The content is available as a PDF (138.7 KB).
References
- 1.Ashbaugh DG, Bigelow DB, Petty TL, Levine BE. Acute respiratory distress in adults. Lancet. 1967;ii:319–323. [Google Scholar]
- 2.Petty TL, Ashbaugh DG. The adult respiratory distress syndrome. Clinical features, factors influencing prognosis and principles of management. Chest. 1971;60:233–239. doi: 10.1378/chest.60.3.233. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Bernard GR, Artigas A, Brigham KL, Carlet J, Falke K, Hudson LD, Lamy M. The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS: definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;149:818–824. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.149.3.7509706. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Murray JF, Matthay MA, Luce JM, Fick MR. An expanded definition of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1988;138:720–723. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/138.3.720. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Bartlett RH, Morris AH, Fairley HB, Hirsch R, O'Connor N, Pontoppidan H. A prospective study of acute hypoxic respiratory failure. Chest. 1986;89:684–689. doi: 10.1378/chest.89.5.684. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Doyle RL, Szaflarski N, Modin GW, Wiener-Kronish P, Matthay MA. Identification of patients with acute lung injury. Predictors of mortality. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;152:1818–1824. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.152.6.8520742. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Lewandowski K, Metz J, Deutschmann C, Preiss H, Kuhlen R, Artigas A, Falke KJ. Incidence, severity, and mortality of acute respiratory failure in Berlin, Germany. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151:1121–1125. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.151.4.7697241. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Milberg JA, Davis DR, Steinberg KP, Hudson LD. Improved survival of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS): 1983–1993. JAMA. 1995;273:306–309. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Montgomery AB, Stager MA, Carrico CJ, Hudson LD. Causes of mortality in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985;132:485–489. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1985.132.3.485. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Sloane PJ, Gee MH, Gottlieb JE, Albertine KH, Peters SP, Burns JR, Machiedo G. A multicenter registry of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: physiology and outcome. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992;146:419–426. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/146.2.419. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Suchyta MR, Clemmer TP, Orme JF, Jr, Morris AH, Elliott CG. Increased survival of ARDS patients with severe hypoxemia (ECMO criteria) Chest. 1991;99:951–955. doi: 10.1378/chest.99.4.951. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Suchyta MR, Clemmer TP, Elliott CG, Orme JF, Jr, Weaver LK. The adult respiratory distress syndrome. A report of survival and modifying factors. Chest. 1992;101:1074–1079. doi: 10.1378/chest.101.4.1074. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Zapol WM, Snider MT, Hill JD, Fallat RJ, Bartlett RH, Edmunds LH, Morris AH. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in severe acute respiratory failure: a randomized prospective study. JAMA. 1979;242:2193–2196. doi: 10.1001/jama.242.20.2193. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Zapol WM, Frikker MJ, Pontoppidan H, Wilson RS, Lynch KE. The adult respiratory distress syndrome at Massachusetts General Hospital: etiology, progression, and survival rates 1978–1988. In: Zapol WM, Lemaire F, editors. Acute Respiratory Failure. Marcel Dekker; New York: 1990. pp. 367–380. [Google Scholar]
- 15.Zilberberg MD, Epstein SK. Acute lung injury in the medical ICU: comorbid conditions, age, etiology, and hospital outcome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;157:1159–1164. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.157.4.9704088. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Duchin JS, Koster FT, Peters CJ, Simpson GL, Tempest B, Zaki SR, Ksiazek TG. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: a clinical description of 17 patients with a newly recognized disease. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:949–955. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199404073301401. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Zaki SR, Greer PW, Coffield LM, Goldsmith CS, Nolte KB, Foucar K, Feddersen RM. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: pathogenesis of an emerging infectious disease. Am J Pathol. 1995;146:552–579. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Nolte KB, Feddersen RM, Foucar K, Zaki SR, Koster FT, Madar D, Merlin TL. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the United States: a pathological description of a disease caused by a new agent. Hum Pathol. 1995;26:110–120. doi: 10.1016/0046-8177(95)90123-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Kahn AS, Ksiazek TG, Peters CJ. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Lancet. 1996;347:739–741. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(96)90082-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Khan AS, Khabbaz RF, Armstrong LR, Holman RC, Bauer SP, Graber J, Strine T. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: the first 100 US cases. J Infect Dis. 1996;173:1297–1303. doi: 10.1093/infdis/173.6.1297. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Hallin G, Simpson SQ, Crowell RE, James DS, Koster FT, Mertz GJ, Levy H. Cardiopulmonary manifestations of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Crit Care Med. 1996;24:252–258. doi: 10.1097/00003246-199602000-00012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Subbarao K, Klimov A, Katz J, Regnery H, Lim W, Hall H, Perdue M. Characterization of an avian influenza A (H5N1) virus isolated from a child with a fatal respiratory illness. Science. 1998;279:393–396. doi: 10.1126/science.279.5349.393. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Claas EC, Osterhaus AD, van Beek R, De Jong JC, Rimmelzwaan GF, Senne DA, Krauss S. Human influenza A H5N1 virus related to a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Lancet. 1998;351:472–477. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11212-0. [Erratum in: Lancet 1998;351:1292.] [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Yuen KY, Chan PKS, Peiris JSM, Tsang DN, Que TL, Shortridge KF, Cheung PT. Clinical features and rapid viral diagnosis of human disease associated with avian influenza A H5N1 virus. Lancet. 1998;351:467–471. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(98)01182-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Ksiazek TG, Erdman D, Goldsmith CS, Zaki SR, Peret T, Emery S, Tong S. A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1953–1966. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa030781. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.World Health Organization Update 31. Coronavirus never before seen in humans is the cause of SARS. Available from: http://www.who.int/csr/sarsarchive/2003_04_16/en/ [Date accessed: October 14, 2004.]
- 27.Chen CY, Lee CH, Liu CY, Wang JH, Wang LM, Perng RP. Clinical features and outcomes of severe acute respiratory syndrome and predictive factors for acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Chin Med Assoc. 2005;68:4–10. doi: 10.1016/S1726-4901(09)70124-8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]