL, MacDonald PA, Eustace D, Palo WA, Streit J, Joseph-Ridge N. Febuxostat compared with allopurinol in patients with hyperuricemia and gout. N Eng J Med. 2005;353:2450–2461. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa050373. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 198c.Gelber AC. Febuxostat versus allopurinol for gout. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1532–1533. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 198d.Stamp L, Searle M, O’Donnell J, Chapman P. Gout in solid organ transplantation; A challenging clinical problem. Drugs. 2005;65:2593–2611. doi: 10.2165/00003495-200565180-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 198e.Sood AR, Burry LD, Cheng DKF. Clarifying the role of rasburicase in tumor lysis syndrome. Pharmacother. 2007;27:11–=121. doi: 10.1592/phco.27.1.111. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 198f.Bessmertny O, Robitaille LM, Cairo MS. Rasburicase: a new approach for preventing and/or treating tumor lysis syndrome. Cur-rent Pharmaceutical Design. 2005;11:4177–4185. doi: 10.2174/138161205774913291. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 198g.Ronco C, Inguaggiato P, Bordoni V, DeCal M, Bonello M, Andrikos E, Assuman Y, Rattanarat R, Bellomo R. Rasburicase therapy in acute hyperuricemia and renal dysfunction. Contrib Nephrol. 2005;147:115–123. doi: 10.1159/000082549. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 198h.Suh WM, Wainberg ZA, deVos S, Cohen AH, Kurtz I, Nguyen MK. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia presenting as acute renal failure. Naature Clin Pract. Nephrology. 2007;3:106–110. doi: 10.1038/ncpneph0400. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 198i.DeAngelis S, Noce A, DiRenzo L, Cianci R, Naticchia A, Giarrizzo GR, Giordano F, Tozzo C, Splendiani G, DeLorenzo A. Is rasburicase an effective alternative to allopurinol for the management of hyperuricemia in renal failure patients/ A double -blind randomized study. Euro Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2007;11:179–184. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 199.Kelley WN. Gout and related disorders of purine metabolism. In: Kelly WN, Harris Jr ED, Sledge CB, editors. Textbook of Rheumatology. 1. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1981. pp. 1397–1437. [Google Scholar]
  • 200.Fam AG. Gout in the elderly. Drug & Aging. 1999;13:229–243. doi: 10.2165/00002512-199813030-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Clinical Nephrotoxins are provided here courtesy of Nature Publishing Group

RESOURCES