Short abstract
Objective
This study was performed to explore the relationship between the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in the Northern Chinese population.
Methods
In total, 1326 patients who underwent coronary angiography from July 2015 to February 2017 were retrospectively enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Coronary artery stenosis was evaluated by the Gensini score. Linear regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between the severity of CAD and the MCV.
Results
Patients within the fourth quartile of the Gensini score had a significantly higher MCV than those within the third, second, and first quartiles (94.1 ± 6.7 vs. 93.2 ± 6.4 vs. 92.8 ± 5.1 vs. 92.6 ± 6.2, respectively). After adjustment for potential confounding factors, the multivariate linear regression analysis showed that the MCV was significantly associated with the severity of CAD. Additionally, the red blood cell distribution width (RDW) and red blood cell count were significantly associated with the severity of CAD.
Conclusions
These results suggest that the MCV, RDW, and red blood cell count are correlated with and may serve as biomarkers for the severity of CAD.
Keywords: Mean corpuscular volume, Gensini score, cross-sectional study, coronary angiography, red blood cell distribution width, coronary artery disease
Introduction
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common form of heart disease and affects millions of people worldwide.1 Stenosis of the coronary artery, which may lead to myocardial infarction or sudden cardiac death, reduces blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle.2 Many risk factors, including smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and obesity, are associated with CAD.3–6 Red blood cells (RBCs) deliver oxygen to the whole body via the circulatory system.7 The mean corpuscular volume (MCV), a measure of the size of RBCs, is closely associated with endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular events.8 Additionally, the RBC distribution width (RDW), an important biomarker in patients with pathological conditions, is closely associated with the incidence of CAD.9,10 However, little is known about the role of routine blood examinations such as measurement of the MCV, RDW, and RBC count in the progression of coronary artery stenosis. We therefore performed a cross-sectional study to explore whether the MCV, RDW, and RBC count are correlated with the severity of CAD in the Northern Chinese population.
Methods
Study population
From July 2015 to February 2017, 1326 in-hospital patients were recruited from the database of Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital and the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University. All patients had standard clinical indications for cardiac interventional therapy and underwent coronary angiography (CAG) during the hospital stay.11 The exclusion criteria were (1) missing data from CAG reports and medical records, (2) the presence of haematological disease (including RBC disorders, white blood cell disorders, and platelet disorders) and systemic disease, and (3) pregnancy. All patients provided written informed consent, and their data were anonymised and de-identified before the statistical analysis. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital and the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University.
Hypertension was diagnosed as an in-office blood pressure measurement of >140/90 mmHg or 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure measurement of >135/85 mmHg.12 Diabetes mellitus was defined as a fasting plasma glucose level of ≥7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL) or 2-hour post-load plasma glucose level of ≥11.0 mmol/L (200 mg/dL).13 Smoking was defined as currently smoking every day or some days or ever having smoked 100 cigarettes.14 Dyslipidaemia was defined as a triglyceride level of ≥150 mg/dL, low-density lipoprotein level of ≥130 mg/dL, high-density lipoprotein level of ≤40 mg/dL, or total cholesterol level of ≥200 mg/dL.15
Biochemical measurements
Routine haematology tests included measurement of the white blood cell count, RBC count, MCV, RDW, haemoglobin level, and haematocrit using ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid tubes. Blood samples were collected from all patients in the morning after a 12-hour fasting period. The MCV, RDW, RBC count, haematocrit, and haemoglobin level were detected by automated haematology analysers. The following formulas were used: MCV = haematocrit/RBC count and RDW = (coefficient of variability of RBCs/mean MCV) × 100. The MCV was divided into the first tertile (<91.2 fl, n = 442), second tertile (91.2–95.2 fl, n = 442), and third tertile (>95.3 fl, n = 442).
CAG results
All patients underwent CAG using a standard clinical technique through the femoral artery or radial artery approach.11 The CAG findings were reported and checked by two interventional cardiologists. The severity of CAD was calculated by the Gensini score. In the Gensini scoring system, a score of 0 indicates no abnormality, 1 represents stenosis of ≤25%, 2 represents stenosis of 26% to 50%, 4 represents stenosis of 51% to 75%, 16 represents stenosis of 76% to 99%, and 32 represents complete occlusion. The score is then multiplied by different factors according to the functional significance of the coronary artery stenosis. The importance of the segment is scored from 5.0 for the left main trunk to 0.5 for the most distal segments.16–18 In the present study, the Gensini scores were categorised into the first quartile (≤5 points, n = 340), second quartile (6–20 points, n = 337), third quartile (21–48 points, n = 319), and fourth quartile (≥49 points, n = 330).
Statistical analysis
Descriptive statistics are presented as percentages for categorical variables and as mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables. The comparisons of continuous variables and categorical variables were based on analysis of variance, Student’s t-test, and the chi-square test. Linear regression analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between the severity of CAD and several variables (age, sex, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart rate, family history of CAD, hyperlipidaemia, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, very-low-density lipoprotein, and MCV). Variables with a P value of <0.05 in the univariate models were then included in the multivariate analyses. A P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed by SPSS version 24.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).
Results
Patient characteristics
The descriptive characteristics according to the Gensini score quartiles are shown in Table 1. This study included 1326 patients (927 men, 399 women; mean age, 58.5 ± 10.3 years). Patients in the fourth quartile of the Gensini score were older and comprised a higher proportion of men. The MCV was significantly higher in the fourth quartile of the Gensini score than in the third, second, and first quartiles (94.1 ± 6.7 vs. 93.2 ± 6.4 vs. 92.8 ± 5.1 vs. 92.6 ± 6.2, respectively; P = 0.010). The RDW was also higher in patients in the fourth quartile of the Gensini score than in the third, second, and first quartiles (45.6 ± 5.0 vs. 45.1 ± 4.9 vs. 44.7 ± 3.5 vs. 44.5 ± 3.8, respectively; P = 0.007).
Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics by Gensini score quartiles.
| Gensini score quartiles |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Total(n = 1326) | First quartile(n = 340) | Second quartile (n = 337) | Third quartile (n = 319) | Fourth quartile (n = 330) | P value |
| Age, years | 58.5 ± 10.3 | 55.7 ± 9.5 | 59.0 ± 9.9 | 59.6 ± 10.4 | 60.0 ± 10.8 | <0.001 |
| Sex | <0.001 | |||||
| Male | 927 (69.9) | 187 (55.0) | 237 (70.3) | 231 (72.4) | 272 (82.4) | – |
| Female | 399 (30.1) | 153 (45.0) | 100 (29.7) | 88 (27.6) | 58 (17.6) | – |
| Current smoking | 590 (44.5) | 117 (34.4) | 159 (47.2) | 156 (48.9) | 158 (47.9) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 211 (15.9) | 14 (4.1) | 46 (13.6) | 77 (24.1) | 74 (22.4) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 681 (51.4) | 155 (45.6) | 171 (50.7) | 189 (59.2) | 166 (50.3) | 0.005 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 154 (11.6) | 31 (9.1) | 48 (14.2) | 39 (12.2) | 36 (10.9) | 0.203 |
| Family history of CAD | 394 (29.7) | 105 (30.9) | 92 (27.3) | 110 (34.5) | 87 (26.4) | 0.093 |
| Baseline SBP, mmHg | 134.8 ± 20.5 | 134.2 ± 18.8 | 135.7 ± 18.4 | 135.1 ± 21.9 | 134.3 ± 22.8 | 0.763 |
| Baseline DBP, mmHg | 78.1 ± 11.8 | 77.5 ± 11.0 | 78.8 ± 11.9 | 77.9 ± 11.9 | 78.3 ± 12.4 | 0.482 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 75.5 ± 13.7 | 74.5 ± 15.2 | 74.9 ± 12.5 | 75.6 ± 13.1 | 75.5 ± 13.7 | 0.102 |
| RBCs, 1012/L | 4.8 ± 4.3 | 4.9 ± 3.0 | 4.6 ± 3.2 | 4.9 ± 3.6 | 5.0 ± 6.3 | 0.688 |
| Hb, g/L | 134.4 ± 15.9 | 132.6 ± 15.4 | 134.5 ± 16.5 | 135.3 ± 15.9 | 135.3 ± 15.9 | 0.101 |
| RDW, fl | 45.0 ± 4.4 | 44.5 ± 3.8 | 44.7 ± 3.5 | 45.1 ± 4.9 | 45.6 ± 5.0 | 0.007 |
| MCV, fl | 93.2 ± 6.2 | 92.6 ± 6.2 | 92.8 ± 5.1 | 93.2 ± 6.4 | 94.1 ± 6.7 | 0.010 |
| HCT, % | 40.2 ± 4.4 | 39.8 ± 4.2 | 40.3 ± 4.5 | 40.5 ± 4.4 | 40.4 ± 4.4 | 0.142 |
| TC, mmol/L | 1.8 ± 1.2 | 1.7 ± 1.1 | 1.8 ± 1.0 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 1.9 ± 1.7 | 0.431 |
| HDL, mmol/L | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 0.003 |
| LDL, mmol/L | 2.7 ± 0.9 | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 2.7 ± 0.9 | 2.6 ± 0.9 | 2.7 ± 1.0 | 0.912 |
| VLDL, mmol/L | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.5 ± 0.4 | 0.6 ± 0.5 | 0.691 |
Results are presented as mean ± standard deviation or n (%). The P values represent the difference among the four quartiles.
First quartile, ≤5 points; second quartile, 6–20 points; third quartile, 21–48 points; fourth quartile, ≥49 points.
CAD, coronary artery disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; Hb, haemoglobin; HCT, haematocrit; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; RBCs, red blood cells; RDW, red blood cell distribution width; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein.
Association between Gensini score and MCV
The patients were divided into three groups based on the MCV: <91.2 fl (first grade, n = 442), 91.2 to 95.2 fl (second grade, n = 442), and >95.3 fl (third grade, n = 442). Patients with third-grade MCV had higher Gensini scores than those with second- and first-grade MCV (35.6 ± 36.5 vs. 30.5 ± 33.7 vs. 29.6 ± 30.7, respectively; P = 0.019) (Table 2). Additionally, patients with a higher RDW had higher Gensini scores (data not shown).
Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of MCV categories.
| Characteristics | MCV < 91.2 fl(n = 442) | MCV 91.2–95.2 fl (n = 442) | MCV >95.3 fl(n = 442) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 57.0 ± 10.8 | 58.9 ± 10.2 | 59.7 ± 9.7 | <0.001 |
| Sex | <0.001 | |||
| Male | 286 (64.7) | 295 (66.7) | 346 (78.3) | – |
| Female | 156 (35.3) | 147 (33.3) | 96 (21.7) | – |
| Current smoking | 166 (37.6) | 186 (42.1) | 238 (53.8) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 95 (21.5) | 70 (15.8) | 46 (10.4) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 235 (53.2) | 240 (54.3) | 206 (46.6) | 0.047 |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 67 (15.2) | 43 (9.7) | 44 (10.0) | 0.017 |
| Family history of CAD | 139 (31.4) | 139 (31.4) | 116 (26.2) | 0.148 |
| Baseline SBP, mmHg | 135.6 ± 20.4 | 136.5 ± 20.3 | 132.4 ± 20.8 | 0.009 |
| Baseline DBP, mmHg | 78.8 ± 11.6 | 78.8 ± 12.2 | 76.8 ± 11.4 | 0.012 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 75.9 ± 13.6 | 75.9 ± 14.4 | 74.6 ± 13.2 | 0.243 |
| TC, mmol/L | 2.0 ± 1.5 | 1.7 ± 1.0 | 1.6 ± 1.0 | 0.004 |
| HDL, mmol/L | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 0.389 |
| LDL, mmol/L | 2.7 ± 0.9 | 2.7 ± 0.9 | 2.5 ± 0.8 | 0.033 |
| VLDL, mmol/L | 0.6 ± 0.5 | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.5 ± 0.4 | 0.002 |
| Gensini score | 29.6 ± 30.7 | 30.5 ± 33.7 | 35.6 ± 36.5 | 0.019 |
Results are presented as mean ± standard deviation or n (%). The P values represent the difference among the three groups.CAD, coronary artery disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein.
The univariate linear regression analysis showed that the MCV was positively correlated with an increasing Gensini score (β = 0.575, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.281–0.870, P < 0.001). After adjustment for age, sex, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and heart rate, the MCV was still positively associated with the Gensini score (β = 0.503, 95% CI = 0.205–0.801, P = 0.001). The multivariate linear regression model also showed that the RDW (β = 0.818, 95% CI = 0.360–1.276, P < 0.001) and RBC count (β = 0.438, 95% CI = 0.025–0.852, P = 0.038) were closely associated with the Gensini score (Table 3). No significant correlation was found among the haemoglobin level, haematocrit, and Gensini score. We further investigated the relationship between the MCV or RDW and the Gensini score in a subgroup analysis. The results showed that the association of the MCV or RDW with the Gensini score was more prominent in patients with a smoking habit (Supplemental Table 1).
Table 3.
Univariate and multiple linear regression analyses of the Gensini score.
| Univariate models |
Multivariate adjusted |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | β (95% CI) | P | β (95% CI) | P |
| MCV | 0.575 (0.281–0.870) | <0.001 | 0.503 (0.205–0.801) | 0.001 |
| RDW | 0.889 (0.429–1.349) | <0.001 | 0.818 (0.360–1.276) | <0.001 |
| RBC count | 0.382 (−0.046–0.810) | 0.080 | 0.438 (0.025–0.852) | 0.038 |
| Hb | 0.076 (−0.038–0.190) | 0.191 | −0.040 (−0.169–0.088) | 0.540 |
| HCT | 0.247 (−0.170–0.663) | 0.245 | −0.158 (−0.616–0.301) | 0.500 |
Univariate models were adjusted for age, sex, smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart rate, hyperlipidaemia, family history of coronary artery disease, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and very-low-density lipoprotein.
Variables with a P value of <0.05 in the univariate models were then included in the multivariate analyses (adjusted for age, sex, smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and heart rate).
CI, confidence interval; Hb, haemoglobin; HCT, haematocrit; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; RBC, red blood cell; RDW, red blood cell distribution width.
Discussion
The coronary artery, a blood vessel located in the heart, is a main part of the circulatory system and provides the heart with oxygen and nutrients. Coronary artery stenosis occurs secondary to atherosclerosis in the epicardial coronary arteries. Measurement of the Gensini score is a quick and easy way to evaluate the severity of CAD in clinical practice.19 This scoring system involves the summation of each lesion score and has been found to be a predictor of the cardiovascular outcome.19 We therefore used the Gensini score to further explore the relationship between the MCV and the severity of CAD in the present cross-sectional study and found that the MCV was positively correlated with the Gensini score.
RBCs, which are produced in the bone marrow, are the most common cell type in the blood.20 The most important function of RBCs is to deliver oxygen to organs and tissues. The MCV is the mean volume of an RBC, while the RDW is proportionate to the standard deviation of the MCV. The MCV and RDW have been found to be associated with CAD, heart failure, diabetes, stroke, and venous thromboembolism.21,22 However, the association between the MCV or RDW and the severity of CAD has long remained unknown.
In the present study, we investigated the role of the MCV and RDW in the severity of CAD. A previous study showed that the RDW was correlated with the Gensini score.23 The RDW was also found to be an independent predictor of CAD and the severity of coronary stenosis.24 In the present study, we found that patients in the Northern Chinese population with a higher MCV and RDW had higher Gensini scores. Moreover, a linear regression analysis was further performed to test the association between the severity of CAD and the MCV. After adjustment for age, sex, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and heart rate, the MCV and RDW were significantly associated with the severity of CAD.
Several reports have discussed mechanisms that might explain the association between the MCV or RDW and the severity of CVD. The RDW is closely associated with coronary atherosclerosis and is a marker of inflammatory processes.23 In addition, chronic inflammation is one of the main driving forces of atherosclerotic plaque progression.25 Chronic inflammation can also lead to an increase in the MCV and RDW. Furthermore, Solak et al.8 showed that the MCV was inversely correlated with flow-mediated dilatation, indicating that the MCV is associated with endothelial function. Therefore, an elevated MCV and RDW may reflect the severity of atherosclerosis. The specific mechanisms underlying these associations require further exploration.
The current study has several limitations. First, the patients were recruited from the Northwest region of China; therefore, the results may not be extended to all ethnicities. Second, the study was retrospective, making it difficult to conclude that a causal relationship exists between the MCV or RDW and the severity of CAD. A multi-centre study with a long observation period is needed to verify our findings.
Conclusion
The present study showed that an elevated MCV, RDW, and RBC count were significantly associated with more severe coronary artery stenosis. The MCV, RDW, and RBC count were thus associated with the severity of CAD.
Supplemental Material
Supplemental material, IMR896713 Supplemental Table1 for Association between mean corpuscular volume and severity of coronary artery disease in the Northern Chinese population: a cross-sectional study by Huaiyu Wang, Guang Yang, Juan Zhao and Mengchang Wang in Journal of International Medical Research
Acknowledgements
We thank Qiaolong Hu, Jinni Li, Jian Kang, Chuance Yang, Li Bai, Yufeng Wang, and Wan Gao from Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Medicine for contributing to the data collection.
Funding
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81071952) and the Shaanxi Provincial Science and Technology Project (Grant No. 2016SF-061).
Declaration of conflicting interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
ORCID iD
Mengchang Wang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8798-9496
Supplemental material
Supplemental material for this article is available online.
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Supplementary Materials
Supplemental material, IMR896713 Supplemental Table1 for Association between mean corpuscular volume and severity of coronary artery disease in the Northern Chinese population: a cross-sectional study by Huaiyu Wang, Guang Yang, Juan Zhao and Mengchang Wang in Journal of International Medical Research