Skip to main content
PMC home page
Elsevier - PMC COVID-19 Collection logoLink to Elsevier - PMC COVID-19 Collection
. 2004 Oct 18;3(4):284–291. doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(85)90056-8

Vaccination against enteric rota and coronaviruses in cattle and pigs: Enhancement of lactogenic immunity

CF Crouch 1
PMCID: PMC7130886  PMID: 2998111

Abstract

Passive immunity against enteric viral infections is dependent upon the continual presence in the gut lumen of a protective level of specific antibodies. This article examines methods currently used to enhance the titre and duration of specific antibody in the mammary secretions of cows and pigs with particular reference to rotavirus and coronavirus infections. In addition, some of the potential problems to be found in attempting to produce vaccines against these viral infections are outlined

Keywords: Viruses, rotavirus, coronavirus, cattle, pigs lactogenic immunity

References

  • 1.Acres S.D., Laing C.J., Saunders J.R., Radostits O.M. Acute undifferentiated neonatal diarrhoea in beef calves 1. Occurrence and distribution of infectious agents. Can. J. Comp. Med. 1975;39:116. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Moon H.W., McClurkin A.W., Isaacson R.E., Pohlenz J., Skartedf S.M., Gillette K.G., Baetz A.L. Pathogenic relationships of rotavirus, Escherichia coli and other agents in mixed infections in calves. J. Am. Vet Med. Assoc. 1978;173:577. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Morin M., Lariviere S., Lallier R. Pathological and microbiological observations made on spontaneous cases of acute neonatal calf diarrhoea. Can J. Comp. Med. 1976;40:228. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Mebus C.A., Stair E.L., Underdahl N.R., Twiehaus M.J. Pathology of neonatal calf diarrhoea induced by a reo-like virus. Vet Path. 1971;8:490. [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Mebus C.A., Stair E.L., Rhodes M.B., Twiehaus M.J. Pathology of neonatal calf diarrhoea induced by a corona-like agent. Vet Path. 1973;10:45. doi: 10.1177/030098587301000105. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Woode G.N., Bridger J.C., Hall G.A., Jones J.M., Jackson G. The isolation of reovirus-like agents (rotaviruses). from acute gastoenteritis of piglets. J. Med. Microbiol. 1976;9:203. doi: 10.1099/00222615-9-2-203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Doyle L.P., Hutchings L.M. A transmissible gastroenteritis in pigs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1946;108:257. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Lecce J.C., King M.W., Mock R. Reovirus-like agent associated with fatal diarrhoea in pigs. Infect Immun. 1976;14:816. doi: 10.1128/iai.14.3.816-825.1976. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Benfield D.A., Stortz I., Moore R., McAdaragh J.P. Shedding of rotavirus in feces of sows before and after farrowing. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1982;16:186. doi: 10.1128/jcm.16.1.186-190.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Crouch C.F., Acres S.D. Prevalence of rotavirus and coronavirus antigens in the faeces of normal cows. Can. J. Comp. Med. 1984;48:340. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Crouch C.F., Raybould T.J.G., Acres S.D. Monoclonal antibody capture-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of bovine enteric coronavirus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1984;19:388. doi: 10.1128/jcm.19.3.388-393.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Langpap T.J., Bergeland M.E., Reed D.E. Coronaviral enteritis of young calves: Virologic and pathologic findings in naturally occurring infections. Am. J. Vet Res. 1979;40:1476. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Marsolais G., Assaf R., Montpetit C., Marois P. Diagnosis of viral agents associated with neonatal calf diarrhoea. Can J. Coma Med. 1978;42:168. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Bohl E.H. Rotaviral diarrhoea in pigs: Brief review. J. Am. Vet Med Assoc. 1979;174:613. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Corthier G., Vautherot J.F., Vannier P. Serologic detection of rotavirus in swine from the region of Brittany. Ann Rech Vet. 1979;10:65. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Lecce J.G., King M.W., Dorsey W.E. Rearing regimen producing piglet diarrhoea (rotavirus) and its relevance to acute infantile diarrhoea. Science. 1978;199:776. doi: 10.1126/science.203032. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Woode G.N. Transmissible gastroenteritis of swine. Vet. Bull. 1969;39:239. [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Shimizu M., Shimizu Y. Effects of ambient temperatures on clinical and immune responses of pigs infected with transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Vet Microbiol. 1979;4:109. [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Snodgrass D.R., Angus K.W., Craig E.W. Rotavirus infection in lambs: Pathogenesis and pathology. Arch Virol. 1977;55:263. doi: 10.1007/BF01315048. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Theil K.W., Bohl E.H., Cross R.F., Kohler E.M., Agnes A.G. Pathogenesis of porcine rotaviral infection in experimentally inoculated gnotobiotic piglets. Am J. Vet Res. 1978;39:213. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Pensaert M., Haelterman E.O., Burnstein T. Virus-intestinal cell interactions. 1) Immunofluorescence, histopathology and virus production in the small intestine through the course of infection. Arch Ges. Virusforsch. 1970;31:321. doi: 10.1007/BF01253767. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Mebus C.A., Newman L.E., Stair E.L. Scanning electron, light and immunofluorescent microscopy of intestine of gnotobiotic calf infected with calf diarrhoeal coronavirus. Am. J. Vet Res. 1975;36:1719. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Mebus C.A., Underdahl N.R., Rhodes M.B., Twiehaus M.J. Calf diarrhoea (scours) reproduced with a virus from a field outbreak. Univ. Nebraska Res. Bull. 1969;233:1. [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Pearson G.R., McNulty M.S., Logan E.E. Pathological changes in the small intestine of neonatal calves naturally infected with reo-like virus (rotavirus) Vet Res. 1978;102:454. doi: 10.1136/vr.102.21.454. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Pearson G.R., McNulty M.S. Pathological changes in the small intestine of neonatal pigs infected with a pig reoviruslike agent (rotavirus) J. Comp. Pathol. 1977;87:363. doi: 10.1016/0021-9975(77)90026-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Crouch C.F., Woode G.N. Serial studies of virus multiplication and intestinal damage in gnotobiotic piglets infected with rotavirus. J. Med. Microbiol. 1978;11:325. doi: 10.1099/00222615-11-3-325. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Bishop R.F., Davidson G.P., Holmes I.H., Ruck B.J. Virus particles in epithelial cells of duodenal mucosa from children with acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis. Lancet. 1973:1281. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(73)92867-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Halpin C.G., Caple I.W. Changes in intestinal structure and function of neonatal calves infected with reovirus-like agent and Escherichia coli. Austr. Vet J. 1976;52:438. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1976.tb05384.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Brambell F.W.R. The transmission of passive immunity from mother to young. In: Neuberger A, Tatum E.L., editors. Frontiers of biology. North Holland Publishing Co.; 1970. p. 301. [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Simpson-Morgan M.W., Smeaton T.C. The transfer of antibodies by neonates and adults. Adv. Vet Sci. Comp. Med. 1972;16:355. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31.Brandon M.R., Lascelles A.K. Relative efficiency of absorption of IgG1, IgG2, IgA and IgM in the newborn calf. Austr. J. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci. 1971;49:629. doi: 10.1038/icb.1971.69. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.Balfour W.E., Comline R.S. The specificity of the intestinal absorption of large molecules by the newborn calf. J. Physiol. 1959;148:77. [Google Scholar]
  • 33.Lecce J.G., Morgan D.O. Effect of dietary regimen on cessation of intestinal absorption of large molecules (closure) in the neonatal pig and lamb. J. Nutrition. 1962;78:263. doi: 10.1093/jn/78.3.263. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34.Porter P. Porcine colostral IgA and IgM antibodies to Escherichia coli and their intestinal absorption by the neonatal piglet. Immunology. 1969;17:617. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35.Pierce A.E. Electrophoretic and immunological studies on sera from calves from birth to weaning. J. Hygiene. 1955;53:247. doi: 10.1017/s0022172400000747. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 36.Balfour W.E., Comline R.S. Acceleration of the absorption of unchanged globulin in the newborn calf by factors in colostrum. J. Physiol. 1962;160:234. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1962.sp006844. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 37.Johnson N.E., Oxender W.D. Effect of altered serum glucocorticoid concentrations on the ability of the newborn calf to absorb colostral immunoglobulin. Am J. Vet. Res. 1979;40:32. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 38.Pineiro A, Ortega F., Uriel J. Trypsin inhibitor from bovine colostrum. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1975;379:201. doi: 10.1016/0005-2795(75)90023-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 39.Parmerly M.J., Beer A.E. Colostral cell-mediated immunity and the concept of a common secretory immune system. J. Dairy Sci. 1977;60:655. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(77)83915-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 40.Smith J.W., Schultz R.D. Mitogen and antigen response in milk lymphocytes. Cell. Immunol. 1977;29:165. doi: 10.1016/0008-8749(77)90285-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 41.Bourne F.J. Symposium on the young farm animal: The immunoglobulin system of the suckling pig. Vol. 32. 1973. p. 205. (Proc. Nutr. Soc). [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 42.Lascelles A.K., McDowell G.H. Localised humoral immunity with particular reference to ruminants. Transplant Rev. 1974;19:170. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1974.tb00132.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 43.Pierce A.E., Feinstein A. Biophysical and immunological studies on bovine immunoglobulins with evidence for selective transport within the mammary gland from maternal plasma to colostrum. Immunology. 1965;8:106. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 44.Porter P., Noakes D.E., Allen W.D. Secretory IgA and antibodies to Escherichia coli in porcine milk and their significance in the alimentary tract of the young pig. Immunology. 1970;18:245. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 45.Haelterman E.O., Hooper B.E. Transmissible gastroenteritis of swine as a model for the study of enteric disease: Gastroenterology. 1967;153:109. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 46.Woode G.N., Jones J., Bridger J.C. Levels of colostral antibodies against neonatal calf diarrhoea virus. Vet Res. 1975;97:148. doi: 10.1136/vr.97.8.148. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 47.Butler J.E. Synthesis and distribution of immunoglobulins. J. Am. Vet Med Assoc. 1973;163:795. [Google Scholar]
  • 48.Porter P., Allen W.D. Classes of immunoglobulins related to immunity in the pig: A review. J. Am. Vet Med. Assoc. 1972;160:511. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 49.Acres S.D., Babiuk L.A. Studies on rotaviral antibody in bovine serum and lacteal secretions using radioimmuno assay. J. Am. Vet Med. Assoc. 1978;173:555. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 50.Flewett T.H., Woode G.N. The rotaviruses. Arch Virol. 1978;57:1. doi: 10.1007/BF01315633. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 51.Rodak L., Babiuk L.A., Acres S.D. Radioimmunological (RIA) and enzymimmunological (ELISA) detection of coronavirus antibodies in bovine serum and lacteal secretions. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1982;16:34. doi: 10.1128/jcm.16.1.34-40.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 52.Eichorn W., Bachmann P.A., Baljer G., Plank P., Schneider P. Vaccination of cows with a combined rotavirus/ enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K99 vaccine to protect newborn calves against diarrhoea. Dev. Biol Stand. 1983;53:237. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 53.Saif L.J., Smith K.L., Landmeier B.J., Bohl E.H., Theil K.W. Immune responses of pregnant cows to bovine rotavirus immunization. Am. J. Vet Res. 1984;45:49. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 54.Snodgrass D.R., Fahey K.J., Wells P.W., Cambell I., Whitehall A. Maternal vaccination increases and prolongs immuno globulin G1 antibody secretion in milk. Vol. 28. 1980. Passive immunity in calf rotavirus infections; p. 344. (Infect Immun.). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 55.Crouch C.F., Raybould T.J.G. Comparison of different antigen preparations as substrates for use in passive haemagglutination and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of antibody against bovine enteric coronavirus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1983;18:146. doi: 10.1128/jcm.18.1.146-149.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 56.Flewett T.H., Bryden A.S., Davies H., Woode G.N., Bridger J.C., Derrick J.M. Relation between viruses from acute gastroenteritis of children and newborn calves. Lancet. 1974;61 doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(74)91631-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 57.Schoub B.D., Lectsas G., Prozesky O.W. Antigenic relationship between human and simian rotaviruses. J. Med. Microbiol. 1976;10:1. doi: 10.1099/00222615-10-1-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 58.Thouless M.E., Bryden A.S., Flewett T.H., Woode G.N., Bridger J.C., Snodgrass D.R., Herring J.A. Serological relationships between rotaviruses from different species as studied by complement fixation and neutralization. Arch. Virol. 1977;53:287. doi: 10.1007/BF01315627. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 59.Woode G.N., Bridger J.C., Jones J.M., Flewett T.H., Bryden A.S., Davies H.A., White G.B.B. Morphological and antigenic relationships between viruses (rotaviruses) from acute gastroenteritis of children, calves, piglets, mice, and foals. Infect Immun. 1976;14:804. doi: 10.1128/iai.14.3.804-810.1976. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 60.Bohl E.H., Theil K.W., Saif L.J. Isolation and serotyping of porcine rotaviruses and antigenic comparison with other rotaviruses. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1984;19:105. doi: 10.1128/jcm.19.2.105-111.1984. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 61.Woode G.N., Kelso N.E., Simpson T.F., Gaul S.K., Evans L.E., Babiuk L. Antigenic relationships among some bovine rotaviruses: Serum neutralization and cross-protection in gnotobiotic calves. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1983;18:358. doi: 10.1128/jcm.18.2.358-364.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 62.Bridger J.C., Brown J.F., Arnold P.S., Pocock D.H., McCrae M.A. Vol. 124. 1983. Antigenic variation in porcine and bovine rotaviruses; pp. 48–55. (Proceedings Fourth International Symposium on Neonatal Diarrhoea VIDO). Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. [Google Scholar]
  • 63.Rodger S.M., Bishop R.F., Holmes I.H. Detection of a rotavirus-like agent associated with diarrhoea in an infant. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1982;16:724. doi: 10.1128/jcm.16.4.724-726.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 64.Nicholas J.C., Cohen J., Fortier B., Lourento M.H., Bricout F. Isolation of human pararotavirus. Virology. 1984;124:181. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(83)90302-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 65.McNulty M.S., Allan G.M., Todd D., McFerran J.B., McKillop E.R., Collins D.S., McCracken R.M. Isolation of rotaviruses from turkeys and chickens: Demonstration of distinct serotypes and RNA electrophoresis. Avian Pathol. 1980;9:363. doi: 10.1080/03079458008418420. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 66.Bridger J.C. Detection by electron microscopy of caliciviruses, astroviruses and rotavirus-like particles in the faeces of piglets with diarrhoea. Vet Rec. 1980;107:532. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 67.Saif L.J., Bohl E.H., Theil K.W., Cross R.F., House J.A. Rotavirus-like, calicivirus-like and 23 nm virus-like particles associated with diarrhoea in young pigs. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1980;12:105. doi: 10.1128/jcm.12.1.105-111.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 68.Snodgrass D.R., Herring J.A., Campbell I., Inglis J.M., Hargreaves F.D. Comparison of atypical rotaviruses from calves, piglets lambs and man. J. Gen. Virol. 1984;65:909. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-65-5-909. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 69.Bridger J.C., Clarke I.N., McCrae M.A. Characterisation of an antigenically distinct porcine rotavirus. Infect Immun. 1982;35:1058. doi: 10.1128/iai.35.3.1058-1062.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 70.Bohl E.H., Saif L.J., Theil K.W., Agnes A.G., Cross R.F. Porcine pararotavirus: detection, differentiation from rota-virus, and pathogenesis in gnotobiotic pigs. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1982;15:312. doi: 10.1128/jcm.15.2.312-319.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 71.Pedley S., Bridger J.C., Brown J.F., McCrae M.A. Molecular characterisation of rotaviruses with distinct group antigens. J. Gen. Virol. 1983;64:2093. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-64-10-2093. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 72.Andrews C., Pereira H.G., Wildy P. fourth edition. Balliere; Amsterdam: 1986. Viruses of vertebrates; p. 42. [Google Scholar]
  • 73.Wyatt R.G., Mebus C.A., Yolken R.H., Kalica A.R., James H.D., Jr., Kapikian A.Z., Chanock R.M. Rotaviral immunity in gnotobiotic calves: Heterologous resistance to human virus induced by bovine virus. Science. 1979;203:548. doi: 10.1126/science.216077. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 74.Woode G.N., Bew M.E., Dennis M.J. Studies on cross-protection induced in calves by rotaviruses of calves, children and foals. Vet Rec. 1978;103:32. doi: 10.1136/vr.103.2.32. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 75.Tzipori S.R., Makin T.J., Smith M.L. The clinical response of gnotobiotic calves, pigs and lambs to inoculation with human, calf, pig and foal rotavirus isolates. Austr. J. Exp. Biol. Med Sci. 1980;58:309. doi: 10.1038/icb.1980.31. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 76.Gaul S.K., Simpson T.F., Woode G.N., Fulton R.W. Antigenic relationships among some animal rotaviruses: Virus neutralization in vitro and cross-protection in piglets. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1982;16:495. doi: 10.1128/jcm.16.3.495-503.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 77.Yolken R.H., Wyatt R.G., Zissis G., Brandt C.D., Rodriguez W.J., Kim H.W. Epidemiology of human rotavirus type 1 and type 2 as studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. N. Engl. J. Med. 1978;299:1156. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197811232992103. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 78.Wege H., Siddell S., ter Meulen V. The biology and pathogenesis of coronaviruses. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 1982;99:165. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-68528-6_5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 79.Brian D.A., Hogue B., Lapps W., Potts B., Kapke P. Proceedings Fourth International Symposium on neonatal diarrhoea. Vol. 124. 1983. Comparative structure of coronaviruses; pp. 100–115. (VIDO). Veterinary Rd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. [Google Scholar]
  • 80.Pensaert M.B., Debouk P. Anew coronavirus-like particle associated with diarrhoea in swine. Arch Virol. 1978;58:243. doi: 10.1007/BF01317606. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 81.Mebus C.A., White R.G., Stair E.L., Rhodes M.B., Twiehaus M.J. Neonatal calf diarrhoea: Results of a field trial using a reo-like virus vaccine. Vet Med. Small Anim. Clin. 1972;67:173. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 82.Mebus C.A., White R.G., Bass E.P., Twiehaus M.J. Immunity to neonatal calf diarrhoea virus. J. Am. Vet Med. Assoc. 1973;163:880. [Google Scholar]
  • 83.Twiehaus M.J., Mebus C.A., Bass E.P. Survey of the field efficacy of reoviral calf diarrhoea vaccine. Vet Med. Small Anim. Clin. 1975;24:23. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 84.Newman F.S., Myers L.L., Firchammer B.D., Catlin J.E. Proceedings 77th Annual Meeting U.S Animal Health Association. 1973. Licensing and use of the calf scours vaccine. Part II An analysis of Scourvax-Reo; pp. 59–64. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 85.Acres S.D., Radostits O.M. The efficacy of a modified live reo-like virus vaccine and an Escherichia coli bacterin for prevention of acute undifferentiated neonatal diarrhoea of beef calves. Can Vet J. 1976;17:197. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 86.deleeuw P.W., Ellens D.J., Talman F.P., Zimmer G.N. Rotavirus infections in calves: Efficacy of oral vaccination in endemically infected herds. Res. Vet Sci. 1980;29:142. doi: 10.1016/S0034-5288(18)32654-7. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 87.Myers L.L., Snodgrass D.R. Colostral and milk antibody titres in cows vaccinated with a modified live rotavirus-coronavirus vaccine. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1982;181:486. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 88.Snodgrass D.R., Nagy L.K., Sherwood D., Campbell I. Passive immunity in calf diarrhoea: Vaccination with K99 antigen of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and rotavirus. Infect Immun. 1982;37:586. doi: 10.1128/iai.37.2.586-591.1982. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 89.Snodgrass D.R., Fahey K.J., Wells P.W., Campbell I., Whitelaw A. Passive immunity in calf rotavirus infections: Maternal vaccination increases and prolongs immunoglobulin G1 antibody secretion in milk. Infect Immun. 1980;28:344. doi: 10.1128/iai.28.2.344-349.1980. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 90.Van Opdenbosch E., Wellemans G., Strobbe R., De Brabander D.L., Boucque Ch.V. Evolution des anticorps anti rota dans le lait de vaches traitees en fin de Gestation soit par le vaccine anti-rota complet soit par l'adjuvant seul. Comp. Immun Microbiol Infect Dis. 1981;4:293. doi: 10.1016/0147-9571(81)90015-1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 91.Dauvergne M., Brun A., Soulebot J.P. Passive protection of newborn calves against rotavirus by vaccination of their dams. Dev. Biol. Stand. 1983;53:245. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 92.Hartmann H., Bechtel D., Otto P., Schonhev W. Die Wirksamkeitsprufung eimer inaktivierten rotavirus-vakzine in einem Milchviehbestand. Arch. Exper. Veterinaermed. 1982;36:611. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 93.Saif L.J., Redman D.R., Smith K.L., Theil K.W. Passive immunity to bovine rotavirus in newborn calves fed colostrum supplements from immunized or non-immunized cows. Infect Immun. 1983;41:1118. doi: 10.1128/iai.41.3.1118-1131.1983. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 94.Snodgrass D.A., Wells P.W. Rotavirus infection in lambs: Studies on passive protection. Arch. Viral. 1976;52:201. doi: 10.1007/BF01348017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 95.Bridger J.C., Brown J.F. Development of passive immunity to porcine rotavirus in pigs protected from disease by bovine colostrum. Infect Immun. 1981;31:906. doi: 10.1128/iai.31.3.906-910.1981. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 96.Snodgrass D.R., Stewart J., Taylor J., Krautil F.L., Smith M.L. Diarrhoea in dairy calves reduced by feeding colostrum from cows vaccinated with rotavirus. Res. Vet Sci. 1982;32:70. doi: 10.1016/S0034-5288(18)32440-8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 97.Bohl E.H., Gupta P.K., Olquin F.M.W., Saif L.J. Antibody responses in serum, colostrum and milk of swine after infection or vaccination with transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Infect Immun. 1972;6:289. doi: 10.1128/iai.6.3.289-301.1972. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 98.Saif L.J., Bohl E.H., Gupta P.K. Isolation of porcine immunoglobulins and determination of the immunoglobulin classes of transmissible gastroenteritis viral antibodies. Infect Immun. 1972;6:600. doi: 10.1128/iai.6.4.600-609.1972. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 99.Bohl E.H., Saif L.J. Passive immunity in transmissible gastroenteritis of swine: Immunoglobulin characterisation of antibodies in milk after inoculating virus by different routes. Infect Immun. 1975;11:23. doi: 10.1128/iai.11.1.23-32.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 100.Saif L.J., Bohl E.H. Passive immunity in transmissible gastroenteritis of swine: Immunoglobulin classes of milk after oraVintranasal inoculation of sows with a live low cell culture-passaged virus. Am. J. Vet Res. 1979;40:115. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 101.Bohl E.H., Gupta R.K.P., McCloskey L.W., Saif L.J. Immunology of transmissible gastroenteritis. J. Am. Vet Med Assoc. 1972;160:543. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 102.Porter P. Transfer of immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM to lacteal secretions in the parturient sow and their absorption by the neonatal piglet. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1969;181:381. doi: 10.1016/0005-2795(69)90271-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 103.Porter P., Noakes D.E., Allen W.D. Secretory IgA and antibodies to Escherichia coli in porcine colostrum and milk and their significance in the alimentary tract of the young pig. Immunology. 1970;18:245. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 104.Bourne F.J., Curtis J. The transfer of immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM from serum to colostrum and milk in the sow. Immunology. 1973;24:157. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 105.Montgomery P.C., Cohn J., Lally E.T. The induction and characteristics of secretory IgA antibodies. In: Mestecky J., Lawton A.R., editors. The immunoglobulin A system. Plenum Press; Tindall, London: 1974. pp. 453–462. [Google Scholar]
  • 106.Goldblum R.M., Ahlstedt S., Carlsson B., Hanson L.A., Jodal U., Lidinjanson G., Sohl-Akerlund A. Antibody-forming cells in human colostrum after oral immunization. Nature. 1975;257:797. doi: 10.1038/257797a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 107.Weisz-Carrington P., Roux M.E., McWilliams M., Phillips-Quagliata J.M., Lamm M.E. Vol. 75. 1978. Hormonal induction of the secretory immune system in the mammary gland; p. 2928. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA). [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 108.Harada K., Furuuchi S., Kumagai T., Sasahara J. Pathogenicity, immunogenicity and distribution of transmissible gastroenteritis in pigs. Nat Inst Anim Hlth Quart. 1969;9:185. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 109.Bohl E.H. Transmissible gastroenteritis. In: Dunne H.W., editor. Diseases of swine. Iowa State University Press; 1970. pp. 158–176. [Google Scholar]
  • 110.Pensaert M.B. Immunity in TGE of swine after infection and vaccination. In: Bricout F., Scherrer R., editors. Viral enteritis in humans and animals. Vol. 90. 1979. pp. 281–293. (INSERM). [Google Scholar]
  • 111.Bohl E.H., Frederick G.T., Saif L.J. Passive immunity in transmissible gastroenteritis of swine: Intramuscular injection of pregnant swine with a modified live-virus vaccine. Am. J. Vet Res. 1975;36:267. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 112.Djurickovic S., Thorsen J. Experimental immunization of sows against transmissible gastroenteritis. Vet Rec. 1970;87:62. doi: 10.1136/vr.87.3.62. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 113.Thorsen J., Djurickovic S. Experimental immunization of sows with cell-cultured TGE virus. Can. J. Comp. Med Vet Sci. 1970;34:177. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 114.Thorsen J., Djurickovic S. Experimental immunization of sows with inactivated transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus. Can. J. Comp. Med. Vet. Sci. 1971;35:99. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 115.Tamoglia T.W. Present status of products for use against transmissible gastroenteritis. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1972;160:554. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 116.Woods R.D., Pedersen N.C. Cross-protection studies between feline infectious peritonitis and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis viruses. Vet Microbiol. 1979;4:11. [Google Scholar]
  • 117.Woods R.D. Efficacy of vaccination of sows with serologically related coronaviruses for control of transmissible gastroenteritis in nursing pigs. Am. J. Vet Sci. 1984;45:1726. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 118.Saif L.J., Bohl E.H. Passive immunity against enteric viral infections. In: Acres S.D., Forman A.J., Fast H., editors. Proceedings Third International Symposium on Neonatal Diarrhoea. Vol. 124. 1980. pp. 83–98. (VIDO). Veterinary Rd., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. [Google Scholar]
  • 119.Bohl E.H., Saif L.J. Passive immunity against enteric viral infections of piglets. In: Bourne F.J., editor. The mucosal immune system. Martinus Nijhoff; Ames, Iowa: 1981. pp. 259–278. [Google Scholar]
  • 120.Chidlow J.W., Porter P. Intestinal defence of the neonatal pig: Inter-relationships of gut and mammary function providing surface immunity against colibacillosis. Vet Rec. 1979;104:496. doi: 10.1136/vr.104.22.496. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Vaccine are provided here courtesy of Elsevier

RESOURCES