Abstract
The Sendai virus V protein, which is a fusion of the P and V ORFs of the P gene, was characterized with antisera to a portion of the V ORF and compared to the P protein. The only property found in common with P is that V is also highly phosphorylated, and this is so even when these proteins are expressed independently of the other viral proteins. Otherwise, V was not found in virions, was not strongly associated with viral nucleocapsids like P, and anti-V had no effect on viral RNA synthesis in vitro under conditions where anti-P was highly inhibitory. The available evidence suggests that V may playa role in RNA synthesis, but it is not an essential one like that of the P protein.
Reference
- Baker S.C., Moyer S.A. Encapsidation of Sendai virus genome RNAs by purified NP protein during in vitro replication. J. Virol. 1988;62:834–838. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.3.834-838.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ballart I., Eschle D., Cattaneo A., Schmid M., Metzler J., Chan S., Pifko-Hirst S.A., Udem, Billeter M.A. Infectious measles virus form cloned cDNA. EMBO J. 1990;9:379–384. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08121.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [Retracted]
- Banerjee A. Transcription and replication of rhabdoviruses. Microbiol. Rev. 1987;51:66–87. doi: 10.1128/mr.51.1.66-87.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Barrett T., Shrimpton S.B., Russell S.E.H. Nucleotide sequence of the entire protein coding region of canine distemper virus polymerase-associated (P) protein mRNA. Virus Res. 1985;3:367–372. doi: 10.1016/0168-1702(85)90436-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bell I.C., Prevec L. Phosphorylation sites on phosphoprotein NS of vesicular stomatitis virus. J. Virol. 1985;54:697–702. doi: 10.1128/jvi.54.3.697-702.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bellini W.I., Englund G., Rozenblatt S., Arnheiter H., Richardson C.D. Measles virus P gene codes for two proteins. J. Virol. 1985;53:908–919. doi: 10.1128/jvi.53.3.908-919.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bilsel P.A., Rowe J.E., Fitch W.M., Nichol S.T. Phosphoprotein and nucleocapsid protein evolution of vesicular stomatitis virus New Jersey. J. Virol. 1990;64:2498–2504. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.6.2498-2504.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Carlsen S.R., Peluso R.W., Moyer S.A. In vitro replication of Sendai virus wild-type and defective interfering particle genome RNAs. J. Virol. 1985;54:500–593. doi: 10.1128/jvi.54.2.493-500.1985. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cattaneo R., Kaelin K., Baczko K., Billeter M.A. Measles virus editing provides an additional cysteine-rich protein. Cell. 1989;56:759–764. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(89)90679-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chattopadhyay D., Banerjee A.K. Phosphorylation within a specific domain of the phosphoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus regulates transcription in vitro. Cell. 1987;49:407–414. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(87)90293-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Curran J.A., Kolakofsky D. Scanning independent ribosomal initiation of the Sendai virus X protein. EMBO J. 1988;7:2869–2874. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03143.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Curran J., Kolakofsky D. Scanning independent ribosomal initiation of the Sendai virus Y proteins in vitro and in vivo. EMBO J. 1989;8:521–526. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb03406.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Curran J., Kolakofsky D. Rescue of a Sendai virus DI genome by other parainfluenza viruses: Implications for genome replication. Virology. 1981;182:168–176. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90660-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Deshpande K.L., Portner A. Monoclonal antibodies to the P protein of Sendai virus define its structure and role in transcription. Virology. 1985;140:125–134. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(85)90451-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Einberger H.R., Merz R., Hofschneider P.H., Neubert W.J. Purification, renaturation and reconstituted protein kinase activity of the Sendai virus large (L) protein: L protein phosphorylates the NP and P proteins in vitro. J. Virol. 1990;64:4274–4280. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.9.4274-4280.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Elliott G.D., Yeo R.P., Afzal M.A., Simpson E.I.B., Curran J.A., Rima B.K. Strain variable editing during transcription of the P gene of mumps virus may lead to the generation of non-structural proteins NS1 (V) and NS2. J. Gen. Virol. 1990;71:1555–1560. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-71-7-1555. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Emerson S.U., Schubert M. Vol. 84. 1987. Location of the binding domains for the RNA polymerase L and the ribonucleocapsid template within different halves of the NS phosphoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus; pp. 5655–5659. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Frankel A.D., Bredt D.S., Pabo C.O. Tat protein from human immunodeficiency virus forms a metal-linked dimner. Science. 1988;240:70–73. doi: 10.1126/science.2832944. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Galinski M.S., Mink M.A., Lambert D.M., Wechsler S.L., Pons M.W. Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the human parainfluenza 3 virus mRNA encoding the P and C proteins. Virology. 1986;155:46–60. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(86)90167-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gill D.A., Chattopadhyay D., Banerjee A.K. Vol. 83. 1986. Identification of a domain within the phosphoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus that is essential for transcription in vitro; pp. 8873–8877. (Proc. Nad. Acad. Sci. USA). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Giorgi C., Blumberg B.M., Kolakofsky D. Sendai virus contains overlapping genes expressed from a single mRNA. Cell. 1983;35:829–836. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(83)90115-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hamaguchi M., Yoshida T., Nishikawa K., Naruse H., Nagai Y. Transcriptive complex of Newcastle disease virus. I. Both L and P proteins are required to constitute an active complex. Virology. 1983;128:105–117. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(83)90322-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Herman R.C. Internal initiatin of translation on the vesicular stomatitis virus phosphoprotein mRNA yields a second protein. J. Virol. 1986;58:797–804. doi: 10.1128/jvi.58.3.797-804.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Herrler G., Compans R.W. Synthesis of mumps virus polypeptides in infected vero cells. Virology. 1982;119:430–438. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(82)90102-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Huang T.S., Palese P., Krystal M. Determination of influenza virus proteins required for genome replication. J. Virol. 1990;64:5669–5673. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.11.5669-5673.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Klug A., Rhodes D. “Zinc fingers”: A novel protein motif for nucleic acid recognition. Trends Biochem. Sci. 1987;12:464–469. [Google Scholar]
- Kolakofsky D. Isolation and characterization of Sendai virus DI-RNAs. Cell. 1976;8:547–555. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(76)90223-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kolakofsky D., Vidal S., Curran I. Paramyxovirus RNA synthesis and P gene expression. In: Kingsbury D.W., editor. The Paramyxoviruses. Plenum; New York: 1990. in press. [Google Scholar]
- Kondo K., Bando H., Tsurudome M., Kawano M., Nishio M., Ito Y. Sequence analysis of the phosphoprotein (P) genes of human parainfluenza type 4A and 4B viruses and RNA editing at transcript of the P genes: The number of G residues added is imprecise. Virology. 1990;178:321–326. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90413-l. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kristensson K., Oervell C. Cellular localization of five structural proteins of Sendai virus studied with peroxidase-labelled fab fragments of monoclonal antibodies. J. Gen. Virol. 1983;64:1673–1678. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-64-8-1673. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lamb R.A. The phosphorylation of Sendai virus proteins by a virus particle-associated protein kinase. J. Gen. Virol. 1975;26:249–263. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-26-3-249. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Luk D., Sanchez A., Baneriee A.K. Messenger RNA encoding the phosphoprotein (P) gene of human parainfluenza virus 3 is bicistronic. Virology. 1986;153:318–325. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(86)90036-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Matsuoka Y., Curran J., Pelet T., Kolakofsky D., Ray R., Compans R.W. The P gene of human parainfluenza virus type 1 encodes P and C proteins but not a cysteine-rich V protein. J. Virol. 1991;65:3406–3410. doi: 10.1128/jvi.65.6.3406-3410.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McGiness L., McQuain C., Morrison T. The P protein and nonstructural 38K and 29K proteins of Newcastle disease virus are derived from the same open reading frame. Virology. 1988;164:256–264. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(88)90643-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Moyer S.A., Horikami S.M. The role of viral and cell proteins in paramyxovirus transcription and replication. In: Kingsbury D.W., editor. The Paramyxoviruses. Plenum; New York: 1991. [Google Scholar]
- Ohgimoto S., Bando H., Kawano M., Okamoto K., Kondo K., Tsurudome M., Nishio M., Ito Y. Sequence analysis of P gene of human parainfluenza type 2 virus: P and cysteine-rich proteins are translated by two mRNAs that differ by two nontemplated G residues. Virology. 1990;177:116–123. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90465-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Paterson R.G., Lamb R.A. RNA editing by G nucleotide insertion in mumps virus “P” gene mRNA transcripts. J. Virol. 1990;64:4137–4145. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.9.4137-4145.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pelet T., Curran J., Kolakofsky D. The P gene of bovine parainfluenza virus 3 expresses all three reading frames from a single mRNA editing site. EMBO J. 1991;10:443–448. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb07966.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Peluso R.W., Lamb R.A., Choppin P.W. Polypeptide synthesis in simian virus 5 infected cells. J. Virol. 1977;23:177–187. doi: 10.1128/jvi.23.1.177-187.1977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Poch O., Sauvaget I., Delarue M., Tordo N. Identification of four conserved motifs among the RNA-dependent polymerase encoding elements. EMBO J. 1989;8:3867–3874. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1989.tb08565.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Portner A., Murti K.G., Morgan E.M., Kingsbury D.W. Antibodies against Sendai virus L protein: Distribution of the protein in nucleocapsids revealed by immunoelectron microscopy. Virology. 1988;163:236–239. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(88)90257-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Roux L., Kolakofsky D. Protein kinase associated with Sendai virions. J. Virol. 1974;13:545–547. doi: 10.1128/jvi.13.2.545-547.1974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ryan K.W., Portner A. Separate domains of Sendai virus P protein are required for binding to viral nucleocapsids. Virology. 1990;174:515–521. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90105-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ryan K.W., Morgan E.M., Portner A. Two noncontiguous regions of Sendai virus P protein combine to form a single nucleocapsid binding domain. Virology. 1991;180:126–134. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(91)90016-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sakai Y., Suzu S., Shioda T., Shibuta H. Nucleotide sequence of the bovine parainfluenza 3 virus genome: Its 3′ end and the genes of NP, P, C and M proteins. NucleicAcids Res. 1987;15:2927–2944. doi: 10.1093/nar/15.7.2927. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sato H., Oh-Hira M., Ishida N., Imamura Y., Hattori S., Kawakita M. Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of P, M, and F genes of Newcastle disease virus avirulent strain D26. Virus Res. 1987;7:241–255. doi: 10.1016/0168-1702(87)90031-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schwarz B., Routledge E., Siddell S.G. Murlne coronavirus nonstructural protein ns2 is not essential forvirus replication in transformed cells. J. Orol. 1990;64:4784–4791. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.10.4784-4791.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shioda T., Hidaka Y., Kanda T., Shibuta H., Nomoto A., Iwasaki K. Sequence of 3, 687 nucleotides from the Tend of Sendai virus genome RNA and the predicted amino acid sequences of viral NP, P and C protein. Nucleic Acids. Res. 1983;11:7317–7330. doi: 10.1093/nar/11.21.7317. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Southern J.A., Precious B., Randall R.E. Two nontemplated nucleotide additions are required to generate the P mRNA of parainfluenza virus type 2 since the RNA genome encodes protein V. Virology. 1990;177:388–390. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90497-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Spriggs M.K., Collins P.L. Sequence analysis of the P and C protein genes of human parainfluenza virus type 3: Patterns of amino acid sequence homology among paramyxovirus proteins. J. Gen. Virol. 1986;67:2705–2719. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-67-12-2705. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Takeuchi K., Tanabayashi K., Hishiyama M., Yamada Y.K., Yamada A., Sugiura A. Detection and characterization of mump virus V protein. Virology. 1990;178:247–253. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90400-l. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Thomas S.M., Lamb R.A., Paterson R.G. Two mRNAs that differ by two nontemplated nucleotides encode the amino coterminal proteins P and V of the paramyxovirus SV5. Cell. 1988;54:891–902. doi: 10.1016/S0092-8674(88)91285-8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Vidal S., Curran J., Orvell C., Kolakofsky D. Mapping of monoclonal antibodies to the Sendai virus P protein and the location of its phosphates. J. Virol. 1988;62:2200–2203. doi: 10.1128/jvi.62.6.2200-2203.1988. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Vidal S., Curran J., Kolakofsky D. Editing of the Sendai virus P/C mRNA by G insertin occurs during mRNA synthesis via a virus-encoded activity. J. Virol. 1990;64:239–246. doi: 10.1128/jvi.64.1.239-246.1990. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Vidal S., Curran I., Kolakofsky D. A stuttering model for paramyxovirus P mRNA editing. EMBO J. 1990;9:2017–2022. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb08330.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]