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. 2009 Jan 6;25:60–65. [Article in Spanish] doi: 10.1157/13111839

Virus respiratorios: viejos y nuevos virus. Revisión de métodos diagnósticos

Respiratory viruses: old and new. Review of diagnostic methods

José María Navarro-Marí 1,⁎, Mercedes Pérez-Ruiz 1
PMCID: PMC7130279  PMID: 38620190

Abstract

Las infecciones respiratorias agudas de etiología viral se encuentran entre las principales causas de morbimortalidad infecciosa en el mundo. Junto a los virus tradicionalmente reconocidos, como los de la gripe, virus respiratorio sincitial, rinovirus, parainfluenza 1 a 4 y adenovirus, se han incorporado otros virus, como metaneumovirus, nuevos coronavirus (coronavirus humanos NL63 y HKU1 y coronavirus causante del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave [SRAG]) y, recientemente, los bocavirus. Aunque la mayoría de estas viriasis son clínicamente benignas y autolimitadas cuando afectan a adultos sanos, sus repercusiones sanitarias se incrementan cuando afectan a niños, ancianos o personas inmunodeprimidas o con enfermedades crónicas de base. Son una importante causa de hospitalización y defunción, fundamentalmente en los meses fríos y, desde el punto de vista sociosanitario, suponen un gran consumo de recursos económicos y una frecuente causa de absentismo laboral. Ocasionalmente, algunos de estos virus dan lugar a problemas sanitarios emergentes en todo el mundo, como sucede con las cepas pandémicas de gripe o el coronavirus asociado al SRAG. Si bien para los virus respiratorios tradicionales los métodos de diagnóstico clásicos, basados en el cultivo y la detección de antígenos, siguen siendo útiles, para los virus recientemente descritos el diagnóstico se realiza fundamentalmente por técnicas de amplificación genómica.

Palabras clave: Infección respiratoria aguda, Virus respiratorios, Diagnóstico virológico

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