The content is available as a PDF (610.1 KB).
Contributor Information
Stanley Perlman, Email: Stanley-Perlman@uiowa.edu
Kathryn V. Holmes, Email: Kathryn.Holmes@ucHSC.edu
References
- 1.Timoney PJ, McCollum WH. Equine viral arteritis. Vet. Clin. North Am. Equine Pract. 1993;9:295–309. doi: 10.1016/S0749-0739(17)30397-8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.U. B. Balasuriya and N. J. MacLachlan, in: Infectious Diseases of the Horse, edited by D. Sellon and M. Long (Elsevier), in press.
- 3.Horzinek MC. Non-arthropod-borne togaviruses. London: Academic Press; 1981. [Google Scholar]
- 4.Westaway FG, Brinton MA, Gaidamovich SY, Horzinek MC, Igarashi L, Kaarianen L, Lvov DK, Porterfield JS, Russell PK, Trent DW. Togaviridae, Intervirology. 1985;24:125–139. doi: 10.1159/000149632. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Snijder EJ, Meulenberg JM. The molecular biology of arteriviruses. J. Gen. Virol. 1998;79:1–17. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-79-5-961. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Balasuriya UB, Timoney PJ, McCollum WH, MacLachlan NJ. Phylogenetic analysis of open reading frame 5 of field isolates of equine arteritis virus and identification of conserved and nonconserved regions in the GL envelope glycoprotein. Virology. 1995;214:690–697. doi: 10.1006/viro.1995.0087. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Balasuriya UB, Heidner HW, Hedges JF, Williams JC, Davis NL, Johnston RE, MacLachlan NJ. Expression of the two major envelope glycoproteins of equine arteritis virus as a heterodimer is necessary for induction of neutralizing antibodies in mice immunized with recombinant Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon particles. J. Virol. 2001;74:10623–10630. doi: 10.1128/JVI.74.22.10623-10630.2000. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Balasuriya UB, Dobbe JC, Heidner HW, Smalley VL, Navarette A, Snijder EJ, MacLachlan NJ. Characterization of the neutralization determinants of equine arteritis virus using recombinant chimeric viruses and site-specific mutagenesis of an infectious cDNA clone. Virology. 2004;321:235–246. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2003.12.015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Balasuriya UB, Maclachlan NJ. The immune response to equine arteritis virus: potential lessons for other arteriviruses. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 2004;102:107–129. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.09.003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Hedges JF, Balasuriya UB, Timoney PJ, McCollum WH, MacLachlan NJ. Genetic divergence with emergence of phenotypic variants of equine arteritis virus during persistent infection of stallions. J. Virol. 1999;73:3672–3681. doi: 10.1128/jvi.73.5.3672-3681.1999. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Balasuriya UB, Hedges JF, Smalley VL, Navarrette A, McCollum WH, Timoney PJ, Snijder EJ, MacLachlan NJ. Genetic characterization of equine arteritis virus during persistent infection of stallions. J. Gen. Virol. 2004;85:379–390. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.19545-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Balasuriya UB, Hedges JF, Timoney PJ, McCollum WH, MacLachlan NJ. Genetic stability of equine arteritis virus during horizontal and vertical transmission in an outbreak of equine viral arteritis. J. Gen. Virol. 1999;80:1949–1958. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-80-8-1949. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Hullinger PJ, Gardner IA, Hietala SK, Ferraro GL, MacLachlan NJ. Seroprevalence of antibodies against equine arteritis virus in horses residing in the United States and imported horses. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 2001;219:946–949. doi: 10.2460/javma.2001.219.946. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.MacLachlan NJ, Balasuriya UB, Rossitto PV, Hullinger PA, Patton JF, Wilson WD. Fatal experimental equine arteritis virus infection of a pregnant mare: cellular tropism as determined by immunohistochemical staining. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 1996;8:367–374. doi: 10.1177/104063879600800316. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Patton JF, Balasuriya UB, Hedges JF, Schweidler TM, Hullinger PJ, MacLachlan NJ. Phylogenetic characterization of a highly attenuated strain of equine arteritis virus from the semen of a persistently infected standardbred stallion. Arch. Virol. 1999;144:817–827. doi: 10.1007/s007050050547. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Moore BF, Balasuriya UB, Hedges JF, MacLachlan NJ. Growth characteristics of a highly virulent, a moderately virulent, and an avirulent strain of equine arteritis virus in primary equine endothelial cells are predictive of their virulence to horses. Virology. 2002;298:39–44. doi: 10.1006/viro.2002.1466. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Moore BF, Balasuriya UB, Watson JL, Bosio CM, MacKay RJ, MacLachlan NJ. Virulent and avirulent strains of equine arteritis virus induce different quantities of TNF-alpha and other proinflammatory cytokines in alveolar and blood-derived equine macrophages. Virology. 2003;314:662–670. doi: 10.1016/S0042-6822(03)00506-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]