Skip to main content
PMC home page
Elsevier - PMC COVID-19 Collection logoLink to Elsevier - PMC COVID-19 Collection
. 2004 Feb 9;65(3):183–193. doi: 10.1016/S0034-5288(98)90141-2

Recent advances in the diagnosis in livestock of Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, Giardia and other protozoa of veterinary importance

MA Taylor 1,∗, KA Webster 1
PMCID: PMC7131700  PMID: 9915141

The content is available as a PDF (2.1 MB).

References

  1. Acuna-Soto R., Samuelson J., Girolami P., De Zarate L., Millan Velasco F., Schoolnick G. Application of the polymerase chain reaction to the epidemiology of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1993;48:58–70. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1993.48.58. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Adam R.D. The Biology of Giardia spp. Microbiological Reviews. 1991;55:706–732. doi: 10.1128/mr.55.4.706-732.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Aldras A.M., Orenstein J.M., Kotler D.P., Shadduck J.A., Didier E.S. Detection of rucrosporidia by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1994;32:608–612. doi: 10.1128/jcm.32.3.608-612.1994. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Anderson B.C. Abomasal cryptosporidiosis in cattle. Veterinary Pathology. 1987;24:235–238. doi: 10.1177/030098588702400307. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Anderson B.C. Cryptosporidium muris in cattle. Veterinary Record. 1981;129:20. doi: 10.1136/vr.129.1.20. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Anderson M.L., Blanchard P.C., Barr B.C., Dubey J.P., Hoffman R.D., Conrad P.A. Neospora-like protozoal infection as a major cause of abortion in California dairy cattle. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 1991;198:241. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Angus K.W. Mammalian cryptosporidiosis: A veterinary perspective. In: Angus K.W., Blewett D.A., editors. Cryptosporidiosis. Proceedings of the First International Workshop. Animal Diseases Research Association; Edinburgh, Scotland: 1988. pp. 43–53. [Google Scholar]
  8. Barr B.C., Conrad P.A., Dubey J.P., Anderson M.L. Neospora-like encephalomyelitis in a calf: pathology, ultrastructure, and immunoreactivity. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 1991;3:39–46. doi: 10.1177/104063879100300109. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Barr B.C., Anderson M.L., Woods L.W., Dubey J.P., Conrad P.A. Neospora-like protozoal infections associated with bovine abortions. Veterinary Pathology. 1991;28:110–116. doi: 10.1177/030098589102800202. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Barr S.C., Bowman D.D., Erb H.N. Evaluation of two test procedures for diagnosis of giardosis in dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 1992;53:2028–2031. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Barr B.C., Conrad P.A., Breitmeyer R., Sverlow K., Anderson M.L., Reynolds J. Congenital Neospora infections in calves born from cows that had previously aborted Neospora infected foetuses — Four Cases 1990–1992. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 1993;202:113–117. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Barta J.P., Fernando M.A., editors. Proceedings of the VIth International Coccidiosis Conference; Guelph, Ontario, Canada; 1993. [Google Scholar]
  13. Bartlett M.S., Eichholtz R., Smith J.W. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Pneumocystis corimi in culture. Diagnosis of Microbiological and Infectious Diseases. 1985;3:381–388. doi: 10.1016/0732-8893(85)90076-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Belova L.M., Kostenko L.A. Blastocystis gaii sp. u. (Protista: Rhizopoda) from the intestine of domestic hens. Parazitologiya. 1990;24:164–167. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Bjorkman C., Lunden A., Holmdahl J., Barber J., Trees A.J., Uggla A. Neosporum caninum in dogs: detection of antibodies by ELISA using an iscom antigen. Parasite Immunology. 1994;16:643–648. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1994.tb00320.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Blewett D.A., Byson C.E., Miller J.K. Studies of antibody titres in experimentally induced ovine toxoplasmosis. Research in Veterinary Science. 1983;34:163–166. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Boisseau H., Appriou M., Lucchese F., Cabannes A., Tribouleyduret J., Tribouley J. Evaluation of an indirect haemaglutination test for the serodiagnosis of amoebiasis. Medicine Tropicale. 1992;52:307–311. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Bonnin A., Fourmaux M.N., Dubremetz J.F., Nelson R.G., Gobet P., Harly G. Genotyping human and bovine isolates of Cryptosporidium parvum by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of a repetitive DNA sequence. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 1996;137:207–211. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08107.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Bruckner D.A. Amoebiasis. Clinical Microbiological Reviews. 1992;5:356–369. doi: 10.1128/cmr.5.4.356. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Buret A., Derhollander N., Wallis P.M., Befus D., Olsen M.E. Zoonotic potential of giardiasis in ruminants. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1990;162:232–237. doi: 10.1093/infdis/162.1.231. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Butcher P.D., Farthing M.J.G. DNA probes for the faecal diagnosis of Giardia lamblia infections in man. Biochemistry Society Transactions. 1989;17:363–364. [Google Scholar]
  22. Buxton D. Toxoplasmosis. In Practice. 1989;11:9–12. [Google Scholar]
  23. Canning E.U., Hollister W.S. Microsporidia of Mammals — widespread pathogens or opportunistic curiosities? Parasitology Today. 1987;3:267–273. doi: 10.1016/0169-4758(87)90103-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Canning E.U., Hollister W.S. In vitro and in vivo investigations of human microsporidia. Journal of Protozoology. 1991;38:631–635. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Carraway M., Tzipori S., Widmer G. Identification of genetic heterogeneity in the Cryptosporidium parvum ribosomal repeat. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1996;62:712–716. doi: 10.1128/aem.62.2.712-716.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Casemore D.P. Epidemiological aspects of human cryptosporidiosis. Epidemiology and Infection. 1990;104:1–28. doi: 10.1017/s0950268800054480. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Chalmers R.M., Sturdee A.P., Casemore D.P., Curry A., Miller A., Parker N.D., Richmond T.M. Cryptosporidium muris in wild house mice (Mus musculus): first report in the UK. European Journal of Protistology. 1994;30:151–155. [Google Scholar]
  28. Cheng X.J., Tachibana H., Kabayastic S., Kaneda Y., Huang M.Y. Pathogenicity of Entamoeba histolytica isolates from Shangai, China. Parasitology Research. 1993;79:608–610. doi: 10.1007/BF00932247. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Chrisp I.E., Suckow M.A., Fayer R., Arrowood M.J., Healey M.C., Sterling C.R. Comparison of the host ranges and antigenicity of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporiditan wrairi from guinea pigs. Journal of Protozoology. 1992;39:406–409. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1992.tb01471.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Coleman S.U., Klei T.R., French D.D., Chapman M.R., Corstret R.E. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium sp in equids in Louisiana. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 1989;505:575–577. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Coley D.G. Widespread foodborne cyclosporiasis outbreaks present major challenges. Emerging Infectious Disease. 1996;2:354–356. doi: 10.3201/eid0204.960413. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Current W.L., Blagburn B.L. Cryptosporidium: infections in man and domestic animals. In: Long P.L., editor. Coccidiosis of Man and Domestic Animals. CRC Press; Boca Raton, Florida: 1990. pp. 155–185. [Google Scholar]
  33. Diamond L.S. Entamoeba, Giardia and Trichomonas. In: Taylor A.E.R., Baker J.R., editors. In vitro Methods for Parasite Cultivation. Academic Press; London: 1987. p. 15. [Google Scholar]
  34. Diamond L.S., Harlow D.R., Cunnick C. A new medium for the axenic cultivation of Entamoeba histolytica and other Entamoeba. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1982;72:431. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(78)90144-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Ditrich O., Palkovic L., Sterba J., Prokopic J., Loudova J., Giboda M. The first finding of Cryptosporidium baileyi in man. Parasitology Research. 1991;77:44–47. doi: 10.1007/BF00934383. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Dubey J.P. Toxoplasma, Hammondia, Besnoitia, Sarcocystis and other tissue cyst-forming coccidia of man and animals. In: Kreier J.P., editor. Vol. 3. Academic Press; New York: 1977. p. 101. (Parasitic Protozoa). [Google Scholar]
  37. Dubey J.P. Toxoplasmosis. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 1986;189:166–170. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Dubey J.P. A review of toxoplasmosis in cattle. Veterinary Parasitology. 1986;22:177–202. doi: 10.1016/0304-4017(86)90106-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Dubey J.P. A review of Neospora caninum and Neospora-like infections in animals. Journal of Protozoology Research. 1992;2:40–52. [Google Scholar]
  40. Dubey J.P., Carpenter J.L., Speer C.A., Topper M.J., Uggla A. Newly recognized fatal protozoan disease of dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 1988;192:1269–1285. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Dubey J.P., Hattel A.L., Lindsay D.S., Topper M.J. Neonatal Neospora caninum infection in dogs: isolation of the causative agent and experimental transmission. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 1988;193:1259–1263. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Dubey J.P., Kotula A.W., Sharar A., Andrews C.D., Lindsay D.S. Effect of high temperature on infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts in pork. Journal of Parasitology. 1990;76:201–204. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Dubey J.P., Koestner A., Piper R.C. Repeated transplacental transmission of Neospora caninum in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 1990;197:857–860. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Dubey J.P., Thulliez P., Weigel R.M., Andrews B.S., Lind P., Powell E.C. Sensitivity and specificity of various serologic tests for detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection in naturally infected sows. American Journal of Research. 1995;56:1030–1036. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Dykes A.C., Juranek D.D., Lorentz R.A., Sinclair S., Jakubowski W., Davies R. Municipal waterborne giardiasis: an epidentiologic investigation — beavers implicated as a possible reservoir. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1980;92:165–170. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-92-2-165. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Elvin K. Laboratory diagnosis and occurrence of Pneumocystis carinii. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1994;94:1–34. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Fayer R. Toxoplasmosis and public health implications. Canadian Veterinary Journal. 1981;22:344–352. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Fayer R., Ungar B.L.P. Cryptosporidium spp. and cryptosporidiosis. Microbiological Reviews. 1986;50:458–483. doi: 10.1128/mr.50.4.458-483.1986. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Ford P.L., Duszynski D.W. Coccidian parasites (apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from insectivores. VI. Six new species from the eastern mole, Scalpaus aquaticus. Journal of Protozoology. 1988;35:223–236. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1988.tb04328.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Fudge A.M., McEntee L. Avian giardiasis: syndromes, diagnosis and therapy. Proceedings of the Association of Avian Veterinarians; Miami; 1986. [Google Scholar]
  51. Georgi J.R., Georgi M.E. Protozoans. In: Georgi J.R., Georgi M.E., editors. Parasitology for Veterinarians. W. B. Saunders; Philadelphia: 1990. p. 83. [Google Scholar]
  52. Giang T.T., Kotler D.P., Garro M.L., Drenstein J.M. Tissue diagnosis of intestinal microsporidiosis using the chromotrope-2R modified trichrome stain. Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine. 1993;117:1243–1251. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Gibson J.A., Hill M.W.M., Huber M.J. Cryptosporidiosis in arabian foals with severe combined immunodeficiency. Australian Veterinary Journal. 1983;60:378–379. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1983.tb02853.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Goldman M. Staining Toxoplasma gondii with fluorescein-labelled antibody. I. The reaction in smears of peritoneal exudate. Journal of Experiment Medicine. 1957;105:549. doi: 10.1084/jem.105.6.549. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Goodwin M.A., Steffens W.L., Russell I.D., Brown J. Diarrhoea associated with intestinal cryptosporidiosis in turkeys. Avian Diseases. 1988;32:63–67. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Green E.L., Miles M.A., Warhurst D.C. Immunodiagnostic detection of Giardia antigen in faeces by a rapid visual enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Lancet. 1985;ii:691–695. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)92932-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Gregory M.W. Report of the group of experts (chairman Sir John Badenoch) HM Stationery Office; London: 1990. Epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis in animals; p. 88. [Google Scholar]
  58. Greig A., Buxton D., Savva D. Diagnosis of toxoplasma abortion in sheep. Veterinary Record. 1993;132:226–227. doi: 10.1136/vr.132.9.226. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Guay J.M., Dubois D., Morency M.J., Gagnon S., Mercier J., Levesque R.C. Detection of the pathogenic parasite Toxoplasma gondii by specific amplification of ribosomal sequences using comultiplex polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1993;3:203–207. doi: 10.1128/jcm.31.2.203-207.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Heymans H.S.A., Aronson D.C., Van Hooft M.A.J. Giardiasis in childhood: an unnecessarily expensive diagnosis. European Journal of Paediatrics. 1987;146:401–403. doi: 10.1007/BF00444948. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Holmdahl O.J.M., Mattsson J.G. Rapid and sensitive identification of Neospora caninum by in vitro amplification of the internal transcribed spacer 1. Parasitology. 1996;112:177–182. doi: 10.1017/s0031182000084742. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Honda J., Hoshino T., Natori H., Tokisawa S., Akiyoshi H., Nakahara S., Oizumi K. Rapid and sensitive diagnosis of cytomegalovirus and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with hematological neoplasia by using capillary polymerise chain reaction. British Journal of Haematology. 1994;86:138–142. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1994.tb03264.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Ishimine T., Nakamoto A., Higa F., Koide M., Inadome J., Kawakami K. Usefulness of polymerase chain reaction method in the early diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Kosenshogaku-Zasshi. 1994;68:751–758. doi: 10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.68.751. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Jiang J.B., He J.-G. Taxonomic status of Blastocystis hominis. Parasitology Today. 1993;9:2–3. doi: 10.1016/0169-4758(93)90148-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Johnson A.M. Toxoplasma: Biology, Pathology, Immunology and Treatment. In: Long P.L., editor. Coccidiosis of Man and Domestic Animals. CRC Press; Boca Raton, Florida: 1990. pp. 121–153. [Google Scholar]
  66. Joss A.W.L., Chatterton J.M.W., Evans R., Ho-Yen D.O. Toxoplasma polymerase chain reaction on experimental blood samples. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 1993;38:38–43. doi: 10.1099/00222615-38-1-38. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Kirkpatrick C.E. Giardiasis in large animals. Compendium of Continuing Education. 1989;11:80–84. [Google Scholar]
  68. Klaas J. Two new gastrin mucin cultivation media and a chemically defined maintenance medium for Balantidium coli. Journal of Parasitology. 1974;60:907–910. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Kondo H., Taguchi M., Abe N., Nogami Y., Yoshioka H., Ito M. Pathological changes in epidemic porcine Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Journal of Comparative Pathology. 1993;108:261. doi: 10.1016/s0021-9975(08)80289-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Kukoschke K.G., Müller H.E. SDS-PAGE and immunological analysis of different axenic Blastocystis hominis strains. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 1991;35:35–39. doi: 10.1099/00222615-35-1-35. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Lally N.C., Jenkins M.C., Dubey J.P. Development of a polymerase chain reaction assay for the diagnosis of neosporosis using the Neospora caninum 14-3-3 gene. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology. 1996;75:169–178. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(95)02530-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Latorre C.R., Sulzer A.T., Norman L.G. Serial propagation of Pneumocystis carinii in cell lines cultures. Applied Environmental Microbiology. 1977;33:1204–1206. doi: 10.1128/aem.33.5.1204-1206.1977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Laxer M.A., Timblin B.K., Patel R.J. DNA sequences for the specific detection of Cryptosporidium parvum by the polymerase chain reaction. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1991;45:688–694. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1991.45.688. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Le Marchantd-Affret B., Polianski J., Roux P. Attempts at invitro cultivation of Pneumocystis carinii from human bronchoalveclar lavage fluidswithout feeder cells. Journal of Protozoology. 1991;38:116S–1175. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Levine N.D. Veterinary Protozoology, 360–362. Iowa State University Press; Ames, Iowa: 1985. p. 334. [Google Scholar]
  76. Lindsay D.S., Blagburn B.L. Cryptosporidium parvum infections of swine. Compendium of Continuing Education of the Practicing Veterinarian. 1991;13:891–894. [Google Scholar]
  77. Lindsay D.S., Blagburn B.L., Sundernmann C.A., Hoerr F.J., Ernst J.A. Experimental Cryptosporidium infections in chickens: oocyst structure and tissue specificity. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 1986;47:876–879. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Lindsay D.S., Dubey J.P. Immunohistochemical diagnosis of Neospora caninum in tissue sections. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 1989;50:1981–1983. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Lindsay D.S., Dubey J.P. Infections in mice with tachyzoites and bradyzoites of Neospora caninum (Protozoa: Apicomplexa) Journal of Parasitology. 1990;46:410–413. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Long P.L., editor. Coccidiosis of Man and Domestic Animals. CRC Press; Boca Raton, Florida: 1990. [Google Scholar]
  81. Lotter H., Mannweiler E., Tannich E. Crude or recombinant proteins applied to latex agglutination, complement fixation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the serodiagnosis of invasive amoebiasis. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 1993;44:277–280. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Lundgren B., Kovacs J.A., Mathiesen L., Nielsen J.O., Lundgren J.D. IGM response to a human Pneumocystis carinii surface antigen in HIV-infected patients with pulmonary symptoms. Scandinavian Journal of Infections Diseases. 1993;25:515–520. doi: 10.3109/00365549309008535. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Marsh A.E., Bar B.C., Sverlow K., Ho M., Dubey J.P., Conrad P. Sequence analysis and comparison of ribosomal DNA from bovine neospora to similar coccidial parasites. Journal of Parasitology. 1995;81:530–535. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. McClure H.M., Strobert E.A., Healy G.R. Bastocystis hominis in a pig-tailed macaque: a potential enteric pathogen for nonhuman primates. Laboratory Animal Science. 1980;30:890–894. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. McDonald V., Awad El-Kariem F.M. Strain variation in Cryptosporidium parvurn and evidence for distinctive human and animal strains. In: Betts W.B., Casemore D., Fricker C., Smith H., Watkins J., editors. Protozoan Parasites and Water. The Royal Society of Chemistry; Cambridge, UK: 1995. pp. 104–107. [Google Scholar]
  86. McNamee P.T., Trees A.J., Guy F., Moffett D., Kilpatrick D. Diagnosis and prevalence of neosporosis in cattle in Northern Ireland. Veterinary Record. 1996;138:419–420. doi: 10.1136/vr.138.17.419. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Mahbubani M.H., Bej A.K., Perlin M., Shaefer F.W., Jakubowski W., Atlas R.M. Detection of Giardia cysts by using the polymerase chain reaction and distinguishing live from dead cysts. Applied Environmental Microbiology. 1991;57:3456–3461. doi: 10.1128/aem.57.12.3456-3461.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Mahbubani M.H., Bej A.K., Perlin M.H., Schaefer F.W., Jakubowski W., Atlas R.M. Differentiation of Giardia duodenalis from other Giardia spp. by using polymerase chain reaction and gene probes. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1992;30:74–78. doi: 10.1128/jcm.30.1.74-78.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Martin-Sanchez A.M., Canut-Blasco A., Rodriguez-Hernandez J., Montes-Martinez I., Garcia-Rodriguez J.A. Epidemiology and clinical significance of Bastocystis hominis in different populations groups in Salamanca (Spain) European Journal of Epidemiology. 1992;8:553–559. doi: 10.1007/BF00146376. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Mirovsky P., Fishman J.A. An improved method for the prolonged maintenance of Pneumocystis carinii in vitro. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1993;167:1470–1473. doi: 10.1093/infdis/167.6.1470. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Morgan U.M., Costantine C.C., O'Donoghue P., Meloni B.P., O'Brien P.A., Thompson R.C.A. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium isolates from humans and other animals using random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1995;52:559–564. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1995.52.559. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Mtambo M.M.A., Nash A.S., Blewett D.A., Smith H.V., Wright S. Cryptosporidium infection in cats: prevalence of infection in domestic and feral cats in the Glasgow area. Veterinary Record. 1991;129:502–504. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Muller N., Zimmermann V., Hentrich B., Gottstein B. Diagnosis of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii infection by PCR and DNA hybridization innnunoassay. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1996;34:2850–2852. doi: 10.1128/jcm.34.11.2850-2852.1996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Nash T.E., Herrington D.A., Levine M.M. Usefulness of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Giardia antigen in faeces. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1987;25:1169–1171. doi: 10.1128/jcm.25.7.1169-1171.1987. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Nimri L.F. Evidence of an epidemic of Blastocystis hominis infections in preschool children in Northern Jordan. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1993;31:2706–2708. doi: 10.1128/jcm.31.10.2706-2708.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Nina J.M.S., McDonald V., Dyson D.A., Catchpole J., Uni S., Iseki M., Chiodini P.L., McAdam K.P.W.J. Analysis of oocyst wall and sporozoite antigens from three Cryptosporidium species. Infection and Immunnity. 1992;60:1509–1513. doi: 10.1128/iai.60.4.1509-1513.1992. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Nogami S., Inoue L., Araki K., Murasugi E., Ohba S., Tamaguchi H., Takeishi M. Specificity of commercially available Entamoeba histolytica antigen in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to sera from dogs with various parasitic infections. Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences. 1991;53:729–731. doi: 10.1292/jvms.53.729. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Otter A., Jeffrey M., Griffiths I.B., Dubey J.P. A survey of the incidence of Neospora caninum infection in aborted and stillborn bovine fetuses in England and Wales. Veterinary Record. 1995;136:602–606. doi: 10.1136/vr.136.24.602. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Otter A., Jeffrey M., Scholes S.F.E., Helmick B., Wilesmith A.J., Trees A.J. Comparison of histology with maternal and fetal serology for the diagnosis of abortion due to bovine neosporosis. Veterinary Record. 1997;141:487–489. doi: 10.1136/vr.141.19.487. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Otter A., Wilson B.W., Scholes S.F.E., Jeffrey M., Helmick B., Trees A.J. Results of a survey to determine whether neospora is a significant cause of ovine abortion in England and Wales. Veterinary Record. 1997;140:17. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Pakandl M. Occurrence of Blastocystis sp. in pigs. Folia Parasitologica. 1991;38:297–301. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Pakandl M., Pecka Z. A domestic duck as a new host for Blastocystis sp. Folio Parasitologica. 1992;39:59–60. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Paré J., Hietala K., Thurmond M.C. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for serological diagnosis of Neospora sp. infection in cattle. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 1995;7:352–359. doi: 10.1177/104063879500700310. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Pavlina M., Kvasz L., Uhareck T. Pneumocystis carinii in the lungs of calves. Ceskostovenska Epidemiologie Microbiologie Immunologic. 1986;35:108–112. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Payne S., Ellis J. Detection of Neospora caninum DNA by the polymerase chain reaction. International Journal for Parasitology. 1996;26:347–351. doi: 10.1016/0020-7519(96)00030-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Reimann H.P., Brant P.C., Theis J.H., Kelso G., Behymer D.E. Toxoplasmosis in an infant fed unpasteurized goat milk. Journal of Paediatrics. 1975;87:573–576. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(75)80825-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Romero J.L., Descoteaux S., Reed S., Orozco E., Santos J., Samuelson J. Use of polymerase chain reaction and nonradioactive DNA probes to diagnose Entamoeba histolytica in clinical samples. Archives of Medical Research. 1992;23:277–279. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Ruest N., Couture Y., Faubert G. Pathogenic potential of Giardia infection in cattle. Parasitology Today. 1995;11:184. [Google Scholar]
  109. Rusnak J., Hadfield T.L., Rhodes M.M., Gaines J.K. Detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in human faecal specimens by an indirect immunofluorescence assay with monoclonal antibody. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1989;27:1135–1136. doi: 10.1128/jcm.27.5.1135-1136.1989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Ryan N.J., Sutherland G., Coughland K., Globan M., Doultree J., Marshall J. A new triehsome-blue stain for detection of microsporidial species in urine, stool and nasopharyngeal specimens. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1993;31:3264–3269. doi: 10.1128/jcm.31.12.3264-3269.1993. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Sabin A.B. Complement fixation test in toxoplasmosis and persistence of antibody in human beings. Pediatrics, American Academy of Paediatrics. 1949;4:443–453. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Sabin A.B., Feldman H.A. Dyes as microchemical indicators of a new immunity phenomenon affecting a protozoan parasite (Toxoplasma) Science. 1948;108:660–663. doi: 10.1126/science.108.2815.660. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Savva D., Holliman R.E. PCR to detect Toxoplasnia. Lancet. 1990;336:1325. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)93013-f. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Seefeldt S.L., Kirkbridge C.A., Dubey J.P. Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, indirect fluorescent antibody' test; and direct agglutination test for detecting Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in naturally aborted ovine fetuses. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 1989;1:124–127. doi: 10.1177/104063878900100206. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Settnes O.P., Henriksen S.A. Pneumocystis carinii in large domestic animals in Denmark. A preliminary report. Acta Scandinavia. 1989;30:437–440. doi: 10.1186/BF03548020. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Settnes O.P., Nielsen P.B., Bucala R., Links M.J., Cushion M.T. A survey of birds in Denmark for the presence of Pneumocystis carinii. Avian Diseases. 1994;38:1–10. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Shadduck J.A., Parkes S.P. Encephalitozoonosis, Nosematosis and Toxoplasmosis. American Journal of Pathology. 1971;64:657–674. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Shimizu A., Kimura F., Kimura S. Occurrence of Pneumocystis carinii in animals in Japan. Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science. 1985;47:309–311. doi: 10.1292/jvms1939.47.309. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Shirley M.W. Research on avian coccidia: an update. British Veterinary Journal. 1992;148:479–499. doi: 10.1016/0007-1935(92)90004-K. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Singh M., Kane G.J., Mackinlay L., Quaki I., Yaps H., Ho B.C., Lim K.C. Detection of antibodies to E cuniculi (Protozoa:.Mierosporidia) in human and animal sera by indirect fluorescent antibody technique. SE Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 1982;13:110–113. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Smith A.L., Smith H.V. A comparison of fluorescent d acetate and propidium iodide staining and in vitro excystation for determining Giardia intestinalis cyst viability. Parasitology. 1989;99:329–331. doi: 10.1017/s0031182000059035. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Speer C.A., Dubey J.P. Ultrastructure of tachyzoites; bradyzoites and tissue cysts of Neospora caninum. Journal of Protozoology. 1989;36:458–463. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1989.tb01081.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Sterling C.R., Kutob R.M., Gizinski M.J., Verastegul M., Stetzenbach L. Giardia detection using monoclonal antibodies recognizing determinants of in vitro derived cysts. In: Wallis P.M., Hammond B.R., editors. Advances in Giardia Research. University of Calgary Press; Calgary, Canada: 1988. pp. 219–222. [Google Scholar]
  124. Stewart K.M., Archibald R.D. The effects of pasture management of population density and diseases of porina lepidoptera (Hepialidae) New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture. 1987;15:375–380. [Google Scholar]
  125. Stenlund S., Bjorkman C., Holmdahl O.J.M., Kindahl H., Uggla A. Characterization of a Swedish bovine isolate of Neospora caninum. Parasitology Research. 1997;83:214–219. doi: 10.1007/s004360050236. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Sun T. Microsporidiosis in the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. Infectious Diseases Newsletter. 1993;12:20–24. [Google Scholar]
  127. Sykes T.J., Fox M.T. Patterns of infection with Giardia in dogs in London. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1989;83:239–240. doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(89)90660-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Tachibana H., Kobayashi S., Okuzawa E., Masuda G. Detection of pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica DNA in live abscesses fluid by polymerase chain reaction. International Journal for Parasitology. 1992;22:1193–1196. doi: 10.1016/0020-7519(92)90042-j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Taylor M.A. Protozoan parasites and water: Veterinary, Aspects. In: Betts W.B., Casemore D., Ficker C., Smith H., Watkins J., editors. Protozoan Parasites and Water. The Royal Society of Chemistry; Cambridge, UK: 1995. pp. 246–249. [Google Scholar]
  130. Taylor M.A., Catchpole J., Marshall R.N., Green J. Giardiasis in lambs at pasture. Veterinary Record. 1993;133:131–133. doi: 10.1136/vr.133.6.131. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Taylor M.A., Marshall R.N., Small A.J., Beer J. Blastocystis in gamebirds. Veterinary Record. 1996;138:624–625. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Teow W.L., Ng G.C., Chan Y.C., Yap E.H., Zaman V., Singh M. A survey of Blastocystis in reptiles. Parasitology Research. 1992;78:453–455. doi: 10.1007/BF00931705. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Thompson R.C.A., Reynoldson J.A., Mendis A.H.W. Giardia and giardiasis. Advances in Parasitology. 1993;32:71–139. doi: 10.1016/s0065-308x(08)60207-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Trees A.J., Aliya A.J., Balfour A.H. Diagnosis of ovine toxoplasmosis. Veterinary Record. 1988;123:554. doi: 10.1136/vr.123.21.554-b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Trees A.J., Guy F., Low J.C., Robets L., Buxton D., Dubey J.P. Serological evidence implicating Neospora species as a cause of abortion in British cattle. Veterinary Record. 1994;134:405–407. doi: 10.1136/vr.134.16.405. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Tyzzer E.E. Vol. 5. 1907. A sporozoan found in the peptic glands of the common mouse; p. 12. (Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine). [Google Scholar]
  137. Uggla A., Mattson S., Juntti N. Prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in cats, dogs and horses. Acta Vet Scandinavia. 1990;31:219–222. doi: 10.1186/BF03547564. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Ungar B.L.P., Yolken R.H., Nash T.E., Quinn T.C. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Giardia lamblia antigens. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 1984;149:90–97. doi: 10.1093/infdis/149.1.90. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Van Gool T., Hollister W.S., Eeftinck Schattenkerk J., Van den Bergh Weerman M.A., Terpstra W.J. Diagnosis of Enterocytozoon bieneusi microsporidiosis in AIDS patients by recovery of spores from faeces. Lancet. 1990;336:697–698. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)92198-q. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  140. Wastling J.M., Nichol S., Buxton D. Comparison of two gene amplification methods for the detection of Toxoplasma gondii in experimental sheep. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 1993;38:360–365. doi: 10.1099/00222615-38-5-360. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Weber R., Bryan R.T., Bishop H.S., Wahlquist S.P., Sullivan J., Juranek D.D. Threshold of detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in human stool specimens: evidence for low sensitivity of current diagnostic methods. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1991;29:1323–1327. doi: 10.1128/jcm.29.7.1323-1327.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Webster K.A., Pow J.D.E., Giles M., Catchpole J., Woodward M.J. Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum using a specific polymerase chain reaction. Veterinary Parasitology. 1993;50:35–44. doi: 10.1016/0304-4017(93)90005-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  143. Webster K.A., Smith H.V., Giles M., Dawson L., Robertson L.J. Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in faeces: comparison of conventional coproscopical methods and the polymerase chain reaction. Veterinary Parasitology. 1996;61:5–13. doi: 10.1016/0304-4017(95)00811-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Webster K.A., Green J.A., Dawson C., Giles M., Catchpole J. Diagnostic methods for the detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in faeces. Journal of Protozoology Research. 1998 (In press) [Google Scholar]
  145. Wheeler R., Wilmore H., Savva D., Turner C.B. Diagnosis of ovine toxoplasmosis using PCR. Veterinary Record. 1990;126:249. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Williams D.J.L., McGarry J., Guy F., Barber J., Trees A.J. Novel ELISA for detection of Neospora-specific antibodies in cattle. Veterinary Record. 1997;40:328–331. doi: 10.1136/vr.140.13.328. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  147. Wurtz R. Cyclospora: a newly identified intestinal pathogen of humans. Clinical Infectious Disease. 1994;18:620–623. doi: 10.1093/clinids/18.4.620. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. Xiao L., Herd R.P., Rings D.M. Concurrent infections of Giardia and Cryptosporidium on two Ohio farms with calf diarrhoea. Veterinary Parasitology. 1993;51:41–48. doi: 10.1016/0304-4017(93)90194-R. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  149. Yamada M., Yoshikawa H., Tegoshi T., Matsumoto Y., Yoshikawa T., Shiota T., Yoshida Y. Light microscopical study of Blastocystis spp. in monkeys and fowls. Parasitology Research. 1987;73:527–531. doi: 10.1007/BF00535328. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  150. Yamage M., Fletchtner O., Gottstein B. Neospora caninum: specific oligonuclootide primers for the detection of brain ‘cyst’ DNA of experimentally infected nude mice by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Journal of Parasitology. 1996;82:272–279. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  151. Yoshida Y. Ultrastructural studies of Pneumocystis carinii. Journal for Protozoology. 1989;36:53–60. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1989.tb02696.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  152. Yinnon A.M., Betts R.F. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia associated with concurrent cryptococcosis or toxoplasmosis in patients with AIDS. Clinical and Infectious Diseases. 1994;18:113–114. doi: 10.1093/clinids/18.1.113. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. Zierdt C.H. Bastocystis hominis, a long misunderstood intestinal parasite. Parasitology Today. 1988;4:15–17. doi: 10.1016/0169-4758(88)90049-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. Zierdt C.H. Blastocystis hominis — past and future. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 1991;4:61–79. doi: 10.1128/cmr.4.1.61. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Research in Veterinary Science are provided here courtesy of Elsevier

RESOURCES