Auszug
Dieses Kapitel soll einen verständlichen Überblick geben über Besonderheiten der intensivmedizinischen Betreuung des Kindes, insbesondere des Kleinkindes, im Vergleich zur Intensivmedizin beim Erwachsenen. Es werden deshalb nicht alle Aspekte der pädiatrischen Intensivmedizin im Sinne eines eigenständigen Lehrbuchs beleuchtet. In einem ersten Teil (·Kap. 84.2-84.4) werden allgemeine Themen und Aspekte inklusive die kardiopulmonale Reanimation behandelt, in einem zweiten Teil (·Kap. 84.5) werden spezifische pädiatrische Krankheitsbilder und ihre Therapie diskutiert.
Literatur
- 1.Bohn D. Problems associated with intravenous fluid administration in children: do we have the right solutions? CurrOpin Pediatr. 2000;12:217–221. doi: 10.1097/00008480-200006000-00007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Bryan A.C., Wohl M.E.B. Respiratory mechanics in children. In: Fishman A.P., Macklem P.T., Mead J., Geiger S.R., editors. Handbook of physiology, section 3: The respiratory system. Baltimore: American Physiological Society, Williams &Wilkins; 1986. [Google Scholar]
- 3.Cannon M.L., Cornell J., Tripp-Hamel D.S., et al. Tidal volumes for ventilated infants should be determined with a pneumotachometer placed at the endotracheal tube. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162:2109–2112. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.162.6.9906112. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Carcillo J.A., Davis A.L., Zaritsky A. Role of early fluid resuscitation in paediatric septic shock. JAMA. 1991;266:1242–1245. doi: 10.1001/jama.1991.03470090076035. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Castle R.A., Dunne C.J., Mok Q., Wade A.M., Stocks J. Accuracy of displayed values of tidal volume in the pediatric intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2002;30:2566–2574. doi: 10.1097/00003246-200211000-00027. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Coss-Bu J.A., Klish W.J., Walding D., et al. Energy metabolism, nitrogen balance, and substrate utilization in critically ill children. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:664–669. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/74.5.664. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Deakers T.W., Reynolds G., Stretton M., Newth C.J. Cuffed endotracheal tubes in pediatric intensive care. J Pediatr. 1994;125:57–62. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3476(94)70121-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Fung EB (2000) Estimating energy expenditure in critically ill adults and children. AACN Clin Issues [DOI] [PubMed]
- 9.Gerhardt T., Bancalari E. Chest-wall compliance in full-term and premature infants. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1980;69:359–364. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1980.tb07093.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Goksor E., Rosengren L., Wennergren G. Bradycardic response during submersion in infant swimming. Acta Paediatr Scand. 2002;91:307–312. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2002.tb01720.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Goldstein B., Nadel S., Peters M., et al. ENHANCE: Results of a global open label trial of doctrecogin alfa (activated) in children with severe sepsis. Pediat Crit Care Med. 2006;7(3):277–278. doi: 10.1097/01.PCC.0000219048.44785.F6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Gore D.C., Chinkes D., Sanford A., et al. Influence of fever on the hypermetabolic response in burn-injured children. Arch Surg. 2003;138:169–174. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.138.2.169. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Hicks C.L., von Baeyer C.L., Spafford P.A., van Korlaar I., Goodenough B. The Faces Pain Scale-Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement. Pain. 2001;93:173–183. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00314-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Ibsen L.M., Koch T. Submersion and asphyxial injury. Crit Care Med. 2002;30:S402–408. doi: 10.1097/00003246-200211001-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Kanter RK, Watcho JF (1984) Pulmonary edema associated with upper airway obstruction. Am J Dis Child 138 [DOI] [PubMed]
- 16.Klerk GD, Hop WC, Hoog MD, Joosten KF. Serial measurements of energy expenditure in critically ill children: useful in optimizing nutritional therapy? Intensive Care Med. 2002;28:1781–1785. doi: 10.1007/s00134-002-1523-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Moritz M.L., Ayus J.C. Disorders of water metabolism in children: hyponatremia and hypernatremia. Pediatr Rev. 2002;23:371–380. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Moritz M.L., Ayus J.C. Prevention of hospital-acquired hyponatremia: a case for using isotonic saline. Pediatrics. 2003;111:227–230. doi: 10.1542/peds.111.2.227. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Mosteller R.D. Simplified calculation of body surface area. N Engl J Med. 1987;22/(317):1098. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198710223171717. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Pollack M.M., Koch M.A., Bartel D.A., et al. A comparison of neonatal mortality risk prediction models in very low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2000;105:1051–1057. doi: 10.1542/peds.105.5.1051. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Pollack M.M., Patel K.M., Ruttimann U.E. PRISM III: an updated Pediatric Risk of Mortality score. Crit Care Med. 1996;24:743–752. doi: 10.1097/00003246-199605000-00004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Schindler M.B., Bohn D., Cox P.N., et al. Outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac or respiratory arrest in children. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1473–1479. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199611143352001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Shekerdemian L., Bush A., Redington A. Cardiovascular effects of intravenous midazolam after open heart surgery. Arch Dis Child. 1997;76:57–61. doi: 10.1136/adc.76.1.57. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Singh S., Bohn D., Carlotti A.P., et al. Cerebral salt wasting: truths, fallacies, theories, and challenges. Crit Care Med. 2002;30:2575–2579. doi: 10.1097/00003246-200211000-00028. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Slater A., Shann F., Pearson G. PIM2: a revised version of the Paediatric Index of Mortality. Intensive Care Med. 2003;29:278–285. doi: 10.1007/s00134-002-1601-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Trachtman H. Cell volume regulation: a review of cerebral adaptive mechanisms and implications for clinical treatment of osmolal disturbances: II. Pediatr Nephrol. 1992;6:104–112. doi: 10.1007/BF00856852. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Update on the 1987 Task Force Report on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on Hypertension Control in Children and Adolescents A working group report from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program. Pediatrics. 1996;98:649–658. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28.Vernon D.D., Witte M.K. Effect of neuromuscular blockade on oxygen consumption and energy expenditure in sedated, mechanically ventilated children. Crit Care Med. 2000;28:1569–1571. doi: 10.1097/00003246-200005000-00051. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Wilkinson J.D., Pollack M.M., Ruttimann U.E. Outcome of pediatric patients with multiple organ system failure. Crit Care Med. 1986;14:271. doi: 10.1097/00003246-198604000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 30.Wooltorton E. Propofol: contraindicated for sedation of pediatric intensive care patients. CMAJ. 2002;167:507. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31.Wu C.H., Chou H.C., Hsieh W.S., et al. Good estimation of arterial carbon dioxide by end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring in the neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003;35:292–295. doi: 10.1002/ppul.10260. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 32.Baenziger O., Bär W., Berger T., et al. Empfehlung zur Behandlung des akuten schweren Schädelhirntraumas bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Schweiz Med Forum. 2006;6:393–397. [Google Scholar]
- 33.Wood D.W., Downes J.J., Lecks H.J. A clinical scoring system for diagnosis of respiratory failure. Am J Dis Child. 1972;123:227–228. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1972.02110090097011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 34.Agostini E. Volume-pressure relationship to the thorax and lung in the newborn. J. Appl Physiol. 1959;14:909–913. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1959.14.6.909. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
