Skip to main content
Elsevier - PMC COVID-19 Collection logoLink to Elsevier - PMC COVID-19 Collection
. 2007 Nov 19;148(5):399–412. doi: 10.1016/0007-1935(92)90027-X

Feline immunodeficiency virus: A brief review

M Bennett 1, NR Smyth 1
PMCID: PMC7130289  PMID: 1330201

Abstract

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), previously known as feline T-lymphotropic lentivirus (FTLV), was first described by Pedersen et al. (1987) who isolated the virus from cats with a variety of clinical signs suggestive of immunodeficiency. Since then FIV has become one of the most studied feline viruses, not least because of its similarity to human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) which cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in man.

References

  1. Ackley C.D., Yamamoto J.K., Levy N., Pedersen N.C., Cooper M.D. Immunologic abnormalities in pathogen-free cats experimentally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus. J. Virol. 1990;64:5652–5655. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.11.5652-5655.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Allain J.P., Laurian Y., Paul D.A. Long term evaluation of HIV antigens and antibodies to p24and gp41 in patients with haemophilia. New Engl. J. Med. 1987;317:1114–1121. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198710293171804. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Barlough J.E., Ackley C.D., George J.W. Acquired immune dysfunction in cats with experimentally induced feline immunodeficiency virus infection: comparison of short term and long term infections. J. Acquir. Immun. Defic. Syndr. 1991;4:219–227. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Barr M.C., Calle P.P., Roelke M.E., Scott F.W. Feline immunodeficiency virus infection in non-domestic felids. J. Zoo. Wildlife Med. 1989;20:265–272. [Google Scholar]
  5. Barr M.C., Pough M.B., Jacobson R.H., Scott F.W. Comparison and interpretation of diagnostic tests for feline immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Am. vet. med. Ass. 1991;199:1377–1381. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Benn S., Rutledge R., Folks T. Genomic heterogeneity of AIDS retroviral isolates from North America and Zaire. Science. 1985;320:949–951. doi: 10.1126/science.2997922. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Bennett M., McCracken C.M., Lutz H. Prevalence of antibody to feline immunodeficiency virus in some cat populations. Vet. Rec. 1989;124:397–398. doi: 10.1136/vr.124.15.397. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bennett M., Gaskell C.J., Baxby D., Gaskell R.M., Kelly D.F., Naidoo J. Cowpox virus infection in cats; a review. J. small Animal. Pract. 1990;31:167–173. [Google Scholar]
  9. Brown A., Bennett M., Gaskell C.J. Fatal poxvirus infection in associations with FIV infection. Vet. Rec. 1989;124:19–20. doi: 10.1136/vr.124.1.19. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Brown P.J., Hopper C.D., Harbour D.A. Pathological features of lymphoid tissues in cats with natural feline immunodeficiency virus infection. J. comp. Path. 1991;104:345–355. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9975(08)80145-4. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Brown W.C., Bissey L., Logan K.S. Feline immunodeficiency virus infects both CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes. J. Virol. 1991;65:3359–3364. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.6.3359-3364.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Brunner D., Pedersen N.C. Infection of peritoneal macrophages in vitro and in vivo with feline immunodeficiency virus. J. Virol. 1989;63:5483–5488. doi: 10.1128/jvi.63.12.5483-5488.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Callanan J.J., Hosie M.J., Jarrett O. Transmission of feline immunodeficiency virus from mother to kitten. Vet. Rec. 1991;128:322–333. doi: 10.1136/vr.128.14.332. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Chalmers S., Schick R.O., Jeffers J. Demodicosis in two cats seropositive for feline immunodeficiency virus. J. Am. vet. med. Ass. 1989;194:256–257. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Childs J.E., Witt C.J., Glass G.E., Bisop B.D., Moench T.R. Feline immunodeficiency virus. Fel. Pract. 1990;18:11–14. [Google Scholar]
  16. Cohen N.D., Carter C.N., Thomas M.A., Lester T.L., Eugster A.K. Epizootiologic association between feline immunodeficiency virus infection and feline leukemia virus seropositivity. J. Am. vet. med. Ass. 1990;197:220–225. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Cronn R.C., Whitmer J.D., North T.W. RNase H activity associated with reverse transcriptase from feline immunodeficiency virus. J. Virol. 1992;66:1215–1218. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.2.1215-1218.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Dawson S., Smyth N.R., Bennett M. Effect of primary feline immunodeficiency virus infection on subsequent feline calicivirus vaccination and challenge in cats. AIDS. 1991;5:747–750. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199106000-00016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Dow S.W., Poss M.L., Hoover E.A. Feline immunodeficiency virus: a neurotropic lentivirus. J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr. 1990;3:658–668. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Zidovudine for symptomless HIV infection. Lancet. 1990;335:821–822. Editorial. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Egberink H., Borst M., Niphuis H. Vol. 87. 1990. Suppression of feline immunodeficiency virus infection in vivo 9-(2-phosphonomethoxyethyl)adenine; pp. 3087–3091. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Egberink H.F., Ederveen J., Montelaro R.C., Pedersen N.C., Horzinek M.C., Koolen M.J.M. Intracellular proteins of feline immunodeficiency virus and their antigenic relationship with equine infectious anaemia virus proteins. J. gen. Virol. 1990;71:739–743. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-71-3-739. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Egberink H.F., Hartman K., Horzinek M.C. Chemotherapy of feline immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Am. vet. med. Ass. 1991;199:1485–1487. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Elder J.H., Lerner D.L., Hasselkuslight C.S. Distinct subsets of retroviruses encode dUTPase. J. Virol. 1992;66:1791–1794. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.3.1791-1794.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. English R.V., Davidson M.G., Nasisse M.P., Jamieson V.E., Lappin M.R. Intraocular disease associated with feline immunodeficiency virus infection in cats. J. Am. vet. med. Ass. 1990;196:1116–1119. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Feder B.M., Hurvitz A.I. Feline immunodeficiency virus in 100 cats and association with lymphoma (abstract) J. vet. intern. Med. 1990;4:110. [Google Scholar]
  27. Fleming E.J., McCaw D.L., Smith J.A., Johnson C. Clinical, hematologic and survival data from cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus: 42 cases. J. Am. vet. med. Ass. 1991;199:913–916. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Friend S.C., Birch C.J., Lording P.M., Marshall J.A., Studdert M.J. Feline immunodeficiency virus: prevalence, disease associations and isolation. Aust. vet. J. 1990;76:237–243. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1990.tb07776.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Gardner M.B. Simian and feline immunodeficiency viruses—animal lentivirus models for evaluation of AIDS vaccines and antiviral agents. Antivir. Res. 1991;15:267–286. doi: 10.1016/0166-3542(91)90009-g. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Grindem C.B., Corbett W.T., Ammerman B.E., Tomkins M.T. Seroepidemiologic survey of feline immunodeficiency virus infection in cats of Wake County, North Carolina. J. Am. vet. med. Ass. 1989;194:226–228. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Gruffydd-Jones T.J., Hopper C.D., Harbour D.A., Lutz H. Serological evidence of feline immunodeficiency virus infection in the UK cats from 1975–1976. Vet. Rec. 1988;123:569–570. doi: 10.1136/vr.123.22.569. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Hara Y., Ishida T., Ejima H. Decrease in mitogen-induced responses in cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus. Jpn J. vet. Sci. 1990;52:573–579. doi: 10.1292/jvms1939.52.573. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Harbour D.A., Williams P.D., Gruffydd-Jones T.J., Burbridge J., Pearson G.R. Isolation of a T-lymphocyte lentivirus from a persistently leucopenic domestic cat. Vet. Rec. 1988;122:84–86. doi: 10.1136/vr.122.4.84. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Haschek W.M., Weigel R.M., Scherba G. Zidovudine toxicity to cats infected with feline leukemia virus. Fund. appl. Toxicol. 1990;14:764–775. doi: 10.1016/0272-0590(90)90301-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Hoffmannfezer G., Thum J., Ackley C. Decline in CD4+ cell numbers in cats with naturally acquired feline immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Virol. 1992;66:1484–1488. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.3.1484-1488.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Hopper C., Sparkes A., Gruffydd-Jones T.J., Harbour D.A. Feline T-lymphotropic virus infection. Vet. Rec. 1988;122:590. doi: 10.1136/vr.122.24.590-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Hosie M.J., Jarrett O. Serological responses of cats to feline immunodeficiency virus. AIDS. 1990;4:215–220. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199003000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Hosie M.J., Robertson C., Jarrett O. Prevalance of feline leukaemia virus and antibodies to feline immunodeficiency virus in cats in the United Kingdom. Vet. Rec. 1989;128:293–297. doi: 10.1136/vr.125.11.293. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Hutson C.A., Rideout B.A., Pedersen N.C. Neoplasia associated with feline immunodeficiency virus infection in cats of Southern California. J. Am. vet. med. Ass. 1991;199:1357–1362. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Ishida T., Washizu T., Toriyabe K., Motoyoshi S. Detection of feline T-lymphotropic lentivirus infection in Japanese domestic cat. Jpn J. vet. Sci. 1988;50:39–44. doi: 10.1292/jvms1939.50.39. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Ishida T., Washizu T., Toriyabe K., Motoyoshi S., Tomoda I., Pedersen N.C. Feline immunodeficiency virus infection in cats of Japan. J. Am. vet. med. Ass. 1989;194:221–225. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Ishida T., Taniguchi A., Konno A., Washizu T., Tomoda I. Clinical and immunologic staging of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection. In: Schellekens H., Horzinek M.C., editors. Animal Models in AIDS. Elsevier Publishers BV; Amsterdam: 1990. pp. 189–199. [Google Scholar]
  43. Jacks T., Power M.D., Masiarz F.R., Luciw P.A., Barr P.J., Varmus H.E. Characterisation of ribosomal frameshifting in HIV-1 gag-pol expression. Nature. 1988;331:280–283. doi: 10.1038/331280a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Kawaguchi Y., Miyazawa T., Horimoto T. Activation of feline immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat by feline herpesvirus type 1. Virology. 1991;184:449–454. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90868-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Kiyomasu T., Miyazawa T., Furuya T. Identification of feline immunodeficiency virus rev gene activity. J. Virol. 1991;65:4539–4542. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.8.4539-4542.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Knowles J.O., Gaskell R.M., Gaskell C.J., Harvey C.E., Lutz H. Prevalence of feline calicivirus, feline leukaemia virus and antibodies to FIV in cats with chronic stomatitis. Vet. Rec. 1989;124:336–338. doi: 10.1136/vr.124.13.336. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Knowles J.O., McArdle F., Dawson S., Carter S.D., Gaskell C.J., Gaskell R.M. Studies on the role of feline calicivirus in chronic stomatitis in cats. Vet. Microbiol. 1991;27:205–219. doi: 10.1016/0378-1135(91)90148-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Kobl S., Schiller W. Serologische Untersuchenen zum Vorkommen des felines Immunodefizienzvirus. Wien. Tierärztl. Mschr. 1989;76:185–189. [Google Scholar]
  49. Koolen M., Egberink H. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV): a model for antiviral chemotherapy. In: Schellekens H., Horzinek M.C., editors. Animal Models in AIDS. Elsevier Publishers BV; Amsterdam: 1990. pp. 185–188. [Google Scholar]
  50. Lehmann R., Franchini M., Aubert A., Wolfensberger C., Gronier J., Lutz H. Vaccination of cats experimentally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus using a recombinant feline leukemia virus vaccine. J. Am. vet. med. Ass. 1991;199:1446–1452. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Letcher J.D., O'Conner T.P. Incidence of antibody reacting to feline immunodeficiency virus in a population of Asian lions. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 1991;22:324–329. [Google Scholar]
  52. Lin D.-S., Bowman D.D., Jacobson R.H. Suppression of lymphocyte blastogenesis to mitogens in cats experimentally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1990;26:183–189. doi: 10.1016/0165-2427(90)90066-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Lutz H., Egberink H., Arnold P. Felines T-lymphoropies Lentivirus (FTLV): Experimentelle Infektion und Vorkommen in einigen Landern Europas. Kleintierpraxis. 1988;33:445–492. [Google Scholar]
  54. Lutz H., Lehmann R., Winkler G. Das Feline Immunschwachevirus in der Schweiz: Klinik und Epidemiologie im vergleich mit dem Leukamieund dem Coronavirus. Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilk. 1990;132:217–225. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Miyazawa T., Furuya T., Itagaki S. Preliminary comparisons of the biological properties of two strains of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) isolated in Japan with FIV Petaluma strain isolated in the United States. Arch. Virol. 1989;108:59–68. doi: 10.1007/BF01313743. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Miyazawa T., Fukasawa M., Hasegawa A. Molecular cloning of a novel isolate of feline immunodeficiency virus biologically and genetically different from the original U.S. strain. J. Virol. 1991;65:1572–1577. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.3.1572-1577.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Moraillon A. L'infection du chat par FIV en France: des précisions. Am. Méd. v́et. 1989;133:221–222. [Google Scholar]
  58. Navia B.A., Petito C.K., Gold J.W.M. Cerebral toxoplasmosis complicating the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: clinical and neuropathological findings in 27 patients. Ann. Neurol. 1986;19:224–238. doi: 10.1002/ana.410190303. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Neu H. FIV (FTLV)-Infektion der Katze: 11 Falle—Beitrag zur Epidemiologic, klinische Symptomologie und zum Krankheitsverlauf. Kleintier-Prax. 1989;34:373–392. [Google Scholar]
  60. North T.W., North G.L.T., Pedersen N.C. Feline immunodeficiency virus, a model for reverse transcriptase-targeted chemotherapy for acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1989;33:915–919. doi: 10.1128/aac.33.6.915. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. North T.W., Cronn R.C., Remington K.M., Tanberg R.T. Direct comparisons of inhibitor sensitivities of reverse transcriptases from feline and human immunodeficiency viruses. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1990;34:1505–1507. doi: 10.1128/aac.34.8.1505. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. North T.W., Cronn R.C., Remington K.M., Tandberg R.T., Judd R.C. Characterisation of reverse transcriptase from feline immunodeficiency virus. J. Biol. Chem. 1990;265:5121–5128. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Novotny C., English R.V., Housman J. Lymphocyte population changes in eats naturally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus. AIDS. 1990;4:1213–1218. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199012000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. O'Connor T.P., Tanguay S., Steinman R. Development and evaluation of immunoassay for detection of antibodies to the feline T-lymphotropic lentivirus (feline immunodeficiency virus) J. clin. Microbiol. 1989;27:474–479. doi: 10.1128/jcm.27.3.474-479.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Olmsted R.A., Barnes A.K., Yamamoto J.K., Hirsch V.M., Purcell R.H., Johnson P.R. Vol. 86. 1989. Molecular cloning of feline immunodeficiency virus; pp. 2448–2452. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Olmsted R.A., Hirsch V.M., Purcell R.H., Johnson P.R. Vol. 86. 1989. Nucleotide sequence analysis of feline immunodeficiency virus: genome organization and relationship to other lentiviruses; pp. 8088–8092. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. O'Neil S.A., Lappin M.R., Reif J.S., Marks A., Greene C.E. Clinical and epidemiological aspects of feline immunodeficiency virus and Toxoplasma gondii coinfections in cats. J. Am. anim. hosp. Ass. 1991;27:211–220. [Google Scholar]
  68. Pedersen N.C., Ho E.W., Brown M.L., Yamamoto J.K. Isolation of a T-lymphotropic virus from domestic cats with an immunodeficiency-like syndrome. Science. 1987;235:790–793. doi: 10.1126/science.3643650. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Pedersen N.C., Yamamoto J.K., Ishida T., Hansen H. Feline immunodeficiency virus infection. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1989;21:111–129. doi: 10.1016/0165-2427(89)90134-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Pedersen N.C., Torten M., Rideout B. Feline leukemia virus infection as a potentiating cofactor for the primary and secondary stages of experimentally induced feline immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Virol. 1990;64:598–606. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.2.598-606.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Persechino A., Oliva G., Cerundolo R., de Luna R. Infezione da lentivirus della immunodeficienza nel gatto—incheista siero-epidemiologica in Campania. Acta med. vet. 1989;35:397–404. [Google Scholar]
  72. Phillips T.R., Talbott R.L., Lamont C., Muir S., Lovelace K., Elder J.H. Comparison of two host cell range variants of feline immunodeficiency virus. J. Virol. 1990;64:4605–4613. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.10.4605-4613.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Reid G., Rigby M.A., McDonald M. Immunodiagnosis of feline immunodeficiency virus infection using recombinant viral p17 and p24. AIDS. 1991;5:1477–1483. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199112000-00010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Remington K.M., Cheseboro B., Wehrly K., Pedersen N.C., North T.W. Mutants of feline immunodeficiency virus resistant to 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine. J. Virol. 1991;65:308–312. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.1.308-312.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Shelton G.H., Abkowitz J.L., Linenberger M.L., Russell R.G., Grant C.K. Chronic leukopenia associated with feline immunodeficiency virus infection in a cat. J. Am. vet. med. Ass. 1989;194:253–255. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Shelton G.H., McKim K.D., Cooley P.L., Dice P.F., Russell R.G., Grant C.K. Feline leukaemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus infection in a cat with lymphoma. J. Am. vet. med. Ass. 1989;194:249–252. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Shelton G.H., Waltier R.M., Connor S.C., Grant C.K. Prevalence of feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukaemia virus infections in pet cats. J. Am. anim. hosp. Ass. 1989;25:7–25. [Google Scholar]
  78. Shelton G.H., Grant C.K., Cotter S.M., Gardner M.B., Hardy W.D., DiGiacomo R.F. Feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus infections and their relationships to lymphoid malignancies in cats: a retrospective study (1968–1988) J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 1990;3:623–630. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Shelton G.H., Linenberger M.L., Grant C.K., Abkowitz J.L. Hematologic manifestations of feline immunodeficiency virus infection. Blood. 1990;76:1104–1109. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Siebelink K.H., Chu I.H., Rimmelzwaan G.F. Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection in the cat as a model for HIV infection in man: FIV-induced impairment of immune function. AIDS Res. hum. Retroviruses. 1990;6:1371–1378. doi: 10.1089/aid.1990.6.1373. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Siebelink K.H.J., Chu I.H., Rimmelzwaan G.F. Isolation and partial characterization of infection molecular clones of feline immunodeficiency virus obtained directly from bone marrow DNA of a naturally infected cat. J. Virol. 1992;66:1091–1097. doi: 10.1128/jvi.66.2.1091-1097.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Smith T.F., Srinivasan A., Schochetman G., Marcus N.M., Myers G. The phylogenetic history of immunodeficiency viruses. Nature. 1988;333:573–575. doi: 10.1038/333573a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Smyth N.R., Bennett M., Gaskell R.M., Brown A., Gaskell C.J. Treatment for FIV? Vet. Rec. 1990;126:409–410. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Steinman R., Dombrowski J., O'Connor T. Biochemical and immunological characterization of the major structural proteins of feline immunodeficiency virus. J. gen. Virol. 1990;71:701–716. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-71-3-701. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Stevens E.B., Monck E., Reppas R., Butfiloski F.J. Processing of the glycoprotein of feline immunodeficiency virus—effect of inhibitors of glycosylation. J. Virol. 1991;65:1114–1123. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.3.1114-1123.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Talbott R.L., Sparger E.E., Lovelace K.M. Vol. 86. 1989. Nucleotide sequence and genomic organization of feline immunodeficiency virus; pp. 5743–5747. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Taniguchi A., Ishida T., Konno A., Washizu T., Tomoda I. Altered mitogen response of peripheral blood lymphocytes in different stages of feline immunodeficiency virus infection. Jpn J. vet. Sci. 1990;52:513–518. doi: 10.1292/jvms1939.52.513. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Taniguchi A., Ishida T., Washizu T., Tomoda I. Humoral immune response to T-cell dependent and independent antigens in cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus. J. vet. med. Sci. 1991;53:333–335. doi: 10.1292/jvms.53.333. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Tavares L., Roneker C., Postie L., de Noronha F. Testing of nucleoside analogues in cats infected with feline leukemia virus: a model. Intervirology. 1989;30(suppl. 1):26–35. doi: 10.1159/000150121. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Tenorio A.P., Franti C.E., Madewell B.R., Pedersen N.C. Chronic oral infections of cats and their relationship to persistent oral carriage of feline calici-, immunodeficiency or leukaemia viruses. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1991;29:1–14. doi: 10.1016/0165-2427(91)90048-h. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Tilton G.K., O'Connor T.P., Seymour C.L. Immunoassay for detection of feline immunodeficiency virus core antigen. J. clin. Microbiol. 1990;28:898–904. doi: 10.1128/jcm.28.5.898-904.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Tompkins M.B., Nelson P.D., English R.V., Novotney C. Early events in the immunopathogenesis of feline retrovirus infections. J. Am. vet. med. Ass. 1991;199:1311–1315. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Weijer K., van Herwignen R., Siebelink K., Uytdehaag F., Osterhaus A. Voorkommen van FTLV-infecties onder katten in Nederland en West Duitsland. T. Diergeneesk. 1988;113:1063–1064. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Wigdale B., Kunsch C. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and neurologic dysfunction. Prog. med. Virol. 1990;37:1–46. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Willett B.J., Hosie M.J., Dursford T.H., Neil J.C., Jarrett O. Productive infection of T helper lymphocytes with feline immunodeficiency virus is accompanied by reduced expression of CD4. AIDS. 1991;5:1469–1475. doi: 10.1097/00002030-199112000-00009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Witt C.J., Moench T.R., Gittelsohn A.M., Bishop B.D., Childs J.E. Epidemiologic observations on feline immunodeficiency virus and Toxoplasma gondii coinfection in cats in Baltimore. J. Am. vet. med. Ass. 1989;194:229–233. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Yamamoto J.K., Sparger E.E., Ho E.W. Pathogenesis of experimentally induced feline immunodeficiency virus infection in cats. Am. J. vet. Res. 1988;49:1246–1262. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Yamamoto J.K., Hansen H., Ho E.W. Epidemiologic and clinical aspects of feline immunodeficiency virus infection in cats from the continental United States and Canada and possible modes of transmission. J. Am. vet. med. Ass. 1989;194:213–220. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Yamamoto J.K., Okuda T., Ackley C.D. Experimental vaccine protection against feline immunodeficiency virus. AIDS Res. hum. Retroviruses. 1991;7:911–922. doi: 10.1089/aid.1991.7.911. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from The British Veterinary Journal are provided here courtesy of Elsevier

RESOURCES