Estratto
Le pneumopatie infiltrative diffuse costituiscono un gruppo eterogeneo di malattie caratterizzate, istologicamente, dalla presenza di un danno a carico della parete alveolare che puÒ essere infiltrata da cellule infiammatorie/neoplastiche/fluidi/tessuto connettivo. Si parla di forme “diffuse” per sottolineare l’interessamento non solo dell’interstizio, ma anche delle strutture acinari e bronchiolari.
Bibliografia
- 1.Costabel U., Guzman J. Bronchoalveolar lavage in interstitial lung disease. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2001;7:255–261. doi: 10.1097/00063198-200109000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Meyer K.C. The role of bronchoalveolar lavage in interstitial lung disease. Clin Chest Med. 2004;25:637–649. doi: 10.1016/j.ccm.2004.08.001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Semenzato G., Chilosi M., Ossi E., et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage and lung histology. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985;132:400–404. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1985.132.2.400. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Klech H., Hutter C., Costabel U. Clinical guidelines and indications for bronchoalveolar lavage: report of European Society of Pneumology Task Group on BAL. Eur Respir Rev. 1992;2:47–127. [Google Scholar]
- 5.Klech H., Pohl W. Technical reccomendations guidelines for bronchoalveolar lavage. Eur Respir J. 1989;2:561–585. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- The BAL Cooperative Group Steering Committee Bronchoalveolar lavage costituents in healthy individuals, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and selected comparison groups. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990;141:169–202. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/141.5_Pt_2.S169. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Linder J., Radio S.J., Robbins R.A., et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of disseminated lung tumors. Acta Cytol. 1987;31:796–801. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Sprigmeyer S.C., Hackman R., Carlson J.J., McClellan J.E. Bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma diagnosed by bronchoalveolar lavage. Chest. 1983;83:278–279. doi: 10.1378/chest.83.2.278. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Poletti V., Romagna M., Allen K.A., et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of disseminated lung tumors. Acta Cytol. 1995;39:472–477. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Levy H., Horak D.A., Lewis M.A. The value of bronchial washings and bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis of lymphangytic carcinomatosis. Chest. 1988;94:1028–1030. doi: 10.1378/chest.94.5.1028. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Betsuyaku T. Establishing diagnosis of pulmonary malignant lymphoma by gene rearrangement analysis of lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;149:526–529. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.149.2.8306056. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Drent M., Wagenaar S.S., Mulder P.H., et al. Bronchoalveolar lavagefluid profiles in sarcoidosis,tuberculosis,non-Hodgkin’s and Hodgkin’s disease:an evaluation of differences. Chest. 1994;105:514–520. doi: 10.1378/chest.105.2.514. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Milleron B.J. Bronchoalveolar lavage cell data in alveolar proteinosis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991;144:1330–1332. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/144.6.1330. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Auerswald U. Value of CD-1-positive cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the diagnosis of pulmonary histiocytosis X. Lung. 1991;169:305–309. doi: 10.1007/BF02714167. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Casolaro M.A., Bernaudin J.F., Saltini C., et al. Accumulation of Langerhans’cells on the epithelial surface of the lower respiratory tract in normal subjects in association with cigarette smoking. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988;137:406–411. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/137.2.406. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Chollet S., Soler P., Dournovo P., et al. Diagnosis of pulmonary histiocytosis X by immunodetection of Langerhans cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Am J Pathol. 1984;115:225–232. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Costabel U., Bross K.J., Guzman J., et al. Predictive value of bronchoalveolar T cell subset for the course of pulmonary sarcoidosis. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1986;465:418–426. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1986.tb18518.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Drent M., Grutters J.C., Mulder P.H., et al. Is the different T helper activity in sarcoidosis and extrinsic allergic alveolitis also reflected by the cellular bronchoalveolar lavage fluid profile? Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 1997;14:31–38. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Poulter L.W. The value of bronchoalveolar lavage in the diagnosis and prognosis of sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J. 1990;3:943–944. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Drent M. Bronchoalveolar lavage in extrinsic allergic alveolitis:effect of time elapsed since antigen exposure. Eur Respir J. 1993;6:1276–1281. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Semenzato G., Agostini C., Zambello R., et al. Lung T-cells in hypersensitivity pneumonitis:phenotypic and functional analysis. J Immunol. 1986;137:1164–1172. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Pesci A., Bertorelli G., Olivieri D. Mast cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and in transbronchial biopsy specimens of patients with farmer’s lung disease. Chest. 1991;100:1197–1202. doi: 10.1378/chest.100.5.1197. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Costabel U., Teschler H. Inflammation and immune reactions in interstitial lung disease associated with inorganic dust exposure. Eur Respir J. 1990;3:363–364. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Christman J.W., Emerson R.J., Hemenway D.R., et al. Effects of work exposure, retirement, and smoking on bronchoalveolar lavage measurements of lung dust in Vermont granite workers. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991;144:1307–1313. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/144.6.1307. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.De Vuyst P., Dumortier P., Moulin E., et al. Diagnostic value of asbestos bodies in broncholaveolar lavage fluid. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987;136:1219–1224. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/136.5.1219. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Ito E., Kudo R., Miyoshi M., et al. Transmission and scanning electron microscopic study of the same cytologic material. Acta Cytol. 1988;32:588–592. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Baughman RP (1992) Bronchoalveolar lavage. Mosby Year Book, St Louis
- 28.Perez-Arellano J.L., Losa Garcia J.E., Garcia Macias M.C., et al. Hemosiderin-laden macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Acta Cytol. 1992;36:26–30. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Hoffman G.S., Sechler J.M.G., Gallin J., et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage analysis in Wegener’sgranulomatosis. A method to study disease pathogenesis. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1991;143:401–407. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/143.2.401. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 30.Allen J.N., Davis W.B., Pacht E.R. Diagnostic significance of increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid eosinophils. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990;142:642–647. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/142.3.642. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31.Pesci A., Bertorelli G., Manganelli P., et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage in chronic eosinophilic pneumonia. Analysis of six cases in comparison with other interstitial lung diseases. Respiration. 1988;54:16–22. doi: 10.1159/000195475. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 32.Olivieri D., Pesci A., Bertorelli G. Eosinophilic alveolitis in immunologic interstitial lung diseases. Lung. 1990;S:964–973. doi: 10.1007/BF02718234. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 33.Costabel U., Uzaslan E., Guzman J. Bronchoalveolar lavage in drug-induced lung disease. Clin Chest Med. 2004;25:25–35. doi: 10.1016/S0272-5231(03)00143-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 34.Schnabel A., Richter C., Bauerfeind S., Gross W.L. Bronchoalveolar lavage cell profile in methotrexate induced pneumonitis. Thorax. 1997;52:377–379. doi: 10.1136/thx.52.4.377. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 35.Coudert B., Bailly F., Lombard J.N., et al. Amiodarone pneumonitis bronchoalveolar lavage findings in 15 patients and review of the literature. Chest. 1992;102:1005–1012. doi: 10.1378/chest.102.4.1005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 36.Manganelli P., Salaffi F., Pesci A. Clinical and subclinical alveolitis in connective tissue diseases assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1997;26:740–754. doi: 10.1016/S0049-0172(97)80042-X. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 37.Manganelli P., Salaffi F., Subiaco S., et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage in mixed cryoglobulinaemia associated with hepatitis C virus. British J Rheumatol. 1996;35:978–982. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/35.10.978. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 38.Idell S., Cohen A.B. Bronchoalveolar lavage in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Clin Chest Med. 1985;6:459–471. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 39.Nakos G., Kitsiouli E.L., Tsangaris L., Lekka M.D. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid characteristics of early intermediate and late phases of ARDS. Intensive Care Med. 1988;24:296–303. doi: 10.1007/s001340050571. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 40.Stanley M.W., Henry-Stanley M.J., Gajl-Peczalska K.J., et al. Hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes in acute lung injury. Cytologie findings of sequential bronchoalveolar lavage. Am J Clin Pathol. 1992;97:669–677. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/97.5.669. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 41.Pesci A., Majori M., Caminati A. Bronchoalveolar lavage in intensive care units. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2004;61:39–43. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 42.Costabel U. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP): the cytological and immucytological profile of bronchoalveolar lavage. Eur Respir J. 1992;5:791–797. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 43.Majori M., Poletti V., Corradi M., et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage in bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia primed by radiation therapy to the breast. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;105:239–244. doi: 10.1016/S0091-6749(00)90071-X. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 44.Pesci A., Majori M., Piccoli M.L., et al. Mast cells in bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Chest. 1996;110:383–391. doi: 10.1378/chest.110.2.383. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 45.Nagai S., Kitaichi M., Itoh H., et al. Idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonia:comparison with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and BOOP. Eur Respir J. 1998;12:1010–1019. doi: 10.1183/09031936.98.12051010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 46.Veeraraghavan S., Latsi P.I., Wells A.U., et al. BAL findings in idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia and usual interstitial pneumonia. Eur Respir J. 2003;22:239–244. doi: 10.1183/09031936.03.00105202. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 47.Haslam P.L., Turton C.W.G., Heard A., et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage in pulmonary fibrosis: comparison of cells obtained with lung biopsy and clinical features. Thorax. 1980;35:9–18. doi: 10.1136/thx.35.1.9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 48.ATS/ERS statement Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: diagnosis and treatment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161:646–664. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.161.2.ats3-00. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 49.Ambrosini V., Cancellieri A., Chilosi M., et al. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: report of a series. Eur Respir J. 2004;22:821–826. doi: 10.1183/09031936.03.00022703. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 50.Nagai S. Classification and recent advances in idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 1998;4:256–260. doi: 10.1097/00063198-199809000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 51.Beccaria M., Luisetti M., Rodi G., et al. Long-term durable benefit after whole lung lavage in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Eur Respir J. 2004;23:526–531. doi: 10.1183/09031936.04.00102704. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]