Abstract
The current quality control (QC) pattern for Chinese materia medica (CMM) lacks suitable methods and indicators to evaluate their safety and efficacy effectively, which impedes the smooth development of CMM. In this review, main problems of the current QC pattern for CMM, principally focused on the content determination of constituents, were summarized and the inspiration from the QC of biological products was introduced. With the aim at introducing a suitable tool to the QC of CMM, biopotency assay and its feasibility in the QC pattern for CMM were analyzed and confirmed by relevant researches with years of practice. From the applications of biopotency assays in the QC of CMM in the last 10 years, we propose that biopotency assays should be an integral part of the QC pattern for CMM, for these assays can make the QC indicators related to the clinical safety and efficacy, supplementing the existed QC system of CMM.
Key words: biopotency assays, Chinese materia medica, efficacy, indicator, quality control
Footnotes
Available online: October 28, 2014
Fund: National Natural Science Foundation of China(81274026), China Scholarship Council, Open Research Fund of the State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicinal Resources, China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2013M532130)
References
- Alves RRN, Souto W, Barboza RR. Primates in traditional folk medicine: A world overview. Mammal Rev. 2010;40(2):155–180. [Google Scholar]
- Alves RRN, Vieira WLS, Santana GG. Reptiles used in traditional folk medicine: Conservation implications. Biodivers Conserv. 2008;17(8):2037–2049. [Google Scholar]
- Ameri A. The effects of Aconitum alkaloids on the central nervous system. Prog Neurobiol. 1998;56(2):211–235. doi: 10.1016/s0301-0082(98)00037-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Anderson S, Marks CB, Lazarus R, Miller J, Stafford K, Seymour J, Light D, Rastetter W, Estell D. Production of 2-keto-L-gulonate, an intermediate in L-ascorbate synthesis, by a genetically modffied erwinia herbicola. Science. 1985;230(4722):144–149. doi: 10.1126/science.230.4722.144. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bisset NG. Arrow poisons in China. part ii. Aconitum—Botany, chemistry, and pharmacology. J Ethnopharmacol. 1981;4(3):247–336. doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(81)90001-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Boyle SP, Doolan PJ, Andrews CE, Reid RG. Evaluation of quality control strategies in Scutellaria herbal medicines. J Pharmaceut Biomed Anal. 2011;54(5):951–957. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.11.019. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chan TY. Aconite poisoning. Clin Toxicol. 2009;47(4):279–285. doi: 10.1080/15563650902904407. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chen G, Wu Q, Wang X, Liang Q, He X. Study on quality evaluation of Sparganii rhizoma by biopotency determination method. China J Chin Mater Med. 2012;37(19):2913–2916. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chen J, Gong D, Cai B, Qiao GF. Effects of dilong freeze-drying powder for injection on hemorheology of rabbits. Chin Pharm Bull. 2006;25:418–419. [Google Scholar]
- Chen J, Lee C, Liau B, Lee M, Jong T, Chiang S. Determination of aconitine-type alkaloids as markers in fuzi (Aconitum carmichaeli) by LC/(+) ESI/MS3. J Pharmaceut Biomed Anal. 2008;48(4):1105–1111. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.08.022. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cheung F. TCM: Made in China. Nature. 2011;480(7378):S82–S83. doi: 10.1038/480S82a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Coombes L, Stickings P, Tierney R, Rigsby P, Sesardic D. Development and use of a novel in vitro assay for testing of diphtheria toxoid in combination vaccines. J Immunol Methods. 2009;350(1/2):142–149. doi: 10.1016/j.jim.2009.09.002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Csupor D, Wenzig EM, Zupkó I, Wölkart K, Hohmann J, Bauer R, Xie P, van Beek T. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of aconitine-type and lipo-alkaloids of Aconitum carmichaelii roots. J Chromatogr A. 2009;1216(11):2079–2086. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.082. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dai L, Shen BD, Lv QY, Xu H, Bai JX, Yu C, Xiao YZ, Yin RL, Han J, Yuan HL. In vitro dissolution of Chinese materia medica solid preparation based on biological activity-multicomponents integration. Chin Tradit Herb Drug. 2013;44(19):2666–2671. [Google Scholar]
- DeStefano AJ, Morris TS. Role of public quality standards for biological medicines. Bioanalysis. 2011;3(14):1547–1549. doi: 10.4155/bio.11.136. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dong Y, Chen W, Ding G. Comparison of arrhythmic effects of aconitine and its 5 analogues. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 1981;2(3):173–176. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fan XH, Cheng YY, Ye ZL, Lin RC, Qian ZZ. Multiple chromatographic fingerprinting and its application to the quality control of herbal medicines. Anal Chim Acta. 2006;555(2):217–224. [Google Scholar]
- Friese J, Gleitz J, Gutser UT, Heubach JF, Matthiesen T, Wilffert B, Selve N. Aconitum sp. alkaloids: The modulation of voltage-dependent Na+ channels, toxicity and antinociceptive properties. Eur J Pharmacol. 1997;337(2):165–174. doi: 10.1016/s0014-2999(97)01268-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ganzera M. Quality control of herbal medicines by capillary electrophoresis: Potential, requirements and applications. Electrophoresis. 2008;29(17):3489–3503. doi: 10.1002/elps.200700901. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gutser U, Friese J, Heubach J, Matthiesen T, Selve N, Wilffert B, Gleitz J. Mode of antinociceptive and toxic action of alkaloids of Aconitum spec. N-S Arch Pharmacol. 1997;357(1):39–48. doi: 10.1007/pl00005136. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hancock RD, Viola R. Biotechnological approaches for L-ascorbic acid production. Trends Biotechnol. 2002;20(7):299–305. doi: 10.1016/s0167-7799(02)01991-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hosbach I, Neeb G, Hager S, Kirchhoff S, Kirschbaum B. In defence of traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Anaesthesia. 2003;58(3):282–283. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2044.2003.30523.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Huang MD, Becker-Ross H, Florek S, Okruss M, Welz B, Morés S. Determination of iodine via the spectrum of barium mono-iodide using high-resolution continuum source molecular absorption spectrometry in a graphite furnace. Spectrochim Acta B. 2009;64(7):697–701. [Google Scholar]
- Janzen WP, Popa-Burke IG. Review: Advances in improving the quality and flexibility of compound management. J Biomol Screen. 2009;14(5):444–451. doi: 10.1177/1087057109335262. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ji K, Chen J, Li M, Liu Z, Xia L, Wang C, Zhan Z, Wu X. Comments on serious anaphylaxis caused by nine Chinese herbal injections used to treat common colds and upper respiratory tract infections. Regul Toxicol Pharm. 2009;55(2):134–138. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.06.008. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jiang Y, David B, Tu P, Barbin Y. Recent analytical approaches in quality control of traditional Chinese medicines—A review. Anal Chim Acta. 2010;657(1):9–18. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.10.024. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jiang ZH, Xie Y, Zhou H, Wang JR, Liu ZQ, Wong YF, Cai X, Xu HX, Liu L. Quantication of aconitum alkaloids in aconite roots by a modied RP-HPLC method. Phytochem Anal. 2005;16(6):415–421. doi: 10.1002/pca.861. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kim KS, Choi YH, Kim KH, Lee YC, Kim CH, Moon SH, Kang SG, Park YG. Protective and anti-arthritic effects of deer antler aqua-acupuncture (DAA), inhibiting dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, on phosphate ions-mediated chondrocyte apoptosis and rat collagen-induced arthritis. Int Immunopharmacol. 2004;4(7):963–973. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2004.04.010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Leal IR, Da Silva J, Cardoso M, Tabarelli M, Lacher TE. Changing the course of biodiversity conservation in the Caatinga of northeastern Brazil. Conserv Biol. 2005;19(3):701–706. [Google Scholar]
- Li HB, Yan D, Jin C, Wang JB, Wei L, Xiao XH, Cao JL. Establishment of bioassay method for antivirus potency of Radix Isatidis based on chemical fluorometric determination. Spectrosc Spect Anal. 2009;29(4):908–912. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Li HB, Yan D, Wang JB, Wang JY, Bei ZC, Wei L, Xiao XH. Biological evaluation of Radix Isatidis based on neuraminidase activity assay. Acta Pharm Sin. 2009;44(2):162–166. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Li W, Jin C, Li Y, Li H, Sun Q, Luo Y, Yan D, Meng X, Xiao X. Methodological research on the quality evaluation of Radix Isatidis based on antibacterial potency. World Sci Technol. 2008;10(2):33–36. [Google Scholar]
- Li Y, Chen WN, Li HB. Study on the quality of Coix Lachryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen (Roman) Stapf based on biological titer detection. Liaoning J Tradit Chin Med. 2011;11:2232–2234. [Google Scholar]
- Lin CW, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH, Lai CC, Wan L, Ho TY, Hsieh CC, Chao PDL. Anti-SARS coronavirus 3C-like protease effects of Isatis indigotica root and plant-derived phenolic compounds. Antivir Res. 2005;68(1):36–42. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.07.002. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Liu EH, Qi LW, Li K, Chu C, Li P. Recent advances in quality control of traditional Chinese medicines. Comb Chem High T Scr. 2010;13(10):869–884. doi: 10.2174/138620710793360301. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lu G, Dong Z, Wang Q, Qian G, Huang W, Jiang Z, Leung KSY, Zhao Z. Toxicity assessment of nine types of decoction pieces from the daughter root of Aconitum carmichaeli (Fuzi) based on the chemical analysis of their diester diterpenoid alkaloids. Planta Med. 2009;76(08):825–830. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1240688. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Milne CP, Kaitin KI. Translational medicine: An engine of change for bringing new technology to community health. Sci Transl Med. 2009;1(5):5cm5. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3000222. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mire-Sluis AR. Progress in the use of biological assays during the development of biotechnology products. Pharm Res. 2001;18(9):1239–1246. doi: 10.1023/a:1013067424248. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mishra N, Rout S, Panda T. Ethno-zoological studies and medicinal values of Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Orissa, India. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2011;5(1):6–11. [Google Scholar]
- Pauly D, Kirchner S, Stoermann B, Schreiber T, Kaulfuss S, Schade R, Zbinden R, Avondet M, Dorner MB, Dorner BG. Simultaneous quantification of five bacterial and plant toxins from complex matrices using a multiplexed fluorescent magnetic suspension assay. Analyst. 2009;134(10):2028–2039. doi: 10.1039/b911525k. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Peppin L, McEwing R, Carvalho GR, Ogden R. A DNA-based approach for the forensic identification of Asiatic Black Bear (Ursus thibetanus) in a traditional Asian medicine. J Forensic Sci. 2008;53(6):1358–1362. doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00857.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pharmacopoeia Committee of P. R. China . Pharmacopoeia of People's Republic of China. Beijing; China Medical Science and Technology Press: 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Qi M, Ge X, Liang M, Fu R. Flash gas chromatography for analysis of volatile compounds from Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Anal Chim Acta. 2004;527(1):69–72. [Google Scholar]
- Qin Y, Wang JB, Zhao YL, Shan LM, Li BC, Fang F, Jin C, Xiao XH. Establishment of a bioassay for the toxicity evaluation and quality control of Aconitum herbs. J Hazard Mater. 2012;199:350–357. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.11.029. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Reichstein T, Grüssner A. Eine ergiebige Synthese der l-Ascorbinsäure (C-Vitamin) Helv Chim Acta. 1934;17(1):311–328. [Google Scholar]
- Ren Y, Zhang P, Yan D, Wang J, Du X, Xiao X. A strategy for the detection of quality fluctuation of a Chinese herbal injection based on chemical fingerprinting combined with biological fingerprinting. J Pharmaceut Biomed Anal. 2011;56(2):436–442. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.05.006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sarkar IN. Biomedical informatics and translational medicine. J Transl Med. 2010;8(1):22. doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-8-22. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Singhuber J, Zhu M, Prinz S, Kopp B. Aconitum in traditional Chinese medicine–A valuable drug or an unpredictable risk. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;126(1):18–30. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.07.031. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sun Q, Xiao XH, Jin C, Yan D. Quality control and evaluation of traditional Chinese medicines should be diversified. J Chin Med Mater. 2008;31:1–4. [Google Scholar]
- Tang HY, Yan D, Zhang SF, Li HB, Liu RH, Xiao XH. Agglutinated activity bioassay method for the determination of antivirus potency of Banlangen granula. Acta Pharm Sin. 2010;45(4):479–483. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tang S, Teng D, Wang X. Pharmacodynamics of agacutin: A thrombin-like enzyme from Agkistrodon acutus. Acta Acad Med Xuzhou. 2005;25(4):308–312. [Google Scholar]
- Thangam Sudha V, Arora N, Sridhara S, Gaur SN, Singh BP. Biopotency and identification of allergenic proteins in Periplaneta americana extract for clinical applications. Biologicals. 2007;35(2):131–137. doi: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2006.07.004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tilton R, Paiva AA, Guan J, Marathe R, Jiang Z, Eyndhoven W, Bjoraker J, Prusoff Z, Wang H, Liu S, Cheng Y. A comprehensive platform for quality control of botanical drugs (Phytomics QC): A case study of Huangqin Tang (HQT) and PHY906. Chin Med. 2010;5(1):30. doi: 10.1186/1749-8546-5-30. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- United States Pharmacopeial Convention . Official Monographs for USP 35. United States Pharmacopeia. USPC; Rockville, MD: 2012. pp. 3342–3343. 4673–4674. [Google Scholar]
- Wei L, Li Y, Li HB, Sun Q, Luo Y, Jin C, Yan D, Xiao XH, Meng XL. Techniques used in evaluating the quality of Radix Isatidis. World Sci Technol/Mod Tradit Chin Med Mater Med. 2008;10:33–36. [Google Scholar]
- Xiao PG, Liu CX. A re-understanding on the safety matters of Chinese herbal medicine. Chin J Integr Tradit West Med. 2004;10(4):242–245. [Google Scholar]
- Xiao YZ, Dai L, Lv QY, Yu C, Yu YH, Han J, Yuan HL. Effects of different pulverization fineness on in vitro dissolution rate of Compound Biejia Ruangan Tablet based on biological value evaluation. Chin Tradit Herb Drugs. 2013;44(18):520–2525. [Google Scholar]
- Xie Y, Jiang ZH, Zhou H, Xu HX, Liu L. Simultaneous determination of six aconitum alkaloids in proprietary Chinese medicines by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A. 2005;1093(1):195–203. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.07.071. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Xu BL, Zhang GJ, Cui XW, Wen CX, Liu CS, Zhang YN. Determination of biological titers of active components alignments in Gegen Qinlian Decoction on bacteriostasis. China J Tradit Chin Med Pharm. 2013;28:230–233. [Google Scholar]
- Xue T, Roy R. Studying traditional Chinese medicine. Science (New York, NY) 2003;300(5620):740–741. doi: 10.1126/science.300.5620.740. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yan D, Ren YS, Luo JY, Li HB, Feng X, Xiao XH. Application of bioassay in quality control of Chinese materia medica – Taking Radix Isatidis as an example. China J Chin Mater Med. 2010;35(19):2637–2640. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yan D, Han Y, Luo J, Zhang P, Tang H, Peng C, Xiao X. The action of medicinal animal horns on Escherichia coli growth investigated by microcalorimetry and chemometric analysis. Chin Sci Bull. 2010;55(26):2945–2950. [Google Scholar]
- Yan D, Li G, Xiao XH, Dong XP, Li ZL. Direct determination of fourteen underivatized amino acids from Whitmania pigra by using liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detection. J Chromatogr A. 2007;1138(1):301–304. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.035. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yan S, Luo G, Wang Y, Cheng Y. Simultaneous determination of nine components in Qingkailing injection by HPLC/ELSD/DAD and its application to the quality control. J Pharmaceut Biomed Anal. 2006;40(4):889–895. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.08.016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yang MH, Wang RR. Study on the biological assay of Herba Leonuri III–related observation of fresh Herba Leonuri capsules and Herba Leonuri fluid extracts in biological potency and clinical effect. Chin J Mod Appl Pharm. 2004;21:124–126. [Google Scholar]
- You B, Aubin JT, Le-Hir G, Arzel A, Laude H, Flan B. In vitro infectivity assay for prion titration for application to the evaluation of the prion removal capacity of biological products manufacturing processes. J Virol Methods. 2010;164(1/2):1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.10.010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yu HS, Chen Q, Jin FX. Study on contents and component proportion of different Ginseng and different Ginseng parts. Food Ferment Ind. 2002;28:24–28. [Google Scholar]
- Zeng ZD, Liang YZ, Chau FT, Chen S, Daniel MKW, Chan CO. Mass spectral profiling: An effective tool for quality control of herbal medicines. Anal Chim Acta. 2007;604(2):89–98. doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.09.057. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zeng ZP, Jiang JG. Analysis of the adverse reactions induced by natural product-derived drugs. Br J Pharmacol. 2010;159(7):1374–1391. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00645.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zhang GJ. Common Bioassays for Traditional Chinese Medicines. People's Medical Publishing House; Beijing, PR China: 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang Y, Shaw P, Sze C, Wang Z, Tong Y. Molecular authentication of Chinese herbal materials. J Food Drug Anal. 2007;15(1):1–8. [Google Scholar]
- Zhou D, Yan D, Li B, Wu Y, Xiao X. Investigation of metabolic action of Cordyceps sinensis and its cultured mycelia on Escherichia coli by microcalorimetry. Acta Pharm Sin. 2009;44(6):640–644. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zhou HJ. Drug Biological Inspection. People's Medical Publishing House; Beijing: 2005. [Google Scholar]