Skip to main content
PMC home page
Springer Nature - PMC COVID-19 Collection logoLink to Springer Nature - PMC COVID-19 Collection
. 2006;581:219–227. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-33012-9_37

Attachment Factor and Receptor Engagement of Sars Coronavirus and Human Coronavirus NL63

Heike Hofmann 3, Andrea Marzi 4, Thomas Gramberg 5, Martina Geier 6, Krzysztof Pyrc 7, Lia van der Hoek 8, Ben Berkhout 9, Stefan Pöhlmann 10
Editors: Stanley Perlman1, Kathryn V Holmes2
PMCID: PMC7124012  PMID: 17037533

The content is available as a PDF (764.9 KB).

Contributor Information

Stanley Perlman, Email: Stanley-Perlman@uiowa.edu

Kathryn V. Holmes, Email: Kathryn.Holmes@ucHSC.edu

References

  • 1.Hofmann H, Pöhlmann S. Cellular entry of the SARS coronavirus. Trends Microbiol. 2004;12:466–472. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2004.08.008. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Smith AE, Helenius A. How viruses enter animal cells. Science. 2004;304:237–242. doi: 10.1126/science.1094823. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Eckert DM, Kim PS. Mechanisms of viral membrane fusion and its inhibition. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 2001;70:777–810. doi: 10.1146/annurev.biochem.70.1.777. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.F. X. Heinz, K. Stiasny, and S. L. Allison, The entry machinery of flaviviruses, Arch. Virol. Suppl. (18), 133-137 (2004). [DOI] [PubMed]
  • 5.Schibli DJ, Weissenhorn W. Class I and class II viral fusion protein structures reveal similar principles in membrane fusion. Mol. Membr. Biol. 2004;21:361–371. doi: 10.1080/09687860400017784. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Peiris JS, Yuen KY, Osterhaus AD, Stohr K. The severe acute respiratory syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003;349:2431–2441. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra032498. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Fouchier RA, Hartwig NG, Bestebroer TM, Niemeyer B, de Jong JC, Simon JH, Osterhaus AD. A previously undescribed coronavirus associated with respiratory disease in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2004;101:6212–6216. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0400762101. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.van der Hoek L, Pyrc K, Jebbink MF, Vermeulen-Oost W, Berkhout RJ, Wolthers KC, Wertheim-van Dillen PM, Kaandorp J, Spaargaren J, Berkhout B. Identification of a new human coronavirus. Nat. Med. 2004;10:368–373. doi: 10.1038/nm1024. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Li W, Moore MJ, Vasilieva N, Sui J, Wong SK, Berne MA, Somasundaran M, Sullivan JL, Luzuriaga K, Greenough TC, Choe H, Farzan M. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature. 2003;426:450–454. doi: 10.1038/nature02145. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Hofmann H, Hattermann K, Marzi A, Gramberg T, Geier M, Krumbiegel M, Kuate S, Uberla K, Niedrig M, Pöhlmann S. S protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus mediates entry into hepatoma cell lines and is targeted by neutralizing antibodies in infected patients. J. Virol. 2004;78:6134–6142. doi: 10.1128/JVI.78.12.6134-6142.2004. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Gu J, Gong E, Zhang B, Zheng J, Gao Z, Zhong Y, Zou W, Zhan J, Wang S, Xie Z, Zhuang H, Wu B, Zhong H, Shao H, Fang W, Gao D, Pei F, Li X, He Z, Xu D, Shi X, Anderson VM, Leong AS. Multiple organ infection and the pathogenesis of SARS. J. Exp. Med. 2005;202:415–424. doi: 10.1084/jem.20050828. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Hattermann K, Muller MA, Nitsche A, Wendt S, Donoso MO, Niedrig M. Susceptibility of different eukaryotic cell lines to SARS-coronavirus. Arch. Virol. 2005;150:1023–1031. doi: 10.1007/s00705-004-0461-1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Simmons G, Reeves JD, Rennekamp AJ, Amberg SM, Piefer AJ, Bates P. Characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike glycoprotein-mediated viral entry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2004;101:4240–4245. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0306446101. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Yang ZY, Huang Y, Ganesh L, Leung K, Kong WP, Schwartz O, Subbarao K, Nabel GJ. pH-dependent entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus is mediated by the spike glycoprotein and enhanced by dendritic cell transfer through DC-SIGN. J. Virol. 2004;78:5642–5650. doi: 10.1128/JVI.78.11.5642-5650.2004. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Wong SK, Li W, Moore MJ, Choe H, Farzan M. A 193-amino acid fragment of the SARS coronavirus S protein efficiently binds angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. J. Biol. Chem. 2004;279:3197–3201. doi: 10.1074/jbc.C300520200. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Hofmann H, Geier M, Marzi A, Krumbiegel M, Peipp M, Fey GH, Gramberg T, Pöhlmann S. Susceptibility to SARS coronavirus S protein-driven infection correlates with expression of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 and infection can be blocked by soluble receptor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2004;319:1216–1221. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.05.114. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Mossel EC, Huang C, Narayanan K, Makino S, Tesh RB, Peters CJ. Exogenous ACE2 expression allows refractory cell lines to support severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus replication. J. Virol. 2005;79:3846–3850. doi: 10.1128/JVI.79.6.3846-3850.2005. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Ugolini S, Mondor I, Sattentau QJ. HIV-1 attachment: another look. Trends Microbiol. 1999;7:144–149. doi: 10.1016/S0966-842X(99)01474-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.van Kooyk Y, Geijtenbeek TB. DC-SIGN: escape mechanism for pathogens. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2003;3:697–709. doi: 10.1038/nri1182. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Bashirova AA, Geijtenbeek TB, van Duijnhoven GC, van Vliet SJ, Eilering JB, Martin MP, Wu L, Martin TD, Viebig N, Knolle PA, KewalRamani VN, van Kooyk Y, Carrington M. A dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN)-related protein is highly expressed on human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and promotes HIV-1 infection. J. Exp. Med. 2001;193:671–678. doi: 10.1084/jem.193.6.671. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Pöhlmann S, Soilleux EJ, Baribaud F, Leslie GJ, Morris LS, Trowsdale J, Lee B, Coleman N, Doms RW. DC-SIGNR, a DC-SIGN homologue expressed in endothelial cells, binds to human and simian immunodeficiency viruses and activates infection in trans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2001;98:2670–2675. doi: 10.1073/pnas.051631398. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Marzi A, Gramberg T, Simmons G, Moller P, Rennekamp AJ, Krumbiegel M, Geier M, Eisemann J, Turza N, Saunier B, Steinkasserer A, Becker S, Bates P, Hofmann H, Pöhlmann S. DC-SIGN and DC-SIGNR interact with the glycoprotein of Marburg virus and the S protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J. Virol. 2004;78:12090–12095. doi: 10.1128/JVI.78.21.12090-12095.2004. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Jeffers SA, Tusell SM, Gillim-Ross L, Hemmila EM, Achenbach JE, Babcock GJ, Thomas WD, Jr., Thackray LB, Young MD, Mason RJ, Ambrosino DM, Wentworth DE, Demartini JC, Holmes KV. CD209L (L-SIGN) is a receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2004;101:15748–15753. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0403812101. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Hofmann H, Pyrc K, van der HL, Geier M, Berkhout B, Pöhlmann S. Human coronavirus NL63 employs the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus receptor for cellular entry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2005;102:7988–7993. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0409465102. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Simmons G, Gosalia DN, Rennekamp AJ, Reeves JD, Diamond SL, Bates P. Inhibitors of cathepsin L prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus entry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2005;102:11876–11881. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0505577102. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Kuba K, Imai Y, Rao S, Gao H, Guo F, Guan B, Huan Y, Yang P, Zhang Y, Deng W, Bao L, Zhang B, Liu G, Wang Z, Chappell M, Liu Y, Zheng D, Leibbrandt A, Wada T, Slutsky AS, Liu D, Qin C, Jiang C, Penninger JM. A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury. Nat. Med. 2005;11:875–879. doi: 10.1038/nm1267. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from The Nidoviruses are provided here courtesy of Nature Publishing Group

RESOURCES